珠海市农业土壤和农产品PAEs污染健康风险评估

在珠海市3种不同类型农业区域内采集69个表层土壤和26个农产品样品，使用GC FID方法检测6种优先控制的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)化合物，分析区域内PAEs的污染特征和对人体的健康风险。结果表明，农业土壤样品中Σ6PAEs值范围为未检出～1.21 mg/kg，平均值为0.40 mg/kg，空间分布上表现出中西部高、东部低的特征，土壤中PAEs以DnBP和DEP为主。农产品中∑6PAEs值范围为0.08 mg/kg～3.80 mg/kg，平均值为1.54 mg/kg，水稻、水果和蔬菜对PAEs的富集系数分别为6.23、2.50和2.80～7.06。成人和儿童PAEs的致癌风险分别为2.86×10-5和5.02×10-5，均高于人体致癌风险10-6水平。饮食摄入PAEs是致癌和非致癌风险的最大暴露途径，DEHP对人体两种风险的贡献最大。     

南疆棉田土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的测定

采用超声萃取和柱分离技术,利用气相色谱法,对棉田环境激素类污染物质邻苯二甲酸酯进行了表层土壤(0～20 cm)分布测定.结果表明,棉田土壤中DMP、DEP、DIBP、DBP、DAP、DEHP 6种环境激素类污染物均被检出,土壤中PAEs的总含量为1 532.987 mg/kg,其中DEHP的含量最高,DIBP、DBP次...     

佳木斯市土壤中酞酸酯类污染调查及评价

对佳木斯市农业土壤中酞酸酯类污染物含量进行了调查。在佳木斯市市区及6个县市采集土壤样品184个进行分析。监测结果表明，土壤中酞酸酯浓度（∑PAEs）为未检出～10298．9μg／kg，检出率为89．1％。DEHP为主要污染物，检出率为88．0％，均值为1999．2μg／kg，最高浓度为8577．4μg／kg。DMP检出率最低，为0．5％。     

贵州省部分地区土壤中酞酸酯类污染现状调查

对贵州省部分地区表层土壤中酞酸酯类的污染状况进行了调查。分别在遵义地区、黔南地区、黔东南地区和毕节地区采集483个土壤样品分析,结果表明,样品中酞酸酯总质量比(ΣPAEs)为未检出~8.22 mg/kg,均值为0.63 mg/kg。其中DEHP和DBP为主要污染物,均值分别为0.32 mg/kg和0.24 mg/kg,检出率分别为90.89%和97.10%。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中酞酸酯类化合物

建立了固相微萃取(SPME)-气相色谱(GC)法分析环境水样中痕量酞酸酯类化合物(PAEs)的方法。选用65 μm PDMS/CVB萃取纤维,在磁力搅拌转速为700 r/min、萃取温度为60℃条件下,对水样中的PAEs萃取富集50 min,然后直接注入GC进样口,在 250℃ 温度下解吸1.5 min后进行分析测定,6种PAEs能得到充分提取和分离。方法的检出限为0.010 8~0.029 3 μg/L。对水样进行3个质量浓度水平(0.025、0.125、0.25 μg/L)的加标实验,加标回收率为41.79%~132.80%,RSD为6.53%~18.74%(n=7),用该法测定了某制药厂的实际水样,测得DBP含量为0.018 6 μg/L,DEHP、 DMP、DEP、DOP、BBP均未检测到。     

典型覆膜作物土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯污染的初步研究

对青岛市典型覆膜作物花生和棉花土壤进行调查采集,利用高效液相色谱法分析了土壤中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)4种优控的邻苯二甲酸酯化合物。结果表明,覆膜花生和棉花土壤中4种邻苯二甲酸酯化合物的总含量分别为33.36 mg/kg和25.59 mg/kg,DEHP分别占2种土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯总量的63.89%和59.43%。DEHP和DBP在所有土壤样品中均被检出,覆膜花生土壤中含量较高。按照美国土壤控制标准,4种邻苯二甲酸酯化合物均存在不同程度的超标,所有样品DBP的超标倍数均在110以上,甚至超过治理标准,表明覆膜土壤在一定程度上已经受到邻苯二甲酸酯污染。     

