基于VEGETATION数据区域生态系统质量评价之三——服务功能稳定度指数评价

区域生态系统服务功能的稳定性是评价其生态功能的重要指标之一。构建了区域生态系统服务功能稳定度指数评价模型,并对中国1998～2004年间区域生态系统生产能力进行评价,发现中国各区域生态系统的生态稳定度指数在空间上差异巨大。造成这种差异的原因主要是生态系统的人化程度。从区域生态系统服务于功能稳定度看,西北内陆区由于气候干燥,生态系统的生产能力十分有限,呈现出低水平的稳定。     

中国区域生态系统生产能力指数变化原因分析

决定中国区域生态系统生产能力指数的影响因子主要有两类:一是下垫面的影响,山区、丘陵的生产能力高于平原区,在具备生产能力的土地生态类型中,林地生产能力最高,耕地次之,草地最低;二是气候因子的影响,季风气候决定了我国生态系统生产能力的空间分布.呈现西北-东南逐级递增的趋势,造成这种空间分布的主要因素是季风气候造成的降水空间分布.同时,温度也在一定程度上影响了我国生态系统的生产能力,尤其是东部地区.降水对生态系统生产能力的影响强度较温度大.     

基于VEGETATION数据的区域生态系统质量评价之一——指标体系选择

目前,环境资源问题已经对我国建设"和谐社会"构成了严重挑战,如何选取合适的评价指标体系和构建生态评价模型对生态系统进行准确的评价是困难的,也是十分必要的.从生态系统的平衡、波动、干扰及阈值等基本特点出发,构建了区域生态质量评价指标体系包括生产能力指数、服务功能的稳定度指数和人口压力指数三大指标.     

新疆克州"十五"期间生态环境质量评价研究

区域生态环境状况对区域经济发展起重要支撑作用,本文采用遥感和地理信息系统的技术手段,利用2000年与2006年ETM影像及CBERS影像,结合《生态环境状况评价技术规范》中的技术方法,对克州"十五"前后生态环境状况进行了综合评价.研究认为,克州总体生态环境状况处于一般和较差水平,"十五"期间克州生态环境状况总体上虽无明显变化,但各生态环境状况评价指数基本上均呈现下降趋势.     

2011—2021年全国地表水环境质量评价与变化分析

根据国家地表水监测网2011—2021年水环境监测数据,从全国、十大流域主要江河、重要湖库3个层面分析了我国地表水环境质量变化趋势及当前存在问题,并提出相关建议。分析结果显示,2011—2021年,我国地表水环境质量逐步改善。其中,2021年Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例较2011年提高了35.2个百分点,劣Ⅴ类水质断面比例较2011年降低了11.4个百分点。高锰酸盐指数、氨氮和总磷指标浓度呈现明显的下降趋势;总氮呈现先降后升再降的变化趋势,且目前仍处于较高水平。长江、珠江、浙闽片河流、西北诸河及西南诸河流域水质优于淮河、黄河、海河、辽河及松花江流域。十大流域主要江河水环境质量均有所改善,改善幅度最大的是海河流域。重要湖库水质状况有所好转,但富营养化情况未有明显改善。年内水环境质量方面,夏季水质明显劣于其他季节,表明当前我国面源污染防治存在明显短板。建议在明确当前水环境质量改善取得积极成效的同时,也应当意识到我国水生态环境保护面临的结构性、根源性压力尚未得到根本缓解,不能停留在过去的以水环境质量改善为核心的污染治理思路上,应从生态系统整体性和流域系统性出发,坚持山水林田湖草沙生命共同体理念,从"三水统筹"的角度加强对水域生态系统的整体保护。     

基于改进PSR模型的长株潭地区土地生态系统健康评价研究

基于改进的PSR模型构建土地生态系统健康评价指标体系,运用组合赋权法确定指标权重,对长株潭地区及其各县（市、区）的土地生态系统健康进行定量分析和评价。研究表明：2002—2014年,长株潭地区土地生态系统健康综合指数由5002下降至4132,呈波动下降趋势,主要影响因素为单位耕地农药施用量、单位耕地化肥施用量、水土流失比率、森林覆盖率、环保投资额占GDP比例、封山育林及当年造林面积。该地区15个县（市、区）的土地生态系统健康状况呈现明显的时空差异,1个属于综合指数快速上升区,6个属于基本稳定区,7个属于慢速下降区,1个属于快速下降区。     

干旱区内陆艾比湖流域平原区景观生态安全评价研究

在构建基于景观尺度的生态安全评价模型基础上,分析了1990-2005年干旱区内陆艾比湖流域平原区的景观生态安全变化特征。结果表明:研究区景观生态安全状况可以分为3个层次,并以河流、湖泊及沼泽为主的湿地景观所在区域的生态安全程度相对较高。1990-2005年,研究区生态安全状况呈现"V"字型变化趋势,其中生态安全评价指数相对较低区域的面积所占比例呈现先增加后减少、总体上趋于增加的状态;而生态安全指数相对较高区域的面积所占比例呈现先减少后增加、总体上趋于减少的状态。     

