杭州城区环境空气中二噁英浓度状况研究

依据2009年7月至2012年2月连续3年对杭州城区环境空气中二噁英(PCDD/Fs)采样分析结果得知,杭州城区环境空气中二噁英毒性当量质量浓度变化范围为0.13~0.55 pg TEQ/m~3,均值为0.34 pg TEQ/m~3。城区环境空气中二噁英浓度季节变化不显著,夏季略低于冬季;城区范围内不同功能区之间二噁英浓度差别不显著;连续3年监测结果未显现二噁英年度变化趋势。沙尘暴天气环境空气中二噁英浓度显著增高,日常天气和烟花爆竹集中燃放天气环境空气中二噁英形态分布存在明显区别,烟花爆竹集中燃放期间八氯代二苯并-对-二噁英(OCDD)占总质量浓度比例显著提高。利用IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0统计软件对24个监测结果聚类分析发现,杭州城区环境空气中二噁英的同类物分布具有明显的"源"分布特征。     

济南市大气细颗粒物中二(口恶)英污染水平及季节变化

2021年对济南市大气PM_2.5中17种2,3,7,8氯取代二(口恶)英(PCDD/Fs)污染现状进行监测。对其异构体分布、指示性单体、季节变化规律等特征及其与常规污染物相关性进行了分析。结果表明:大气PM_2.5中PCDD/Fs浓度范围和年平均值分别为0.157~1.595 pg/m³和0.785 pg/m³,而毒性当量(以I-TEQ计)范围和年平均值分别为0.009~0.116 pg TEQ/m³和0.052 pg TEQ/m³。PCDD/Fs浓度与毒性当量季节变化特征显著,均呈现出冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的情况,可能由季节性排放源和气象条件不同导致。不同季节PCDD/Fs异构体分布模式一致,主要由高氯代(1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF、OCDD、OCDF和1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD)单体组成;而对毒性当量贡献最大的单体是2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,其与总毒性当量具有较好的相关性。同时,PCDD/Fs浓度与SO₂、NO₂、PM_2.5等大气常规污染物呈显著正相关。这表明,大气PM_2.5中PCDD/Fs与常规污染物的生成和排放密切相关。     

2021年春节期间陕西省烟花爆竹燃放对PM2.5的影响

通过对比2021年春节烟花爆竹集中燃放时段和前期非集中燃放时段的PM_2.5浓度及特征组分浓度,分析了烟花爆竹集中燃放对陕西省PM_2.5的影响情况。分析结果显示,2021年春节烟花爆竹集中燃放时段,关中和陕南地区PM_2.5浓度增幅大且高值持续时间长,陕北地区PM_2.5浓度增幅小且高值持续时间短。陕北和陕南地区PM_2.5小时浓度峰值出现在2月12日(初一)00:00前后,关中地区略晚。西安市PM_2.5特征组分中,K⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Mg²⁺、Al³⁺、Cu²⁺、Si²⁺、Ba²⁺的浓度分别为6.61、7.20、12.83、23.96、1.36、2.91、0.23、0.27、0.86 μg/m³,明显高于非集中燃放时段。烟花爆竹燃放对陕南地区PM_2.5的贡献率和贡献量均高于关中和陕北地区;对郊县PM_2.5的贡献率高于城区,且对郊县的贡献率正值的出现时间早于城区。除榆林市外,陕西省其他城市的城区均受到了相关郊县烟花爆竹燃放的影响。     

某典型交通路口大气颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)中多氯联苯季节变化特征

应用同位素稀释高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨质谱 (HRGC-HRMS) 联用技术对北京市北四环典型交通路口大气颗粒物PM₁₀和PM_2.5中多氯联苯(PCBs)进行了监测,分析了PCBs浓度水平、单体组成特征、粒径分布规律和季节变化趋势。结果表明:大气颗粒物PM₁₀和PM_2.5样品中19种PCBs浓度和毒性浓度(TEQ,以世界卫生组织毒性当量因子WHO-TEF计)分别为1.05～13.83 pg/m³(平均值为6.66 pg/m³)和1.24～15.18 fg/m³ (平均值为6.84 fg/m³)、0.80～8.51 pg/m³(平均值为4.32 pg/m³)和0.88～13.40 fg/m³ (平均值为5.90 fg/m³),PM₁₀和PM_2.5中PCBs的单体分布模式相似,浓度丰度最大的是PCB-28和PCB-209,而对毒性当量贡献最大的是PCB-126。PCBs浓度季节变化明显,冬、春季明显高于夏、秋季。 PCBs浓度季节变化特征表明,不同季节采样点PCBs来源不同,除历史使用外,采暖季节可能主要来自机动车排放和化石燃料的燃烧,而非采暖季节主要来自机动车排放。粒径分布表现为PCBs倾向于富集在PM_2.5中,占PM₁₀总浓度的61%～87%(平均值为72%)。     

