气相分子吸收光谱法测定地表水中硫化物

采用气相分子吸收光谱法测定地表水中硫化物,方法检出限为0.002 mg/L,水样加标回收率为96.5%~107%,精密度(RSD,n=6)为0.08%~1.38%。实验结果表明:该方法准确可靠、灵敏度好、操作简便,适用于地表水中硫化物分析要求。     

液相色谱-质谱法同时快速测定地表水中13种农药残留

通过实验建立了一种同时、快速测定地表水中13种农药残留的液相色谱-质谱分析方法。该方法采用水样直接进样,样品仅需0.5 m L,8 min完成1个样品13种农药的同时分析。方法检出限为0.1~11.5μg/L,当样品个数为7,加标量依次为10.0、40.0、100.0μg/L时,方法 RSD为2.51%~12.9%、2.09%~11.4%、1.24%~9.79%,方法准确度为82.1%~112%、92.2%~114%、93.7%~127%。对珠江三角洲地区典型的农业面源、湖泊、地表水饮用水源地等共3大类65个监测点位取样分析,以验证方法的实际可行性,监测结果符合污染物分布规律,水质整体状况良好。除甲基对硫磷外,该方法可以完全满足国家对于地表水、生活饮用水相关指标标准限值的要求,适合地表水水质农药污染状况的快速筛查监测。     

地表水样品中10种卤代烃测定方法的优化

对地表水样品中10种卤代烃测定方法进行优化,找出空白偏高的原因。方法优化后的加标回收率为90.1%~104%,相对标准偏差为1.1%~6.9%,检出限为0.000 3μg/L~2.0μg/L,可满足地表水环境质量分析要求。     

滤膜氟离子选择电极法测定大气中氟化物的改进

通过对国标方法中标准溶液系列的配制、样品滤膜处理方法进行研究,改进滤膜采样氟离子选择电极法测定大气中氟化物的实验方法,并利用改进方法对大气样品和氟化物标准样品进行对比实验。结果表明,标准样品的标准偏差为0.010~0.019 mg/L,相对标准偏差为3.0%~3.2%;大气样品的标准偏差为0.058~0.12μg/m3,相对标准偏差为4.2%~4.5%,加标回收率在95%~105%之间,满足国家标准的要求。     

气相色谱法测定土壤中菊酯类农药残留

以正己烷/丙酮混合溶剂(体积比为1∶1)为提取剂,采用Florisil柱净化、气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定土壤中菊酯类农药残留,优化了提取条件。4种菊酯类农药在0.010 mg/L~1.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.005 mg/L~0.010 mg/L,甲氰菊酯回收率为85.2%~103%,RSD为2.3%~5.4%;氯氰菊酯回收率为80.5%~103%,RSD为2.8%~6.7%;氰戊菊酯回收率为80.2%~103%,RSD为2.3%~6.0%;溴氰菊酯回收率为80.8%~103%,RSD为2.4%~6.2%。     

不同土壤层中4种菊酯类农药残留量的测定

采集农田中表层、里层、深层土壤,采用正己烷 ∶ 丙酮＝1 ∶ 1(V/V)作为提取剂^[1,2],土壤样品于Florisil柱中净化,浓缩定容后,用电子捕获检测器检测,石英毛细管柱气相色谱法测定,用外标法定量。以农田表层土壤测定结果为例,甲氰菊酯的回收率为85.2%~102.7%,RSD为2.27%~5.41%;氯氰菊酯的回收率为80.5%~102.7%,RSD为2.84%~6.70%;氰戊菊酯的回收率为80.2%~103.0%,RSD为2.33%~5.95%;溴氰菊酯的回收率为80.8%~102.7%,RSD为2.45%~6.24%。方法简便、快速、成本低。     

在线蒸馏-无人值守连续流动分析法测定污水中氨氮

采用在线蒸馏-无人值守连续流动分析法对污水中氨氮进行检测,方法在0.00~10.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.014 mg/L,实际样品测定的相对标准偏差为1.24%~4.15%,加标回收率为93.0%~108%,精密度和准确度均能满足污水中氨氮的测定要求。     

