串级微色谱柱分离富集光度法连续测定矿石中痕量铀和钍

采用串级法将D206阴离子树脂微色谱柱与HD-8阳离子交换树脂微色谱柱联用.连续测定了矿石中的痕量铀及钍元素.在4mol/L HCI介质中铀以阴离子形式存在,首先被首级微色谱柱D206阴离子树脂吸附分离,适量的水即可将其洗脱.而钍呈阳离子形态存在,被HD-8阳离子交换树脂吸附分离.用氯化铵溶液转型后,3ml 40g/L草酸铵溶液即可洗脱HD-8阳离子交换树脂中的钍.实现了痕量铀和钍的连续测定.方法简便、快速,适合于含铁、稀土较高的矿石样品中痕量铀、钍的的连续测定.     

某铀矿工人头发中总α,总β,铀,钍放射性水平的调查

本文对某铀矿职业工人和非职业工人头发中的总β、总α放射性水平和铀、钍含量进行了分析测定.结果表明,该矿工人体内铀和钍的蓄积量均在正常放射性本底水平范围内,从头发中检验未观察到工人体内铀、钍放射性水平有明显的升高.     

土壤环境中痕量铀、钍联合光度测定TRPO萃取分离、偶氮胂Ⅲ测钍Br-PADAP-BDH-OP多元络合体系测铀

本文研究采用三烷基氧磷(TRPO)萃取,从土壤中分离铀、钍经草酸铵溶液反萃,偶氛胂Ⅲ光度法测定钍。1、2环己炕二胺四乙酸、氟化钠、磺基水杨酸混合络合剂反萃铀。选用2-(5-Br-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二胺基苯酚(Br-PADAP)、苄二甲基十六烷基氯化铵(BDH)乳化剂(OP)形成多元络合物体系光度法测定铀,选用混合铵盐-王水溶样完成了土壤环境中痕量铀、钍的联合测定方法。该法简便、实用、灵敏度、选择性均满足土壤环境中铀、钍研究工作的要求。并适用于矿石、废水中微量铀、钍的测定     

三辛烷叔胺萃取分光光度法测定水中钍

采用氢氧化铁共沉淀载带水中钍,经浓硝酸溶解沉淀后,采用三辛烷基叔胺(N-235)混匀溶液萃取,盐酸反萃取,进一步纯化分离钍,与铀试剂Ⅲ形成络合物后用分光光度法测定。方法在0. 05 mg/L～0. 500 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0. 025μg/L,探测下限为0. 10μg/L。将该方法用于实际水样的测定,6次测定结果的RSD为7. 0%～19. 6%,回收率为90. 0%～92. 4%。     

CL-5209微色谱柱分离富集光度法测定环境样品中微量铀

研究了ＣＬ５２０９萃淋树酯微色谱柱柱性能以及对铀和主要伴生元素的分离富集情况。结果表明,在１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ硝酸介质中,除铀（Ⅵ）、钍（Ⅳ）、金（Ⅲ）和少量稀土元素能被ＣＬ５２０９萃淋树酯吸附外,其它常见共存元素不被吸附。用５ｍｌ１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＨＮＯ３可以安全淋洗除去钍和少量稀土,再用１４ｍｌ混合掩蔽剂可以完全解析铀,结合以在溴代十六烷基吡啶存在下５Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ显色,能快速准确地测定环境样品中ｐｐｂ级铀     

偶氮硝磷—mN高灵敏度和高选择性分光光度法测定水和废水中钍

在放射性监测分析中,钍的测定是一个重要项目,用光度法测定钍,目前一般认为偶氮胂Ⅲ是优良的显色剂,可惜锆、铀、钛等元素共存时有严重干扰。本文选用偶氮硝膦—mN作显色剂,实验结果表明方法具有高灵敏度和高选择性,可不经分离测定水和废水中的钍。 实验部分 —、仪器和试剂 751 G型分光光度计用于绘制吸收光谱:72型分光光度计用于吸光度的测定。 偶氮硝膦—mN:0.02％水溶液(试剂系     

CL—TBP萃淋树脂分离铀试剂Ⅲ分光光度法测定废水中微量钍

本文采用在(1+2)硝酸介质中,酒石酸存在下,用C.L—TBP萃淋树脂吸附钍与其它杂质元素分离。再用4M盐酸溶液解吸钍,在草酸尿素等掩蔽剂存在下,钍与铀试剂Ⅱ形成稳定的有色络合物,在波长668nm处,进行分光光度测定。     

新疆大芸中铀,钍,镭,^9^0锶,^1^3^7铯的含量

对新疆中草药大芸中铀、钍、镭、~(90)锶、~(137)铯进行了含量测定,取得数据结果,并与浙江茶叶、宁夏枸杞子中五种核素含量进行了对比,提供有关部分参考。     

新疆和田地区土壤中天然放射性核素含量水平的调查研究

和田地区土壤中天然放射性核素铀－２３８、钍－２３２、镭－２２６和钾－４０按面积加权的均值（Ｂｑ·ｋｇ－１）依次是３７．５２±８．７３、４０．１５±５．３０、３０．０１±４．６０和５３１．１４±４０．７７，属正常本底辐射水平．铀镭平衡状况富铀。     

