加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-高效液相色谱法测定玉米作物中多环芳烃含量

建立了加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-高效液相色谱测定玉米作物中15种多环芳烃的方法,优化了试验条件.方法线性关系良好,15种多环芳烃的检出限在0.003 8～0.079μg/kg之间,空白加标试验的相对标准偏差在3.9%～11.7%之间,基质加标回收率在69.3%～115.3%之间.实际样品的测定结果表明,该方法分离效果...     

ASE萃取-SPE净化- HPLC法测定土壤中多环芳烃

建立了加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-高效液相色谱测定土壤中16种多环芳烃的方法,优化了试验条件.方法线性关系良好,16种多环芳烃的检出限在0.412 ng/g～3.974 ng/g之间,空白加标试验的相对标准偏差在1.2%～12.7%之间,基质加标回收率在60.4%～126%之间.实际样品的测定结果表明该方法分离效果好,能够满足土壤分析的要求.     

连续流动-固相微萃取方法富集水中多环芳烃的探讨

建立了连续流动-固相微萃取富集、气相色谱测定水中多环芳烃的方法，探讨了流量和溶液体积对萃取效果的影响。方法在0μg／L-40μg／L范围内线性良好，8种多环芳烃的检出限为0．05μg／L-0．5μg／L，样品测定的相对标准偏差〈7％，加标回收率为87．0％～112％。     

串联四极杆质谱(GC-QqQ-MS/MS)测定土壤中的邻苯二甲酸酯与多环芳烃

建立了用微波萃取(MAE)、固相萃取(SPE)净化、气相色谱,串联四极杆质谱(GC-QqQ-MS/MS)多反应监测同时测定土壤中16种多环芳烃和18种邻苯二甲酸酯的方法.通过优化前处理与分析条件,样品加标浓度在5μg/kg时的平均回收率在66.59%～122.07%之间,相对标准偏差均小于20%,邻苯二甲酸酯的检出限在0.04.0.84.ttg/kg之间.定量限在0.13～2.81μg/kg之间;多环芳烃的检出限在0.01～0.54μg/ks之间,定量限在0.02～1.81μS/kg之间,能够满足大量样品快速准确分析的需要.     

多环芳烃测定中净化方法的研究

对多环芳烃测定中的净化方法进行研究，为了选出最佳净化柱，在一定条件下分别采用硅胶LC-Si、弗罗里LC-Florisil和C18固相萃取净化柱对一定浓度的多环芳烃标准溶液进行净化，测定吸附后流出液多环芳烃浓度，计算吸附率；测定洗脱后流出液多环芳烃浓度，计算洗脱率。测定结果为硅胶、弗罗里和C18固相萃取净化柱对多环芳烃的吸附率分别在87．1％～100％，99．5％～100％和96．6％～100％之间，洗脱率分别在0～106％，78．7％．109％和79．0％～115％之间。结果表明，GC／MS内标法测定样品中多环芳烃使用最理想的净化柱为弗罗里净化小柱，其次为C18净化小柱，最后为硅胶净化小柱。     

固相膜萃取-高效液相色谱法测定地下水中的多环芳烃

采用C18固相膜萃取对地下水中15种多环芳烃进行富集净化，以二氯甲烷作洗脱溶剂，高效液相色谱法，荧光检测器测定。对萃取、浓缩和色谱条件进行优化，在1．ooixg／L～40．0μg／L范围内测定标准系列溶液并绘制标准曲线，相关系数R2〉0．999；15种多环芳烃的仪器检出限为0．4ng／L～3．0ng／L；对地下水样品加标，平均回收率在75．7％～96．7％之间；标准溶液平行测定7次的RSD为3．1％～11．9％。     

南宁城市内河水体和表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征

采用改进的固相萃取、加速溶剂萃取和高效液相色谱对南宁7条城市内河的水体和表层沉积物样品中6种多环芳烃的残留状况进行了分析测定。检测结果表明,水体中多环芳烃以荧蒽为主,6种多环芳烃在水体中的总残留浓度为26.8～163 ng/L,内河水体各点位苯并[α]芘均超过我国地表水环境质量标准限值,对干流水质存在一定影响。7个点位沉积物中多环芳烃总含量为118.06～416.73μg/kg,6种多环芳烃均有检出。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定河水中的多环芳烃

采用固相萃取富集河水样品中15种多环芳烃(PAHs),并用高效液相色谱法测定,通过优化萃取条件和仪器条件,使该方法在10.0μg/L~500μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数R20.99。方法检出限为3.70 ng/L~27.2 ng/L,标准溶液平行测定7次RSD在10%以内,空白水样的加标回收率为39.3%~109%。     

固相萃取技术在水源地特定项目监测中的应用

采用C18固相萃取(SPE)技术测定水中36种半挥发性有机物(SVOCs),包括硝基苯类、氯苯类、有机氯农药类、有机磷农药类、多环芳烃类共五类有机化合物,用GC-MS分析.研究了有机改性剂对回收率的影响,1L水样加入7ml甲醇对回收率有较好改善.结果表明,平均回收率为51%～118%,相对标准偏差在1.90%～9.79%之间,方法检出限为0.02μg/L～0.32μg/L.该方法适用于监测水源水中多种痕量SVOCs.     

基质固相分散-快速溶剂萃取-GC/MS法同时测定土壤中有机氯农药和多环芳烃

建立了基质固相分散-ASE提取-GC/MS法同时测定土壤中8种有机氯农药和16种多环芳烃的方法。对方法的线性、检出限、精密度、回收率及土壤质控样品进行了分析,结果表明,8种有机氯农药和16种多环芳烃线性良好,相关系数为0.997 5～0.999 8,方法检出限为0.39～1.57μg/kg,空白加标样品的相对标准偏差小于20%,实际土壤样品加标回收率为60.6%～125%,土壤质控样品结果均在范围内。该方法能够满足土壤中8种有机氯农药和16种多环芳烃的检测要求。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...