优化QuEChERS结合HPLC测定沉积物中14种多环芳烃

以美国国家标准技术研究院(NIST)2种沉积物标样SRM 1944和SRM 1941b为研究对象,建立并优化了QuEChERS结合HPLC测定沉积物中14种多环芳烃的前处理方法,并与传统索氏提取进行比较。优化后的QuEChERS方法:样品经乙腈浸泡后,超声15 min,漩涡振荡3 min,以NaCl和无水MgSO_4盐析,提取液经PSA净化后经HPLC-FLD测定。该条件下14种PAHs的方法检出限为0.5~5.0μg/kg,SRM 1944和SRM 1941b中PAHs回收率分别为73.4%~104.9%和71.9%~96.4%,相对标准偏差分别为0.47%~3.45%和0.87%~3.05%。索氏提取SRM 1944与1941b回收率分别为78.9%~109.3%和80.9%~108.2%,相对标准偏差分别为1.46%~10.3%和1.27%~10.8%。优化后的QuEChERS回收率与索氏提取较为接近,但具有更高的精密度。将该方法用于实际海洋沉积物提取,PAHs测定值与索氏提取较为接近。优化后的QuEChERS方法满足批量沉积物样品中PAHs的快速测定要求。     

微库仑法测定新疆棉浆粕企业废水中可吸附有机卤素AOX

建立微库仑滴定法测定水质中可吸附有机卤素AOX的方法,考察3种活性炭柱对于空白的影响。实验结果表明,AOX的检出限为2.19μg/L,相对标准偏差为2.80%,纯水中高、中、低加标回收率在92.5%~107%,新疆棉浆粕企业废水中加标回收率为96.0%~101%。实验室空白也只有新购开封的耶拿原装活性炭小柱能满足标准要求的空白值(<30μg/L)。     

高压密封消解-流动注射同时测定海水中总氮和总磷

建立了高压密封消解-流动注射同时测定海水中总氮和总磷的方法,方法采用特制聚四氟乙烯密封消解罐,经高压消解锅消解后,用流动注射分析仪同时测定海水中的总氮和总磷。结果显示,总氮和总磷在0~3.20 mg/L范围内线性良好,总氮相关系数(r)=0.9997,检出限为0.012 mg/L,相对标准偏差为0.65%~2.59%,加标回收率为97.8%~102%;总磷相关系数(r)=0.9999,检出限为0.006 mg/L,相对标准偏差为0.50%~6.67%,加标回收率为98.8%~101%。该方法可同时测定海水中总氮和总磷,方法准确度和精密度良好,满足分析要求,适用于大批量海水样品中总氮和总磷的快速准确定量。     

乌鲁木齐市饮用水状况卫生监测分析

为了评价乌鲁木齐市居民饮用水卫生状况，对该市６个自来水厂的出厂水，末梢水和二次供水的水质及卫生设施进行监督监测。结果表明，该市居民供水水质基本符合国家生活饮水卫生标准规定，但末梢水和二次供水中余氯合格率偏低，分别为６１．０２％和４５％。二次供水设施使用的防水材料均未按国家规定输涉及水产品卫生许可批件。     

自动蒸馏预处理测定水中氰化物

采用DCS系列蒸馏仪研究建立水质氰化物自动蒸馏预处理方法。通过对加热温度和真空压力、吸收速率、加热时间等参数的优选实验,找到该仪器针对水质氰化物的最佳预处理条件,用异烟酸-吡唑啉酮分光光度法检测馏出样品。实验结果显示空白实验、检出限与水质氰化物HJ 484—2009标准分析方法一致,实际样品加标回收率95%~104%,精密度2.6%~4.6%,符合环境监测水质分析技术要求。     