辽宁省部分城市空气中二(口恶)(口英)含量测定及结果分析

对辽宁省部分城市环境空气中二(口恶)(口英)类物质含量的测定结果表明,该地区环境空气中二(口恶)(口英)含量在0.07～1.0pg TEQ/m3之间.     

春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对海口市空气质量的影响

基于2018年与2019年春节期间常规空气污染物数据、2019年细颗粒物PM_2.5中水溶性离子和OC/EC的化学组分数据，结合气象资料，分析了春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对海口市空气质量的影响。结果表明：春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对海口市初一的空气质量影响较大，主要影响污染物为PM₁₀、PM_2.5和SO₂，对NO₂、CO和O₃影响相对较小；实施烟花爆竹严格管控后空气质量明显改善，2019年除夕夜PM₁₀、PM_2.5和SO₂质量浓度峰值较2018年分别下降67.4%、68.5%和66.7%；烟花爆竹集中燃放主要造成K⁺、Cl^-、Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-快速上升，其中K⁺影响最为显著，K⁺短时上升了16.21 μg/m³，增加17.01倍；对于NO₂^-、Na⁺、F^-、NO₃^-、Ca²⁺、NH₄⁺等6种离子和OC/EC影响较小。     

安徽省春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对环境空气质量的影响研究

为研究烟花爆竹集中燃放对江淮地区环境空气质量的影响,基于近地面常规空气质量参数、颗粒物组分参数、激光雷达监测等数据资料,系统分析了2022年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对安徽省主要城市和县域环境空气质量的影响。研究表明,2022年春节期间安徽省环境空气质量总体好于2019—2021年平均水平,但受局部烟花爆竹燃放和不利气象条件(低温、小风、高湿、静稳)的叠加影响,产生的环境效应(颗粒物浓度峰值较高、影响范围较广)依然较为严重。重点区域(合肥和淮北)大气颗粒物组分中硝酸根离子(NO^(-)_(3))、硫酸根离子(SO ^(2-)_(4))和铵根离子(NH_(4)^(+))等主要离子占比有所下降(降幅为3.4%~12.1%),烟花爆竹燃放示踪组分(钾离子、氯离子、金属元素等)均出现了明显的峰值过程,且金属元素浓度占比涨幅明显高于水溶性离子。烟花爆竹燃放对颗粒物的垂直分布和传输沉降过程产生显著影响,燃放排放主要以球形细颗粒物为主;不利气象条件下的本地烟花爆竹燃放叠加周边污染传输影响是造成主城区空气质量显著恶化的主要原因。基于ρ(PM_(2.5))/ρ(CO)的比值法估算,集中燃放时段,烟花爆竹燃放对城建区PM_(2.5)质量浓度的绝对贡献范围为4~701μg/m^(3),平均值达159μg/m^(3);烟花爆竹燃放对PM_(2.5)质量浓度的贡献量和贡献率呈现皖中>皖北>皖南的分布特征。主城区的禁燃措施对于春节期间空气质量的改善起到了关键作用,同时需要加强城市周边区域的烟花爆竹燃放管控措施。     

污染天气条件下人工降雨对成渝西南区域环境空气质量的影响评估

基于成渝地区大气污染防控形势的严峻性,选取该区域西南部的乐山市作为研究对象,对2016—2020年人工降雨对该城市环境空气质量的影响进行研究。评估发现:冬季改善效果最好,平均每毫米降雨量可降低环境空气质量指数(AQI)约10,对应的SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃、PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度分别降低1.8 μg/m³、3.8 μg/m³、0.1 mg/m³、8.1 μg/m³、6.9 μg/m³、8.9 μg/m³;其次是春季,每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约8,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低1.0 μg/m³、3.3 μg/m³、0.1 mg/m³、8.1 μg/m³、6.1 μg/m³、8.4 μg/m³;再次是夏季,每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约3,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低0.6 μg/m³、1.6 μg/m³、0.03 mg/m³、6.9 μg/m³、1.2 μg/m³、2.0 μg/m³;秋季每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约1,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低0.4 μg/m³、0.6 μg/m³、0.01 mg/m³、3.5 μg/m³、0.1 μg/m³、0.1 μg/m³。计算不同季节降雨总量与污染物削减量之间的Pearson相关系数,结果表明,春季人工降雨总量与O₃浓度削减总量呈显著正相关,夏、秋两季人工降雨总量与PM_2.5浓度削减总量呈显著正相关。     

