双层管用于发光细菌检测水样毒性时的色度修正

阐述了应用发光细菌检测有色水样毒性时,水样色度会引起附加发光抑制的原因,提出应用同心双层检测玻管,可以对有色水样色度引起的附加发光抑制加以修正.通过比较单层管和双层管测定标准曲线间的差异、设置阴性对照和阳性对照评价该方法的可靠性,以及用该方法检测有色水样活性黑KN-B溶液的急性毒性实验,结果表明,用同心双层检测玻管可以有效修正由水样色度引起的附加发光抑制.     

细菌脱氢酶活性生物测试法用于水质毒性检测的改进

从培养基配方、菌种来源、激活时间、菌液用量以及检测方式等几个方面对脱氢酶快速毒性检测法进行了改进,确定了整个体系的操作方法。并用HgCl2和NaN3验证了改进后方法的可行性。结果表明,以天然地表水作为菌种来源,转接培养1次后,混合细菌的脱氢酶活性的稳定性便可达到实验要求。样品液与菌液按照6∶1的比例混合效果较好。混合体系在37℃恒温培养箱中激活50min以上细菌可完全活化,最终检测可用普通分光光度计进行。改进后的方法解决了原方法菌液失活过快,实验稳定性较差的问题,同时克服了检测仪器难以购买的问题,使这一方法得以在普通实验室实现。     

Agilent 6890/5973 Inert GC-MSD快速分析半挥发性有机化合物

半挥发性有机化合物包含酸性、碱性和中性化合物,要同时检测性质差异这么大,浓度范围这么宽的化合物一直是个难题.而且由于要分析的样品越来越多,分析实验室希望在保证线性和灵敏度的同时实现快速分析.Agilent6890/5973 Inert气相色谱-质谱系统能够满足快速分析的要求,将活性降低到最小的同时保证良好的线性.     

南方某市水源水、自来水的致突变活性现状与改善对策

用Ａｍｅｓ试验方法评价现有水处理工艺与模拟水厂水处理工艺对水的致突变活性的控制效果。结果表明,水源水的致突变活性呈阳性,Ｔ（传统处理）工艺出水致突变活性进一步增强;ＢＴ（Ｂ为生物处理）工艺能使致突变活性降低,但仍为阳性;ＢＴＣ（Ｃ为活性炭）、ＯＢＴＣ（Ｏ代表臭氧）组合工艺能有效去除和控制水中的致突物,使水的致突变活性转变为阴性反应。     

环境糖皮质激素受体干扰物的研究进展

综述了糖皮质激素受体干扰物的作用机制和生态效应,列举了多种活性筛选方法,并根据性质对干扰物进行了种类的划分。在当前环境糖皮质激素受体干扰物研究的基础上,指出了作用机制的研究不全面、个体生物筛选方法匮乏、缺少可信的活性模拟预测技术等问题,并提出了应借助模式生物完善作用机制研究,在此基础上建立稳定、高通量的个体生物活性筛选方法和动力学过程模拟替代技术用以活性预测等发展方向。     

东江下游污染源和纳污水体的雌激素效应水平

利用重组双杂交酵母快速检测技术分析了东江下游两个污水厂、8个工业废水排放口和6条受纳河流水体共16个样品中的雌激素效应物质浓度,并按照雌二醇当量(EEQ)计算了水中雌激素效应水平。在被检测废水样品中,排水的EEQ值处于0.3~2.8ng/L之间,其中造纸厂与纸制品厂排水具有明显雌激素效应。采自河涌的6个样品有4个样品检出雌激素活性,雌激素效应水平在1.9~8.8ng EEQ/L之间。结果表明,东江下游行业废水处理厂出水中的EEQ浓度应与河涌水体中的EEQ在相同数量级, 与国内报道的其他地区河流及工厂排水污染水平类似。污染较为严重的河涌水体雌激素水平明显高于污水处理厂及工厂排水,推断污染河涌水体中的雌激素效应物质应来自未经处理的污染源。     

重金属镉胁迫下氮磷对江蓠体内主要抗氧化酶活性的影响

以大型海藻细基江篱繁枝变种(Gracilaria tunuistipitata Var Liui)为实验材料,研究重金属Cd2+胁迫下,无机氮磷作用对藻体各类抗氧化酶类活性的影响,为进一步探索重金属和营养盐复合污染下江蓠对水体的修复能力奠定一定的理论基础.实验结果显示:适当浓度N、P(560 μmol/L、56 μmol/L)的添加能提高藻体内各主要抗氧化酶的活性,降低Cd2+对藻体的毒害作用.不加入N、P或加入过量的N、P(2 160 μmol/L、216 μmol/L)均会抑制藻体内各主要抗氧化酶的活性.从总体上看,同时加入N、P要比加入单一的营养盐更有利于提高藻体内各主要抗氧化酶的活性,增强藻体的抗氧化能力.     

