对环境质量综合分析工作的思考与建议

概述了环境质量综合分析对环境管理与综合决策的重要性，分析了环境质量综合分析工作现状与存在问题，阐述了新时期对综合分析工作的新要求，从创新理念、主动服务、收集信息、强化手段、健全机制、人才培养等方面提出做好环境质量综合分析，服务环境管理与决策的建议。     

环境样品中铅、锑、汞、硒形态分析研究进展

综述了环境样品中铅、锑、汞、硒形态分析的研究进展，以及光谱法、色谱法、毛细管电泳及其联用技术在形态分析中的应用，展望了环境样品痕量元素形态分析的发展前景。     

水体有机污染物分析的研究进展

评述了水体有机污染物分析中GC、GC-MS、LC、GC-FTIR等方法的特性和适用范围,介绍了应用各种分析方法分析水体有机污染物的研究现状,提出了水体有机污染物分析的发展方向。     

连续流动分析在水质监测中的应用

连续流动分析技术具有分析速度快、准确度和精密度高、操作简单、通用性强、样品和试剂消耗量少等一系列优点。灵活运用连续流动分析技术可对大多数水性样品如水和废水、土壤(或固体废弃物)提取液、饮料等进行分析。本文中着重介绍了氨氮、硝酸盐氮/亚硝酸盐氮、挥发酚以及总氰化物等几个连续流动分析在水质监测中的应用实例。     

大气气溶胶中重金属元素痕量分析及形态分析研究进展

重金属是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,由于重金属的气候效应、环境效应和健康效应,其痕量分析和形态分析越来越受重视.综述了大气气溶胶的采集、重金属的总量分析及形态分析技术,指出了当前研究工作中存在的问题及今后的发展方向.     

紫外分光光度测定水中硫酸盐的研究

紫外分光光度法测定水中微量硫酸盐，具有简便、快速、灵敏等优点，适合于较清洁环境水样的分析，回收率在９４～１１０％之间，其分析指标符合水质分析要求     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

地表水水样自然沉降放置试验与讨论

本文用四种方式对地表水样品的自然沉降在采样环节还是在分析环节进行实验,对BOD5、CODMn、CODcr之类分析时不需对样品进行预处理的项目有一定影响,自然沉降在分析环节的监测结果低于在采样环节的监测结果;对氨氮、总磷之类分析时需对样品进行预处理的项目影响几率基本持平。     

关于As和Hg在环境中的形态及其监测分析

叙述了水中重金属形态分析的含义及形态分析工作进展情况,并以Hg、As在环境中的存在形态、动态变化及其监测分析为例,说明随着新仪器的开发研制及前处理技术的发展,现代化的分离技术和检测手段相结合已成为重金属形态分析的主要方法.     

四种氨氮自动监测仪与实验室国标方法测定氨氮的比较分析

深圳市地表水水质自动监测子站安装了HACH AMTAX inter2、科泽K301、WTW Trescon UN和瑞士万通ALERTCOLORIMETER ADI 2004氨氮自动分析仪。以潮汐河流深圳河为例,从仪器测量原理、分析方法、测量过程、分析能力、对海水适应性等方面分析比较四种氨氮自动分析仪与实验室方法之间的异同。     

Intervention analysis in environmental engineering

Intervention analysis techniques are described for identifying and statistically modelling trends which may be present in water quality time series. At the exploratory data analysis stage, simple graphical and modelling methods can be employed for visually detecting and examining trends in a time series caused by one or more external interventions. For instance, a plot of a robust locally weighted regression smooth through a graph of the observations over time may reveal trends and other interesting statistical properties contained in the time series. In addition, statistical tests, such as different versions of the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test, can be used to detect the presence of trends caused by unknown or known external interventions. To characterize rigorously and estimate trends which may be known in advance or else detected using exploratory data analysis studies, different parametric methods can be utilized at the confirmatory data analysis stage. Specifically, the time series modelling approach to intervention analysis can be employed to estimate the magnitudes of the changes in the mean level of the series due to the interventions. Particular types of regression models can also be used for estimating trends, especially when there are many missing observations. To demonstrate how intervention analysis methods can be effectively used in environmental impact assessment, representative applications to water quality time series are presented.Invited Paper for Presentation at The Workshop on Statistical Methods for the Assessment of Point Source Pollution, The Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada, L7R 4A6, September 12–14, 1988.     

The analysis of monitoring data with the aid of time-series analysis

Methods derived from time-series analysis are proposed for processing monitoring data. The necessity for the use of these methods is demonstrated. In a case study time-series analysis was applied to assess the impact of the closure of the Grevelingen estuary (S. W. Netherlands) in 1971 on a local wintering population of Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) in the adjacent Oosterschelde estuary.Communication No. 328 of the Delta Institute for Hydrobiological Research.     

Innovation in environmental analysis

As the EU launches its latest 17 billion research programme, which includes significant funding for environmental research, JEM takes a look at the trends in and dynamics of innovation in environmental analysis.     