乌鲁木齐表层土壤中氟元素的分布特征

研究了乌鲁木齐市不同功能区表层土壤中水溶性氟（Ws-F）的含量。结果表明：土壤Ws-F平均含量为5.36 mg/kg,变幅为1.55~12.53 mg/kg。其中,工业区（7.13 mg/kg）〉绿化区（5.73 mg/kg）〉商业区（5.71 mg/kg）〉居民区（4.93 mg/kg）〉农业区（3.08 mg/kg）。乌鲁木齐市土壤中Ws-F含量已高于我国地氟病发生区表层土壤Ws-F的平均值（2.50 mg/kg）,应引起有关部门的高度重视。     

乌鲁木齐土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及生态风险评价

在乌鲁木齐地区不同功能区采集28个表层土壤样品,对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征进行研究,并运用正定矩阵因子分析法对其来源进行分析,采用苯并[a]芘的毒性当量浓度(TEQBa P)对PAHs的生态风险进行评价。研究显示,土壤中∑16 PAHs含量为331~15 799μg/kg,其平均值为(5 018±4 896)μg/kg(n=28),以3环、4环为主。∑16PAHs的浓度呈现出交通区工业区公园区农业区居民商业区的变化趋势;正定矩阵因子分析法表明,乌鲁木齐表层土壤中PAHs的主要来源及贡献分别为煤的燃烧(51.19%),汽油车燃烧(19.02%),柴油车燃烧(18.35%),机动车石油的泄漏(11.42%);53%的采样点TEQBa P值超过荷兰土壤标准目标参考值,主要集中在交通区和工业区。     

梁子湖水体和沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及生态健康风险评价

对枯水期、平水期和丰水期梁子湖水体和沉积物中7种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的污染水平及分布特征进行了研究，并评价了其健康风险和生态风险。结果表明，枯水期、平水期和丰水期梁子湖水体中7种PAEs总量（∑PAEs）分别为0.10~3.56、0.16~1.78、0.57~2.16 μg/L，沉积物中∑PAEs分别为0.10~0.41、0.21~0.66、0.12~4.49 μg/g，3个水期的水体和沉积物中均以邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DiBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）占主要组分。与国内外其他河流/湖泊相比，梁子湖水体和沉积物中各PAE单体的含量均处于中等偏低水平。健康风险评价结果表明，梁子湖水体中PAEs的总非致癌风险值均远低于1，不会对人体产生明显的非致癌健康危害；3个水期绝大部分或全部采样点位中DEHP对人体存在潜在的致癌风险。生态风险评价结果表明，枯水期和丰水期沉积物中PAEs总量对水藻类和鱼类达到中等风险程度，对其存在较大的毒性。     

工业废水和城市污水中邻苯二甲酸酯残留分析

建立了以HLB固相萃取柱和反相液相色谱法测定水体中8种邻苯二甲酸酯的方法,并对方法的回收率、灵敏度进行了评价,同时分析了北京市七类典型污染点源50个采样点位邻苯二甲酸酯的浓度,检出的邻苯二甲酸酯包括DBP、DEHP、BBP、DEP和DCHP,它们的检出率分别为66%、62%、36%、10%和6%,工业废水和城市污水中主要邻苯二甲酸酯残留为DBP和DEHP。检出邻苯二甲酸酯的浓度范围为0.20~848.14μg/L。方法对邻苯二甲酸酯的回收率达到75.1%~115.5%,最低检出限0.10~0.62μg/L。     

Phthalates removal efficiency in different wastewater treatment technology in the Eastern Cape,South Africa