交通限行对大气颗粒物及PM2.5中二NFDA1英的影响

为了研究北京大气颗粒物和二NFDA1英(PCDD/Fs)的污染状况以及评估交通限行对大气颗粒物和PCDD/Fs的影响。利用同位素稀释高分辨率气相色谱/高分辨率质谱(HRGC/HRMS)联用法和USEPA 1613B 标准方法,以中国地质大学(北京)东门为采样点,采集大气PM_2.5、PM₁₀、TSP样品,对北京市交通限行期间以及交通限行前后等不同交通状况下颗粒物浓度及大气PM_2.5中17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs污染特征进行了监测。结果表明,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、TSP的日均质量浓度在交通限行前分别为126、202、304 μg/m³,限行期间分别为39、78、93 μg/m³,限行结束后分别为79、126 μg/m³。PM_2.5中17种PCDD/Fs的质量浓度(毒性浓度)3个时段分别为1 804 fg/m³(70 fg I-TEQ/m³)、252 fg/m³ (9 fg I-TEQ/m³)和1 196 fg/m³ (48 fg I-TEQ/m³)。北京市交通限行期间颗粒物浓度和二 NFDA1 英浓度显著低于交通限行前后,交通源减排措施的实施是大气颗粒物和二 NFDA1英污染水平降低的主要原因,从减排效果看,交通源减排措施对大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的控制效果明显好于大气粗颗粒物。     

离子色谱-柱后衍生可见光检测环境空气中六价铬和废气中铬酸雾

以硫酸铵-氨水溶液为淋洗液，二苯碳酰二肼为柱后显色剂，采用离子色谱-柱后衍生可见光检测环境空气中六价铬和废气中铬酸雾的含量。通过对分析条件的优化，建立了简便、灵敏、选择性好、准确性高和重现性好的分析气体中六价铬的方法。该方法在Cr⁶⁺浓度1.00~600 μg/L之间线性良好，当采集50 L有组织废气和20 L无组织废气时，铬酸雾分析的检出限分别为2.2×10^-5和1.1×10^-5 mg/m³，采集64 m³环境空气时，Cr⁶⁺分析的检出限为7.8×10^-9 mg/m³，以浸提后的样品水溶液连续进样得到其相对标准偏差为1.42%（n=8）。利用该法进行环境空气中六价铬和废气中铬酸雾的测定，回收率在80%~105%之间。监测结果显示：环境空气中六价铬含量处于极低状态；五金厂厂界废气中铬酸雾含量极低，约为5 μg/m³；五金厂废气排气筒监测的气体中则含有较高浓度的铬酸雾，其含量已经超过GB 21900—2008中规定的排放限值。     

深圳市大气中PCDD/Fs污染水平初步研究

目的:了解深圳市大气中二噁(PCDD/Fs)的污染水平和分布特征。方法:利用大流量空气采样器分别采集6个采样点的空气样品,每个采样点采集两个平行样品。参照美国环保总局(US EPA Method TO-9A)二噁的检测方法,通过高分辨气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱仪(HRGC/HRMS)对大气样品中17种具有毒性当量因子(TEF)的单体进行了定性和定量分析。结果:∑PCDD/Fs的浓度范围为0.23～11.88pg/m3(平均值为3.84 pg/m3)。毒性当量浓度范围为0.014～0.29 pg I-TEQ/m3(平均值为0.135 pg I-TEQ/m3)。OCDD、HpCDD、HpCDF、OCDF、HxCDF是丰度较大的单体,分别占总浓度的48.21%、15.85%、11.37%、7.40%、6.59%。PCDDs和PCDFs单体浓度(除OCDF之外)均随氯原子取代个数的增加而增大。2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF对总的毒性当量贡献最大,占总毒性当量浓度的38.87%。六个采样点中有三个地点二噁同系物分布显示了"源"的特征,而另外三个地点则显示了"汇"的特征。成人的PCDD/Fs暴露量为0.0023～0.047 pg I-TEQ/kg.day;儿童PCDD/Fs暴露量为0.0052～0.11 pg I-TEQ/kg.day。结论:深圳市大气样品中二噁浓度低于国内一些城市研究水平,而高于日本、欧美国家的研究水平。     