锌胁迫对油橄榄生理因子的影响

本实验以锌作为重金属胁迫因子,用一定测试手段探讨单一锌胁迫对油橄榄的活性叶片丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量、可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、POD、APX、CAT等生理因子的影响。结果表明:在低浓度锌胁迫下,丙二醛含量基本没有发生变化,高浓度锌胁迫下,丙二醛含量急剧增加;Pro含量与Zn浓度呈正相关;可溶性蛋白在Zn胁迫浓度达到260mg/kg后,可溶性蛋白含量达到最高且基本稳定,在Zn浓度为325mg/kg时含量下降但不明显;Zn胁迫下,随着Zn处理浓度增大,SOD活性降低,而POD活性增强,APX、CAT活性则先上升后下降。     

上海、乌鲁木齐与昌吉三市城市土壤重金属富集特征比较研究

选择上海、乌鲁木齐、昌吉3个城市,通过对其城市土壤重金属含量水平、分布特征及活性的比较研究,发现城市土壤中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn含量均远高于背景值,但Mn、Fe含量与背景值差别不大;上海市Cr、Pb、Zn含量最高,而昌吉市Cu含量最高,城市规模的大小并不能直接反映土壤重金属含量的高低,工业污染物排放量、交通量、城市规模大小、城市发展历史、工业区位置及变迁、土壤背景值等因素均会影响土壤重金属含量水平。除Mn、Fe无明显的功能区分布差异外,各城市重金属功能区分布规律并不相同,城市污染来源的不同可能是主要原因。重金属活性并未与其含量分布规律完全一致,上海土壤重金属活性大于乌鲁木齐、昌吉,上海土壤pH值小于乌鲁木齐、昌吉可能是主要影响因素,但也存在上海土壤中个别重金属活性小于乌鲁木齐、昌吉的现象,污染物来源存在差异等可能是主要原因。也可能较强,反之亦然。     

渤海湾无机氮、活性磷酸盐的变化对海洋初级生产力(叶绿素)的影响

通过三年海洋监测结果显示了渤海湾无机营养盐的变化对初级生产力的影响。其中无机氮严重超标达66%,无机氮与叶绿素的关系在枯水期、丰水期呈正相关;活性磷酸盐与叶绿素关系显著性不明显(仅枯水期显著),活性磷酸盐含量较低,限制了初级生产力。     

Determination of estrogenic activity in landfill leachate by simplified yeast two-hybrid assay

We previously developed a simplified yeast two-hybrid assay of estrogenic activity. In the present study, the optimal conditions for sensitivity and stability of this assay were decided. The assay could determine the estrogenic activity of 4 x 10(-11) mol dm(-1) 17beta-estradiol and also anti-estrogenic activity by using 4-hydroxytamoxifen as a control. The assay was used to test various chemicals suspected of estrogenicity. Many kinds of chemical, including alkylphenols, naphthols, xylenols, methoxychlor, phthalates, and bisphenol-A, showed estrogenic activity, and several, such as 2,5-xylenol and di-iso-octyl phthalate, showed anti-estrogenic but no estrogenic activity. Copresence of two estrogenic chemicals produced additive activity. The assay was also used to test leachate and water samples from the sea-based landfill of Osaka North Port in Japan. Estrogenic activity was detected in leachate from a municipal waste-dumping site, but not in that from a dredged soil-dumping site, which did however cause inhibition of cell growth.     

Metabolic and bacterial diversity in soils historically contaminated by heavy metals and hydrocarbons