The removal capacity of different wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) technologies adopted in rural areas for phthalate was investigated in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Wastewater samples collected from three selected WWTPs which use activated sludge (AS), trickling filter (TF), and oxidation pond (OP) technology were extracted using the solid-phase extraction method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The six selected phthalate esters (PAEs) dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) were detected in all the samples collected from the WWTPs. DBP was the most abundant compound in the influent, effluent, and sludge samples with a maximum detection of 2497 μgL^?1, 24.2 μgL^?1, and 1249 μg/g dW, respectively, followed by DEHP and BBP. There was a relatively high removal capacity achieved by AS in Alice, TF in Berlin, and OP in Bedford with a removal efficiency that varied between 77 and 99%, 76 and 98%, and 61 and 98%, respectively. A high significant correlation of PAE removal with total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity suggests that the removal performance proceeded more through adsorption on settling particles and sludge than on biodegradation. However, the concentrations of PAEs detected in the final effluent and sludge samples exceeded acceptable levels allowed internationally for a safe aquatic environment. AS may have exhibited a more stable and better performance across the different seasons; however, pollution source control still deserves a special attention to prevent the risk posed by these micropollutants.     

化工废水中邻苯二甲酸酯的研究

对北京市五个化工厂的废水中8种邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素进行分析和调查研究.在化工废水中普遍检出的邻苯二甲酸酯有邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯(DCHP),其中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丙酯(DPrP)、邻苯二甲酸二戊酯(DAP)和邻苯二甲酸二正己酯(DHP)4种物质未检出.废水中DEHP和DBP的浓度均低于排放标准.     

Survey of phthalate pollution in arable soils in China

The problem of pollution by phthalates is of global concern due to their widespread occurrence, toxicity and endocrine disruption properties. The contamination by phthalates such as dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in 23 arable soils throughout China was investigated to evaluate the present pollution situation. The survey results demonstrated that phthalates were ubiquitous pollutants in soils in China. The total concentrations of phthalates differed from one location to another, and ranged from 0.89 to 10.03 mg kg(-1) with a median concentration of 3.43 mg kg(-1). Among the phthalates, DEHP was dominant and detected in all 23 soils. DEP and DBP were also in abundance, and DMP was rarely detected. Similar contamination patterns were observed in all 23 soils. A distinct feature of phthalate pollution in China was that the average concentration in northern China was higher than that in southern China. In addition, a close relationship was observed between the concentration of phthalates in soils and the consumption of agricultural film. The correlation showed that the application of agriculture film might be a significant pollution source of phthalates in arable soils of China. The potential risk of phthalates in soils was assessed on the basis of current guide values and limits.     

Distributions of phthalic esters carried by total suspended particulates in Nanjing, China

Atmospheric trace phthalic esters (PAEs) carried by total suspended particulates were systematically investigated. A total of 450 air samples were collected at six typical locations and three specific micro-environmental sites (a stadium with a new plastic track, new cars, and a farming greenhouse with plastic film) in Nanjing metropolitan area of China from April 2009 to January 2010. The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The dominant PAEs are dimethyl phthalate (DMP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which were found in the atmosphere of Nanjing. The average concentrations of DMP, DBP, and DEHP were 10.5?±?1.2, 62.3?±?4.5, and 33.3?±?2.5?ng?m(-3), respectively, constituting 9.9%, 58.7%, and 31.4% of total PAEs (106?±?8.2?ng?m(-3)). (2) The dynamic variations of atmospheric PAEs in the three specific micro-environmental sites showed that the PAE concentrations in the stadium with a new plastic track reduced to normal after 1?month remediation, while new cars need 6?months to remove their effect. The levels of PAEs in a farming greenhouse with plastic film were relatively high, but little PAEs accumulated in vegetables. (3) The vertical profiles from 1.5 to 40?m above ground display some fluctuations in PAE concentration, but no significant height dependence. This information will make a valuable contribution to the examination of the influence of atmospheric PAEs on the environment and human health.     