钢铁厂及其周围土壤中二恶英和多氯联苯污染物的分布规律研究

利用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)的分析方法研究了东北某钢铁厂及其周围生活区、背景对照区土壤中二噁和多氯联苯污染物的污染水平和分布规律。结果表明,土壤中二噁的浓度和毒性当量分别为26pg/g(6.02～109pg/g)、0.72pg I-TEQ g-1(0.008～5.43pg I-TEQ g-1)。土壤中多氯联苯的浓度为955pg/g(268～3504pg/g),毒性当量值达0.07pg TEQ g-1(0.006～0.33pg TEQ g-1)。该区域土壤中的二噁和多氯联苯浓度明显低于一般国家居住地的土壤控制标准,处于较低的污染水平。     

Chlorinated and brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in surface sediment from Taihu Lake, China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in surface sediment samples from Taihu Lake--an important water supply of the Yangtze River Delta, China--were investigated in the present study. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.91 to 4.8 pg TEQ g(-1) dw (mean: 2.9 pg TEQ g(-1) dw, TEQ: Toxic Equivalent), which were all higher than the threshold effect level established by interim sediment quality guidelines in Canada (0.85 pg TEQ g(-1) dw). The levels of PBDD/Fs ranged from 0.16 to 1.6 pg TEQ g(-1) dw (mean: 0.52 pg TEQ g(-1) dw) and accounted for 5-33% (mean: 14%) of the total PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs TEQ. Comparatively, the abundance of sedimentary PCDD/Fs in the three regions (Meiliang Bay, Gonghu Bay, and Xukou Bay) showed a decreasing trend from the inflow region to the outflow region, while no significant difference was observed among their 2,3,7,8-PBDD/Fs levels, which suggested that the sources of PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs differed in this area. Principal component analysis suggested that the historical production/usage of pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate was the dominant source of PCDD/Fs in the sediment of these regions. Although the specific sources of PBDD/Fs in the sediment of Taihu Lake were unclear, it was suspected to be due to atmospheric deposition; however, an additional study is needed to confirm this.     

杭州市环境空气中二噁英类物质检测与分析

为了解二噁英类物质(PCDD/Fs)在环境空气中污染现状及不同季节不同时段浓度、组成和存在形式等的变化情况,于夏、冬两季对杭州西湖区空气中PCDD/Fs进行了采样分析。结果表明,空气中PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度与国内其他城市(北京、上海、广州)相近,夏、冬两季空气中PCDD/Fs质量浓度和毒性当量浓度分别为4.92 pg/m3、0.34 I-TEQ pg/m3和4.51 pg/m3、0.40 I-TEQ pg/m3,夏季PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度略低于冬季;在分时段采样检测结果中,晚间空气中PCDD/Fs质量浓度和毒性当量浓度均高于白天空气中的PCDD/Fs浓度;夏季样品中TCDD/Fs、PeCDD/Fs主要以气相的形式存在,HpCDD/Fs、OCDD/F主要以颗粒相的形式存在,冬季样品中PCDD/Fs主要以颗粒相形式存在。     

Contributions of dry and wet depositions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to a contaminated site resulting from a penetachlorophenol manufacturing process

The soils at a factory for manufacturing pentachlorophenol were heavily contaminated by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). In order to verify the contributions of dry and wet deposition of PCDD/Fs from the ambient air, the concentration of PCDD/Fs in ambient air and soil were measured, the partition of particle- and gas-phases of atmospheric PCDD/Fs was calculated, and the annual fluxes of total dry and wet PCDD/F depositions were modeled. Average atmospheric PCDD/F concentration was 1.24 ng Nm^???3 (or 0.0397 ng I-TEQ Nm^???3). Moreover, over 92.8% of total PCDD/Fs were in the particle phase, and the dominant species were high chlorinated congeners. The total PCDD/F fluxes of dry and wet deposition were 119.5 ng m^???2 year^???1 (1.34 ng I-TEQ m^???2 year^???1) and 82.0 ng m^???2 year^???1 (1.07 ng I-TEQ m^???2 year^???1), respectively. By scenario simulation, the total fluxes of dry and wet PCDD/F depositions were 87.1 and 68.6 ng I-TEQ, respectively. However, the estimated PCDD/F contents in the contaminated soil were 839.9 ?? g I-TEQ. Hence, the contributions of total depositions of atmospheric PCDD/F were only 0.02%. The results indicated that the major sources of PCDD/F for the contaminated soil could be attributed to the pentachlorophenol manufacturing process.     