The aim of this study was to characterize soils contaminated by different levels of heavy metals and hydrocarbons (Madonna Dell'Acqua, Pisa, Italy). The soils were chemically and biochemically analysed by measuring the standard chemical properties and some enzyme activities related to microbial activity (dehydrogenase activity) and the soil carbon cycle (total and extracellular beta-glucosidase activities). The metabolic capacities of soil microorganisms to degrade hydrocarbons through catechol 2,3-dioxygenase were also described. The microbial diversity of contaminated and uncontaminated soils was estimated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of amplified 16S rDNA sequences. The PCR/single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR/SSCP) method was used to estimate the genetic diversity of PAH-degrading genes in both contaminated and uncontaminated soils. A greater bacterial diversity and lower catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity was detected in unpolluted soils. The complexity of the microbial community (Shannon and Simpson indices) as well as the dehydrogenase soil activity negatively correlated with contamination levels. The greatest PAH-degrading gene diversity and the most intense catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity were found in the soils with the highest levels of hydrocarbons. Heavy metals and hydrocarbon pollution has caused a genetic and metabolic alteration in microbial communities, corresponding to a reduction in microbial activity. A multi-technique approach combining traditional biochemical methods with molecular-based techniques, along with some methodological improvements, may represent an important tool to expand our knowledge of the role of microbial diversity in contaminated soil.     

旅游活动对滨海浴场水环境影响研究

基于灰色关联识别模型,从时空角度分析旅游活动对杭州湾北岸滨海人工浴场水环境的影响,研究滨海旅游活动与海水环境质量的关系。研究表明,滨海人工浴场由于管理模式及水体净化技术的不同,水域环境呈现不同的时空分布特征,但总体上滨海人工浴场建设和环境管理工作,可以有效保护滨海人工浴场以及周边区域水环境;不同旅游活动对水环境的影响程度不一,根据灰色关联识别模型综合评价指数,影响最大的是以水上自行车、皮划艇等为主的水上游乐项目,综合评价指数为2.571和2.542;其次是海滨游泳活动,综合评价指数为2.513;影响最小的水上舞台活动和观海踏潮,综合评价指数分别为2.501和2.472。     

Use of microbial activity measurements for monitoring RBC biofilms

Fixed biomass technologies, such as rotating biological contactors or biodiscs, have been applied for wastewater depuration both in large and medium–small-sized agglomerations. Biofilm’s composition and microorganism activity are essential parameters for the successful operation and control of these systems. Biofilm’s thickness and total dry weight have been widely used for biofilm’s characterization but, actually, are not sufficient to describe biofilm activity. In fact, biofilm’s activity is not proportional to the quantity of fixed biomass, but increases with the thickness of biofilm up to a determined level called the “active thickness”. Above this level, the diffusion of nutrients through the film becomes a limiting factor. A stable, thin, and active biofilm thus offers numerous advantages in water and wastewater treatment. Different parameters have been used to evaluate biofilm’s activity. The specific oxygen uptake rate, INT-dehydrogenase activity, and the ratio active/total cells have been applied for that purpose. These methods are not only simple and rapid but also sensitive, precise, and representative. The results obtained confirm the potential of the microbial activity measurements studied for an accurate biofilm’s characterization and biomass activity estimation in fundamental research and for the practical operation and control of fixed biomass depuration systems.     

A GIS tool to estimate West Nile virus risk based on a degree-day model

West Nile virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) is a serious infectious disease that recently spread across the North America continent. A spatial analysis tool was developed on the ArcMap 9.x platform to estimate potential West Nile virus activity using a spatially explicit degree-day model. The model identifies when the virus Extrinsic Incubation Period (EIP) is completed within the vector longevity during mid-summer months. The EIP is treated as a threshold indicator of the potential for virus emergence and activity. Comparing the number of West Nile virus cases in Wyoming reported from 2003 to 2005 with model results, actual cases and predicted events of West Nile virus activity match relatively well. The model represents a useful method for estimating potential West Nile virus activity in a large spatial scale.     

五种多环芳烃化合物对鲤鱼肝微粒体芳烃羟化酶的诱导

以鲤鱼肝微粒体为实验体系,研究了被五种多环芳烃(PAH)化合物菲、9,10-菲醌、芘、1-羟基芘、苯并芘污染后,其芳烃羟化酶(AHH)的活性变化,发现多环芳烃对AHH的诱导具有良好的剂量效应关系.AHH活性升高的大小可以作为监测多环芳烃对水体污染程度的一种生物指标.五种多环芳烃对AHH诱导能力的大小为1-羟基芘＞苯并芘;9,10-菲醌＞芘＞菲,与其毒性大小相关.     

Radiocaesium Activity Concentrations in Milk in the Republic of Croatia and Dose Assessment

Results of systematic measurements of radiocaesium activities in milk after the Chernobyl nuclear accident are summarized. ¹³⁷Cs fallout activity affects milk activity, the coefficient of correlation being 0.89. The ¹³⁷Cs activities in milk in Croatia are log-normally distributed, reflecting the exponential decrease of activity. After the Chernobyl nuclear accident the ¹³⁴Cs:¹³⁷ Cs activity ratio in milk was 0.5, and did not differ from that for other environmental samples. The dose due to radiocaesium ingestion by milk consumption was estimated for the Croatian population, the annual collective equivalent dose being approximately 205 manSv in 1986 and 1.5 manSv in 1994.     