新疆生态环境遥感监测与综合评价

应用RS和GIS技术,采用综合指数评价法,对全疆区域各县市生态环境质量及其动态变化进行了系统的综合评价和对比分析。结果显示新疆生态环境质量总体较差,而且在空间上存在较大差异;与2000年相比,2002年新疆生态环境质量呈现总体变化不大的态势。     

金山三岛陆域生态系统健康状况分析评价

在对上海市金山三岛自然保护区陆域生态系统调查研究的基础上,采用层次分析法-综合指数评价模型对其进行生态健康状况评价分析。结果表明,该陆域生态系统综合健康指数(CEI)为0.648,保护区的生态质量一般,生态系统稳定性差,自我恢复能力不强。建议采取一定的人为干预措施来保护金山三岛陆域生态系统,使其朝更优的方向发展。     

城市生态环境安全评价研究

城市作为一种典型的复合生态系统。其生态环境具有相当的脆弱性，因此如何改善生态质量和维护生态安全已成为城市发展要解决的主要问题之一。本文从生态环境状况和生态安全2个方面对张家港市生态环境安全进行评价和研究，计算了生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地退化指数、污染负荷指数等5个指标，计权确定该市生态环境质量指数为48．7，评价等级为一般；同时选择了资源安全评价、环境安全评价、生物安全评价和灾害安全评价等4个要素，确定该市生态系统安全指数为0．44。     

区域环境质量综合评价指标体系的构建及实证研究

以社会经济系统与环境系统的可持续发展为核心思想,运用层次分析法,建立以人类与环境之间压力—状态—响应关系为框架的,综合环境监测各要素的,反映区域可持续发展水平的区域环境质量综合评价体系。运用全国10年的时间序列数据和2010年31个省(市、区)的截面数据进行了实证检验,得出了全国环境质量2001—2010年的发展趋势与变化规律,同时将2010年31个省(市、区)的综合评价结果进行聚类分析,将其划分为6个大类、8个小类,并深入分析了各类地区的环境质量现状、环境压力和环境管理方面的区域差异和特征。实证表明区域环境质量综合评价体系的评价指标具备合理性、科学性和可比性,可为环境管理和决策提供科学依据,具有较好的推广性和实用性。     

Large and mesoscale meteo-oceanographic patterns in local responses of biogeochemical concentrations

Investigations surrounding the variability of productivity in upwelling regions are necessary for a better understanding the physical-biological coupling in these regions by monitoring systems of environmental impacts according to the needs of the regional coastal management. Using a spatial and temporal database from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and National Center for Atmospheric (NCAR) Research reanalysis, Quick Scatterometer vector wind, and surface stations from the Southeast coast of Brazil, we investigate the meteorological influences due to the large-scale systems in the variability of the nutrient and larvae concentration, and chlorophyll a, describing statistically relationships between them in upwelling regions. In addition, we used multivariate analysis, such as PCA and clustering to verify spatial and temporal variances and describe more clear the structure and composition of the ecosystem. Correlation matrix analyses were applied for different water masses present in the study area to identify the relations between physical and biogeochemical parameters in a region, where frequently upwelling occur. Statistical approaches and seasonal variability show that the period of November to March is more sensitive to nutrients (1.20?mg/m(3) for chlorophyll a, 2.20?μmol/l for total nitrogen and 5.5?ml/l for DO) and larvae concentrations (120 org/m(3) for most of the larvae, except for cirripedia that presented values around 370 org/m(3)) relating to the influence of large and mesoescale meteorological patterns. The spatial and temporal variables analyzed with multivariate approach show meaningful seasonality variance of the physical and biological samples, characterizing the principal components responsible for this variance in spring and summer (upwelling period), emphasizing the monitoring of species as crustaceans and mussels that are present in the local economy. Then, the spring and summer season are characterized by high productivity due to the occurrence of upwelling in this period.     

The potential effects of climate change on the distribution and productivity of Cunninghamia lanceolata in China

Climate changes may have immediate implications for forest productivity and may produce dramatic shifts in tree species distributions in the future. Quantifying these implications is significant for both scientists and managers. Cunninghamia lanceolata is an important coniferous timber species due to its fast growth and wide distribution in China. This paper proposes a methodology aiming at enhancing the distribution and productivity of C. lanceolata against a background of climate change. First, we simulated the potential distributions and establishment probabilities of C. lanceolata based on a species distribution model. Second, a process-based model, the PnET-II model, was calibrated and its parameterization of water balance improved. Finally, the improved PnET-II model was used to simulate the net primary productivity (NPP) of C. lanceolata. The simulated NPP and potential distribution were combined to produce an integrated indicator, the estimated total NPP, which serves to comprehensively characterize the productivity of the forest under climate change. The results of the analysis showed that (1) the distribution of C. lanceolata will increase in central China, but the mean probability of establishment will decrease in the 2050s; (2) the PnET-II model was improved, calibrated, and successfully validated for the simulation of the NPP of C. lanceolata in China; and (3) all scenarios predicted a reduction in total NPP in the 2050s, with a markedly lower reduction under the a2 scenario than under the b2 scenario. The changes in NPP suggested that forest productivity will show a large decrease in southern China and a mild increase in central China. All of these findings could improve our understanding of the impact of climate change on forest ecosystem structure and function and could provide a basis for policy-makers to apply adaptive measures and overcome the unfavorable influences of climate change.     