Assessing and Monitoring the Health of Western Rangeland Watersheds

The most important function of watersheds in the western U.S. is the capacity to retain soil and water, thereby providing stability in hydrologic head and minimizing stream sediment loads. Long-term soil and water retention varies directly with vegetation cover. Data on ground cover and plant species composition were collected from 129 sites in the Rio Grande drainage of south-central New Mexico. This area was previously assessed by classification of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometry (AVHRR) imagery. The classification of irreversibly degraded sites failed to identify most of the severely degraded sites based on size of bare patches and 35% of the sites classified as degraded were healthy based on mean bare patch size and vegetation cover. Previous research showed that an index of unvegetated soil (bare patch size and percent of ground without vegetative cover) was the most robust indicator of the soil and water retention function. Although the regression of mean bare patch size on percent bare ground was significant (p < 0.001), percent bare ground accounted for only 11% of the variability in bare patch size. Therefore bare patch size cannot be estimated from data on percent bare ground derived from remote sensing. At sites with less than 25% grass cover, and on sites with more than 15% shrub cover, there were significant relationships between percent bare soil and mean bare patch size (p < 0.05). Several other indicators of ecosystem health were related to mean bare patch size: perennial plant species richness (r = 0.6, p < 0.0001), percent cover of increaser species (r = 0.5, p < 0.0001) and percent cover of forage useable by livestock (r = 0.62, p < 0.0001). There was no relationship between bare patch size and cover of species that are toxic to livestock. In order to assess the ability of western rangeland watersheds to retain soil and water using remote sensing, it will be necessary to detect and estimate sizes of bare patches ranging between at least 0.5 m in diameter to several meters in diameter.     

Linking Land Cover and Water Quality in New York City’S Water Supply Watersheds

The Catskill/Delaware reservoirs supply 90% of New York City’s drinking water. The City has implemented a series of watershed protection measures, including land acquisition, aimed at preserving water quality in the Catskill/Delaware watersheds. The objective of this study was to examine how relationships between landscape and surface water measurements change between years. Thirty-two drainage areas delineated from surface water sample points (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform bacteria concentrations) were used in step-wise regression analyses to test landscape and surface-water quality relationships. Two measurements of land use, percent agriculture and percent urban development, were positively related to water quality and consistently present in all regression models. Together these two land uses explained 25 to 75% of the regression model variation. However, the contribution of agriculture to water quality condition showed a decreasing trend with time as overall agricultural land cover decreased. Results from this study demonstrate that relationships between land cover and surface water concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform bacteria counts over a large area can be evaluated using a relatively simple geographic information system method. Land managers may find this method useful for targeting resources in relation to a particular water quality concern, focusing best management efforts, and maximizing benefits to water quality with minimal costs.The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development funded and managed the research described here. It has been subjected to Agency’s administrative review and approved for publication as an EPA document.     

直接进样-超高效液相色谱——三重四级杆串联质谱法测定地表水中丙烯酰胺

采用直接进样一超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法，建立了对地表水中丙烯酰胺的分析方法。该方法不需要衍生化等前处理步骤。结果表明，丙烯酰胺含量在0．100～10．0μg／L范围内具有很好的线性相关性，实际水样加标回收率为80．0％-105％。该方法的检出限和测定下限分别为0．025μg／L和0．100μg／L，能够满足地表水环境质量标准中关于饮用水中丙烯酰胺最高安全浓度指南的要求，提高了引用水源丙烯酰胺的检测要求。     

Fluoride Content in Drinking Water Supplies of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Groundwater supplies about 34% ofthe total water demand for the capital city of SaudiArabia, Riyadh. The other 66% is desalinatedseawater. The fluoride level in Riyadh drinking watersupplies was evaluated. Samples were collected fromselected wells, treatment plants, desalinatedseawater, distribution network and 19 locally producedand imported bottled water. The fluoride level in theinfluent to the seven groundwater treatment plants andtheir final product water were in the range of 0.63–1.6 and 0.23–1.1 mg/L, respectively. Blending of theplants product water with the desalinated seawaterresulted in the fluoride level ranging from 0.01–0.5 mg/Lin the distribution network. Ninety percent of thesamples collected from the distribution network hadfluoride levels less than or equal to the calculatedweighted average value of 0.24 mg/L. The locallyproduced bottled waters as compared to 8 imported oneshave shown fluoride levels in the range of 0.2–0.83and 0.04–0.2 mg/L, respectively. In general, thefluoride level in Riyadh drinking water supplies isbelow the optimum recommended level of 0.7 to1.2 mg/L. It is therefore recommended thatfluoridation be considered in water treatment plants.     