Small-scale temporal variation and the effect of urbanisation on extracellular enzyme activity in streams

The activity of six extracellular enzymes involved in the degradation of dissolved organic carbon compounds was measured in two highly urbanised and two minimally impacted streams east of Melbourne, Australia, using 4-methylumbelliferyl-substrates. Small-scale temporal variation in enzyme activity was determined by repeatedly sampling the same point in the water column, while the effect of flow was determined by sampling in regions of higher and lower flow in both stream types. Replicate samples showed that enzyme activity was not significantly different over small (minutes) time scales. On five of six sampling occasions the enzyme activity was unaffected by flow. On one sampling occasion in a minimally disturbed stream, the difference between the high- and low-flow regions was statistically significant (ANOSIM, Global R= 0.78, P= 0.03). Enzyme activity profiles (activities of the suite of enzymes) of the streams in urbanised catchments were different to those in minimally disturbed catchments. The measurements made in four different streams showed high reproducibility over short time periods (minutes) which lends greater credibility to analogous spatial studies. Although these results determined that small-scale temporal variability was not significant, and that the effects of flow were generally minimal, it is recommended that spatial and temporal variability in the stream be at least considered before any studies measuring extracellular enzyme activity in stream waters are carried out. Such an approach will lead to conclusions from measurements that are not likely to be confounded by variables such as flow rate or time.     

Pollution in the urban soils of Lianyungang,China, evaluated using a pollution index,mobility of heavy metals,and enzymatic activities

Soil samples from 16 urban sites in Lianyungang, China were collected and analyzed. A pollution index was used to assess the potential ecological risk of heavy metals and a sequential extraction procedure was used to evaluate the relative distribution of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As in exchangeable, carbonate, Fe/Mn oxide, organic/sulfide, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals and urease (URE) activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and invertase (INV) activity of soils was determined. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As in Lianyungang soils were much higher than those in the coastal city soil background values of Jiangsu and China. Among the five studied regions (utilities, commercial, industrial, tourism, and roadside), the industrial region had the highest metal concentrations demonstrating that land use had a significant impact on the accumulation of heavy metals in Lianyungang soils. Compared to the other metals, Cd showed the highest ecological risk. According to chemical partitioning, Cu was associated with the organic/sulfides and Pb and Zn were mainly in the carbonate and the Fe/Mn oxide phase. The greatest amounts of Cd were found in exchangeable and carbonate fractions, while Cr and As were mainly in the residual fraction. Cd had the highest mobility of all metals, and the order of mobility (highest to lowest) of heavy metals in Lianyungang soils was Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > As > Cr. Soil urease activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and invertase activity varied considerably in different pollution degree sites. Soil enzyme activities had the lowest levels in roadside and industrial regions. Across all the soil data in the five regions, the total Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As level was negatively correlated with urease activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and invertase activity, but the relationship was not significant. In the industrial region, alkaline phosphatase activity had significant negative correlations with total Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cd, and heavy metal fractions. This showed that alkaline phosphatase activity was sensitive to heavy metals in heavily contaminated regions, whereas urease and invertase were less affected. The combination of the various methods may offer a powerful analytical technique in the study of heavy metal pollution in street soil.     

Improved application of recombinant yeast assays on environmental samples by size exclusion chromatography

The utility of HPLC with a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) column for the fractionation of environmental samples was examined to expand the applicability of recombinant yeast assays (RYAs) for the measurement of estrogenic activity in environmental samples. The elution of steroidal hormone standards through SEC was tested, and river water and sediment samples were subjected to SEC fractionation. The retention times of all estrogen standards were longer than those of the major components with absorbance at 230 nm of the environmental sample matrix. The estrogenic activity of SEC fractions of environmental samples from highly polluted sites was measured using RYA and revealed the existence of estrogenic compounds that could not be detected or quantified in extracted samples before fractionation. The fractions from environmental samples that corresponded to the retention time of estrone, 17[small beta]-estradiol, and estriol were analyzed with LC/MS/MS. These three estrogens were separated into three different fractions, and the concentration of estrone coincided with the estrogenic activity of the fraction in which it was detected. The profile of estrogenic activity of SEC fractions indicated the molecular size of the estrogenic compounds and the yeast growth inhibitors in samples.