Ecological risk assessment of open coal mine area

The coal mine areas in China have the serious conflicts between resources exploitation and ecology safety, therefore the coal mine ecological risk assessment is an important problem which relates to the sustainability of coal mines to regions and the whole country. In this study, open coal mine area serves as researching object, heavy metals, soil erosion and coast are screened out as risk resources, soil wireworm as the receiver of heavy metals risk, biotope ecosystem as the receiver of soil erosion and coast risk; ecological indexes are calculated with species background index, biological diversity index and natural degree index, ecological friability indexes are calculated with soil fertility index, plant coverage, plant species diversity index, soil wireworm index and maturity index, and the typical coal mine area assessment indexes system is established. In addition, the regional ecological risk assessment is conducted on the friable ecological system of Fuxin Haizhou open coal mine area. Examples are researched of Haizhou open coal mine, the coal mine risk distribution is established, and foundations are provided for the administrative decision-making.     

基于多时相遥感数据的典型区生态格局变化分析

利用1985、2000、2013年遥感影像提取的土地覆盖数据,通过景观格局指数、动态度计算、转移矩阵等,分析1985—2013年我国典型地区各类型生态系统景观格局及其动态变化特征、生态系统相互转化时空变化特征等,揭示1985—2013年生态环境格局变化的特点和规律:一级分类生态系统综合变化率,赣江、闽江、白龙江和岷江上游流域分别为4.7%、3.9%、3.3%和1.7%,生态系统变化强度1985—2000年较缓,2000—2013年更剧烈。1985—2013年典型区生态系统的主要转化方向具有持续性和双向性特征,岷江、白龙江和赣江上游流域退耕还林还草政策效果明显,出现较高比例的耕地转为森林和草地;面积占67.4%生态系统类型变化与耕地生态系统和人工表面生态系统变化有关;生态系统变化具有明显的区域差异,生态变化主要表现为沿主要河流谷地的线状延伸,主要城镇居民点附近生态系统类型变化较为突出,人类活动是典型地区生态系统类型格局变化的主要驱动力;典型区尤其是敏感区应加大退耕还林还草政策,减少人类经济活动,降低洪水泥石流灾害发生的概率和程度。     

The effects of grassland degradation on plant diversity,primary productivity,and soil fertility in the alpine region of Asia’s headwaters

A 3-year survey was conducted to explore the relationships among plant composition, productivity, and soil fertility characterizing four different degradation stages of an alpine meadow in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, China. Results showed that plant species diversity, productivity, and soil fertility of the top 30-cm soil layer significantly declined with degradation stages of alpine meadow over the study period. The productivity of forbs significantly increased with degradation stages, and the soil potassium stock was not affected by grassland degradation. The vegetation composition gradually shifted from perennial graminoids (grasses and sedges) to annual forbs along the degradation gradient. The abrupt change of response in plant diversity, plant productivity, and soil nutrients was demonstrated after heavy grassland degradation. Moreover, degradation can indicate plant species diversity and productivity through changing soil fertility. However, the clear relationships are difficult to establish. In conclusion, degradation influenced ecosystem function and services, such as plant species diversity, productivity, and soil carbon and nitrogen stocks. Additionally, both plant species diversity and soil nutrients were important predictors in different degradation stages of alpine meadows. To this end, heavy degradation grade was shown to cause shift of plant community in alpine meadow, which provided an important basis for sustaining ecosystem function, manipulating the vegetation composition of the area and restoring the degraded alpine grassland.     

Policy Characterization of Ecosystem management

This paper provides a comparison of ecosystem management (EM) to the traditional regulatory management approach and outlines the characteristics of EM from a policy perspective, defining the conditions under which this management tool can be successfully implemented. Ecosystem management is a collaborative and integrative tool focused on balancing societal needs, economic growth, and environmental protection to ensure the long-term ecological integrity of a particular ecosystem. The characteristics of this particular tool include: (1) its holistic approach to environmental problems; (2) its integration of values (economic, social, and environmental) through a collaborative, multi-partner, decision making structure; (3) its reliance on science to guide decisions and set boundaries; and (4) its ability to learn from the implementation of decisions (adaptive management). Examples are draw from Environment Canada's various regional ecosystem initiatives.