广州天河区大气中二噁英年度监测及气固分配规律

对广州天河区大气中二噁英进行年度监测和气固分配模式的研究。结果表明,天河区大气中存在较高浓度的二噁英;低氯代二噁英对毒性当量贡献较大,其主要分布在气相,2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF对毒性当量贡献最大,其贡献超过35%;高氯代二噁英(主要是OCDF、OCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF和1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD)对浓度贡献较大,其主要分布在颗粒相。     

The variability of PCDD/F concentrations in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants with regard to their hydrological environment

The occurrence, concentrations, patterns, and loads of 17 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were determined in treated wastewater collected at the outlets from 14 wastewater treatment plants (WTPs), divided into three size categories. The analysis also considered the effect of wastewater outflow on the final concentrations of PCDDs/Fs, as the samples were collected during flooding and stable hydrological conditions. None of the studied WTPs were found to completely remove toxic congeners of PCDDs/Fs from wastewater: the PCDD concentrations in the outgoing effluent during stable wastewater flow ranged from 2.99 to 177.19 pg/L, PCDFs from 6.05 to 51.30 pg/L, and the Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) was between 0.94 and 4.87 pg/L. The results from high wastewater flow were less diversified, ranging from 5.04 to 8.85 pg/L for PCDDs, from 11.47 to 32.33 pg/L for PCDFs and from 2.00 to 4.65 pg/L for TEQ. The smallest WTPs demonstrated the highest average total and TEQ concentrations due to limited volume, short retention time and outdated technology, and, hence, insufficient treatment efficiency. The largest WTPs have the potential to substantially affect the quality of river water, as despite being associated with the lowest concentrations, they released much greater volumes of treated wastewater and, hence, the greatest amounts of analyzed compounds. Elevated TEQ values were observed at high flow in all WTP size categories indicating the impact of high and stable wastewater flow on the concentrations of the observed PCDDs/Fs.     

Concentrations and accumulation profiles of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in adipose fat tissues of Korean women

Reports on residue levels and accumulation profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in human adipose tissue are scarce in Korea. In this study, concentrations and accumulation features of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were determined in the samples of adipose tissue collected from Korean women in 2007-2008. The total dioxin-like toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations (3.4-42 pg g(-1) lipid wt) in Korean adipose tissues were similar to those reported in European and other Asian countries. The relative contributions of individual compounds to total TEQs were as follows: non-ortho PCBs (mean: 45%) > PCDFs (28%) > PCDDs (24%) > mono-ortho PCBs (3%), a pattern similar to those reported for seafoods in Korea. The dominant PCDD/F congeners found in adipose tissues were OCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and dominant PCBs were 118, 156 and 105. No correlation was found between subject's age and concentrations of dioxin-like contaminants. Body mass index was not correlated with concentrations of PCDD/Fs and was negatively (p < 0.001) correlated with concentrations of DL-PCBs. The results of this study provide baseline information on PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in adipose tissues of the general population in Korea.     

Receptor modeling for analyzing PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB sources in Hong Kong

A total of 96 ambient air samples were collected from January 2004 to December 2004 for the investigation of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans [PCDD/Fs]) and dioxin-like profile for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere of Hong Kong. Two-day back-trajectories were obtained using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Air Resources Laboratory. Receptor models – potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) – were built based on the measured PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs total toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations. Both models were modified in this study so as to integrate the information obtained from three sampling sites in Hong Kong. The PSCF modeling resolved two main PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB polluting paths from Mainland China. In line with previous studies, the northerly path around the Pearl River Delta might be one of the pollution sources of Hong Kong air. On the other hand, the receptor models also indicated another potential northeasterly source from Yangtze River Delta, which was seldom mentioned as the source region of Hong Kong air. Results from the CWT modeling suggested that the most toxic air mass affecting Hong Kong is probably attributable to the northeast path rather than the north path.