Carbonation and CO2 uptake of concrete

This study developed a reliable procedure to assess the carbon dioxide (CO₂) uptake of concrete by carbonation during the service life of a structure and by the recycling of concrete after demolition. To generalize the amount of absorbable CO₂ per unit volume of concrete, the molar concentration of carbonatable constituents in hardened cement paste was simplified as a function of the unit content of cement, and the degree of hydration of the cement paste was formulated as a function of the water-to-cement ratio. The contribution of the relative humidity, type of finishing material for the concrete surface, and the substitution level of supplementary cementitious materials to the CO₂ diffusion coefficient in concrete was reflected using various correction factors. The following parameters varying with the recycling scenario were also considered: the carbonatable surface area of concrete crusher-runs and underground phenomena of the decreased CO₂ diffusion coefficient and increased CO₂ concentration. Based on the developed procedure, a case study was conducted for an apartment building with a principal wall system and an office building with a Rahmen system, with the aim of examining the CO₂ uptake of each structural element under different exposure environments during the service life and recycling of the building. As input data necessary for the case study, data collected from actual surveys conducted in 2012 in South Korea were used, which included data on the surrounding environments, lifecycle inventory database, life expectancy of structures, and recycling activity scenario. Ultimately, the CO₂ uptake of concrete during a 100-year lifecycle (life expectancy of 40 years and recycling span of 60 years) was estimated to be 15.5%–17% of the CO₂ emissions from concrete production, which roughly corresponds to 18%–21% of the CO₂ emissions from the production of ordinary Portland cement.     

The emergy analysis of loop circuit

Emergy analysis can analyze the resource utilization and environmental performance of a system. Loop circuit is a common structure in the process industry, but when emergy analysis is carried out to such structure, mistakes such as emergy double counting often occur. To avoid emergy double counting, two types of loop circuit-direct loop circuit and indirect loop circuit-are theoretically distinguished, and the methods to avoid such mistake are proposed. Finally, PVC production and vinyl acetate production are adopted to demonstrate the methods.     

Bromate analysis in groundwater and wastewater samples

Bromate (BrO(3)(-)) is a disinfection by-product formed during ozonation of potable water supplies containing bromide (Br(-)). Bromate has been classed by the World Health Organisation as a 'possible human carcinogen', leading to implementation of 10-25 microg L(-1)(as BrO(3)(-)) drinking water limits in legislative areas including the United States and European Union. Techniques have been developed for bromate analysis at and below regulatory limits, with Ion Chromatography (IC) coupled with conductivity detection (IC-CD), post-column reaction and ultra-violet (UV) detection (IC-PCR), or inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry detection (IC-ICPMS) in widespread use. The recent discovery of bromate groundwater contamination in a UK aquifer has led to a requirement for analysis of bromate in a groundwater matrix, for environmental monitoring and development of remediation strategies. The possibility of bromate-contaminated water discharge into sewage treatment processes, whether accidental or as a pump-and-treat strategy, also required bromate analysis of wastewater sources. This paper summarises techniques currently available for trace bromate analysis in potable water systems and details studies to identify a methodology for routine analysis of groundwater and wastewater samples. Strategies compared were high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with direct UV or PCR/UV detection, IC-CD, IC-PCR, and a simple spectrophotometric technique. IC-CD was the most cost-effective solution for simultaneous analysis of bromate and bromide within groundwater samples, having a 5 microg L(-1) detection limit of both anions with limited interference from closely-eluting species. Wastewater samples were successfully analysed for bromate only using HPLC with PCR/UV detection, with detection limits below 20 microg L(-1)(as BrO(3)(-)) and low interference. HPLC with direct UV detection was unsuitable for bromate analysis within the concentration range 50-5000 microg L(-1) which was required for this project, but column choice was shown to be a major factor in determining limits of detection. Spectrophotometry could not reproducibly determine bromate concentration, although the technique showed promise as a quick field method for high-level groundwater bromate analysis.     

Assessing and monitoring semi-arid shrublands using object-based image analysis and multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis

Arid and semi-arid shrublands have significant biological and economical values and have been experiencing dramatic changes due to human activities. In California, California sage scrub (CSS) is one of the most endangered plant communities in the US and requires close monitoring in order to conserve this important biological resource. We investigate the utility of remote-sensing approaches—object-based image analysis applied to pansharpened QuickBird imagery (QBPS/OBIA) and multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) applied to SPOT imagery (SPOT/MESMA)—for estimating fractional cover of true shrub, subshrub, herb, and bare ground within CSS communities of southern California. We also explore the effectiveness of life-form cover maps for assessing CSS conditions. Overall and combined shrub cover (i.e., true shrub and subshrub) were estimated more accurately using QBPS/OBIA (mean absolute error or MAE, 8.9 %) than SPOT/MESMA (MAE, 11.4 %). Life-form cover from QBPS/OBIA at a 25?×?25 m grid cell size seems most desirable for assessing CSS because of its higher accuracy and spatial detail in cover estimates and amenability to extracting other vegetation information (e.g., size, shape, and density of shrub patches). Maps derived from SPOT/MESMA at a 50?×?50 m scale are effective for retrospective analysis of life-form cover change because their comparable accuracies to QBPS/OBIA and availability of SPOT archives data dating back to the mid-1980s. The framework in this study can be applied to other physiognomically comparable shrubland communities.     

我国环境监测中的氨氮分析方法

对我国环境监测中的氨氮化学分析方法和仪器分析方法进行了概述,并对方法的改进和影响因素予以综述。