Economics of place-based monitoring under the safe drinking water act, part III: performance evaluation of place-based monitoring strategies

The goals of environmental legislation and associated regulations are to protect public health, natural resources, and ecosystems. In this context, monitoring programs should provide timely and relevant information so that the regulatory community can implement legislation in a cost-effective and efficient manner. The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 attempts to ensure that public water systems (PWSs) supply safe water to its consumers. As is the case with many other federal environmental statutes, SDWA monitoring has been implemented in relatively uniform fashion across the USA. In this three part series, we present over 30 years of evidence to demonstrate unique patterns in water quality contaminants over space and time, develop alternative place-based monitoring approaches that exploit such patterns, and evaluate the economic performance of such approaches to current monitoring practice. Part III: Place-based (PBA) and current SDWA monitoring approaches were implemented on test datasets (1995-2001) from 19 water systems and evaluated based on the following criteria: percent of total detections, percent detections above threshold values (e.g. 20, 50, 90% of MCL), and cost. The PBA outperformed the current SDWA monitoring requirements in terms of total detections, missed only a small proportion of detections below the MCL, and captured all detections above 50% of the MCL. Essentially the same information obtained from current compliance monitoring requirements can be gained at approximately one-eighth the cost by implementing the PBA. Temporal sampling strategies were implemented on test datasets (1995-2001) from four water systems and evaluated by the following criteria: parameter estimation, percent deviation from "true" 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles, and number of samples versus accuracy of the estimate. Non event-based (NEB) strategies were superior in estimating percentiles 1-50, but underestimated the higher percentiles. Event-based strategies were superior in estimating 95th and 99th percentiles, and required significantly fewer samples (than NEB strategies) to estimate the "true" 95th and 99th percentiles. Incorporation of place-based information significantly improves the performance of monitoring and temporal sampling strategies in the context of surface-influenced water systems in the state of Iowa. Application of similar methods to other areas and types of water systems would likely produce similar results. Compared to current SDWA monitoring, the place based approach allows for cost-effective, enhanced characterization of local contaminants of concern.     

液液萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水中硝基苯类化合物

采用液液萃取－气相色谱法测定饮用水中10种硝基苯类化合物，通过萃取条件优化试验，选择正己烷为萃取剂，使目标物在0μg／L～38.5μg／L之间线性良好，检出限为0.002μg／L ～0．005μg／L。实际饮用水样的加标回收率为80.8％～104％，RSD＜3％。用该方法测定桂林市4个水厂饮用水，结果硝基苯、间－二硝基苯、2，4－二硝基氯苯未检出，其余7种硝基苯类化合物虽有检出，但检出值均低于标准规定的限值。     

近岸海域水质目标考核评价方法研究

为满足《水污染防治行动计划》近岸海域水质考核要求,根据目前近岸海域环境监测工作的实际情况,在考核范围、评价方法、目标分解、计分方法等方面进行了比较,在保证公平、公正的前提下,以一致性、可比性和适应性为原则,提出的考核评价方法以单因子评价法和点位评价法为基础,在未达标情况下,按照水质目标完成比例计分;达标情况下,在达标分值基础上按水质的保持和改善给予不同程度的加分,通过实例研究分析能够适应近岸海域水质状况变化的考核工作要求。     

高效液相色谱法测定地表水中硝基苯类化合物

建立了液相色谱法直接测定水中的10种硝基苯类化合物的方法,C18色谱柱为分离柱,检测波长为254 nm,以甲醇和水为流动相,前处理过程水和甲醇以9∶1的体积比混合,水样过微孔滤膜后直接进液相色谱分析。该法分析10种硝基苯类化合物的检出限为4.3~5.5μg/L,加标回收率为79%~136%,精密度为6.8%~13%,符合监测要求。