Flame ionization gas chromatographic determination of phthalate esters in water, surface sediments and fish species in the Ogun river catchments, Ketu, Lagos, Nigeria

The detection and quantification of four phthalate esters??dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)??in water, sediment, and some fish species were carried out using flame ionization gas chromatography. The samples were collected from the Ogun river catchments, Ketu, Lagos. The DMP was not detected in the water and fish samples but was detected in sediments collected from four of the six sampling sites. The concentration of DEP, DBP, and DEHP in the fish species ranged from 320.0?C810.0, 380.0?C1,080.0, and 40.0?C150.0 ??g/kg in Tilapia sp.; 310.0?C860.0, 400.0?C1,170.0, and 40.0?C110.0 ??g/kg in Chrysichthys sp.; and 320.0?C810.0, 400.0?C3,970.0, and 30.0?C300.0 ??g/kg (DEHP) in Synodontis sp., respectively. The differences in fish phthalate levels are not statistically significant at p?<?0.05, an indication that phthalate esters accumulation is not fish species dependent. The DEP, DBP, and DEHP values recorded are considerably higher than the maximum allowed concentrations for drinking water prescribed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The phthalate pollution index and biosediment accumulation factor values were also calculated.     

Characteristics and assessment of phthalate esters in urban dusts in Guangzhou city, China

Phthalate esters (PAEs) were examined in indoor and outdoor dust samples from the subtropical city of Guangzhou, China. The ∑(16)PAEs concentrations ranged from 121 to 3,223 μg g(-1) dust, with the median concentration of 840 μg g(-1) dust. Significantly higher concentrations of PAEs in dust samples were found in offices where electrical and electronic devices, carpet pads, and office furniture were widely used. Of the 16 PAEs, diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) dominated the PAEs in indoor and outdoor dust samples, and accounted for >96.8% and >93.1% of the ∑(16)PAEs concentrations, respectively. The median daily inhalation exposure of ∑(16)PAEs were 3.53 and 0.247 μg kg(-1) body weight day(-1), and at the 95(th) percentile were 7.62 and 0.530 μg kg(-1) body weight day(-1), up on the measured concentrations and estimated dust ingestion rates, respectively, for toddles and adults. The ubiquitous distribution of PAEs as noted in this study suggests the need for detailed assessment of PAEs concentrations using more sites and to further investigate the factors influencing PAEs exposure in China.     

Impact of irreversible sorption of phthalate acid esters on their sediment quality criteria

The equilibrium partitioning (EqP) method has been applied to establish sediment quality criteria (SQC); however, it does not consider the nonlinear irreversible sorption of many organic contaminants. In this research, the sorption and desorption of two phthalate esters (PAEs), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), in four natural sediments collected from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River were studied; the impact of irreversible sorption of DMP and DEHP on SQC has been evaluated. Based on the reversible and irreversible biphasic sorption model, the values of maximum irreversible sorption capacity (q(max)(irr)) were 125.19 μg g(-1)-337.37 μg g(-1) for DMP and 515.87 μg g(-1)-591.40 μg g(-1) for DEHP. The q(max)(irr) value was positively related to the organic carbon and black carbon contents, cation exchange capacity, and surface area of the sediments. The values of the irreversible sorption coefficient K(oc)(irr) for both DEHP and DMP in the four sediments approximated to a constant of 10(6.46 ± 0.38), which was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than their reversible sorption coefficient K(oc)(irr). The values of SQC for PAEs based on the EqP method were modified by involving the irreversible sorption. The modified SQC of DEHP could be 2 to 20 times higher than the value predicted by the EqP method, and the assessment results for DEHP contamination in the sediments with the modified SQC were more reasonable than those with the non-modified SQC. It indicated that the current SQC based on the EqP method may be unnecessarily strict for specific organic compounds and the irreversible sorption should be taken into account.