燃煤中的放射性物质对大气环境影响分析

煤炭和自然界的其他天然物质一样含有铀、钍、~(40)钾等天然放射性元素,甚至在有些煤种中所含的水平较高。因此,燃煤所致环境的放射性污染越加引起人们的关心。国内外学者在开展能源环境评价研究方面已取得了不少成果、联合国原子辐射效应科学委员会(UNSCEAR)从1977年的报告中就开始报导燃煤中放射性对环境的影响。 本文仅就新疆伊宁市工业生产和居民生活用燃煤中的天然铀系元素对大气环境影响进行分析,以求在能源辐射环境评价方面进行尝试。     

Uranium speciation in moorland river water samples: a comparison of experimental results and computer model predictions

An on-line method has been developed for separating inorganic and organic bound uranium species present in river water samples. The method utilised a small chelating resin (Hyphan) column incorporated into the sample introduction manifold of an ICP-MS instrument. The method was evaluated for samples from rivers on Dartmoor (Devon, UK), an area of granite overlain with peat bogs. The results indicate that organic-uranium species form a major proportion (80%) of the total dissolved uranium present. Further work with synthetic water samples indicated that the level of dissolved organic carbon played a greater role in determining the level of organic-uranium species than did sample pH. Computer models for the water samples were constructed using the WHAM program (incorporating uranium data from the Nuclear Energy Agency Thermochemical Database project) in order to predict the levels of organic-uranium species that would form. By varying the proportion of humic and fulvic acids used in the humic component, predictions within 10% of the experimental results were obtained. The program did exhibit a low bias at higher pH values (7.5) and low organic carbon concentrations (0.5 microg ml(-1)), but under the natural conditions prevalent in the Dartmoor water samples, the model predictions were successful.     

Distribution of natural radionuclides in surface soils in the vicinity of abandoned uranium mines in Serbia

The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in soils from the area affected by uranium mining at Stara Planina Mountain in Serbia were studied and compared with the results obtained from an area with no mining activities (background area). In the affected area, the activity concentrations ranged from 1.75 to 19.2 mg kg^?1 for uranium and from 1.57 to 26.9 mg kg^?1 for thorium which is several-fold higher than those in the background area. The Th/U, K/U, and K/Th activity ratios were also determined and compared with data from similar studies worldwide. External gamma dose rate in the air due to uranium, thorium, and potassium at 1 m above ground level in the area affected by uranium mining was found to be 91.3 nGy h^?1, i.e., about two-fold higher than that in background area. The results of this preliminary study indicate the importance of radiological evaluation of the area and implementation of remedial measures in order to prevent further dispersion of radionuclides in the environment.     

Radiological study of exposure levels in El Maghara underground coal mine

Coal is largely composed of organic matter, but it is the inorganic matter in coal minerals and trace elements that have been cited as possible causes of health, environmental and technological problems associated with the use of coal. Some trace elements in coal are naturally radioactive. These radioactive elements include uranium (U), thorium (Th) and their numerous decay products, including radium (Ra) and radon (Rn). Although these elements are less chemically toxic than other coal constituents, such as arsenic, selenium or mercury, questions have been raised concerning the possible risk from radiation. In order to accurately address these questions and to predict the mobility of radioactive elements during the coal fuel cycle, it is important to determine the specific activity, distribution and form of radioactive elements in coal. The assessment of the radiation exposure from coal burning is critically dependent on the specific activity of radioactive elements in coal and in the fly ash that remains after combustion. The El-Maghara coal mine is the only producing coal mine in Egypt. It is located in the middle of the Sinai desert about 250 km north-east of Cairo, where a coal-fired power plant is intended to be built. In this study, a pre-operational radiological baseline of the site and the occupational radiation exposures due to radon progeny in the mine were determined. The specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil and coal dust samples collected along the main gallery ranges were found to be 6-22.9, 9.6-47.3 and 77-489 Bq kg-1, respectively. Soil samples collected around the mine showed concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the ranges 2.7-20.2, 3.2-12.6 and 14.6-201 Bq kg-1, respectively. All of the mean values of radon progeny were lower than the action levels for working places recommended in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 65.     

Uranium bioassay and radioactive dust measurements at some uranium processing sites in Egypt--health effects

The safety of radiation workers in the uranium mining industry requires close and continuous monitoring of their working conditions. In this study, external radiation surveillance, radioactive dust monitoring and the bioassay of uranium were carried out in some processing sites. As dust represents one of the most important sources of radiation exposure in mills and mines, dust monitoring and bioassays were performed for a sample of workers on the production lines. The concentration of uranium in air ranged from 22.6 x 10(-7) to 11.1 x 10(-5) Bq cm-3, and the exposure levels ranged from 1 to 80 microSv h-1. Laser fluorimetric determination of uranium in urine samples showed concentrations in the range 8.4-29.2 micrograms L-1. Renal function parameters, such as serum creatinine and urea, and hematological parameters were determined in an attempt to correlate them with radiation exposure and the health status of the workers. Urine specimens collected from workers at the ore crushing and separation site showed elevated concentrations of uranium (up to 29.2 micrograms L-1) and a strong correlation between these concentrations and the registered serum creatinine. The mean uranium excretion in the investigated group was more than 20 times the occupational exposure decision level for urine uranium of 0.8 microgram L-1.     

Sampling and analysis for radon-222 dissolved in ground water and surface water

Radon-222 is a naturally occurring radioactive gas in the uranium-238 decay series that has traditionally been called, simply, radon. The lung cancer risks associated with the inhalation of radon decay products have been well documented by epidemiological studies on populations of uranium miners.The realization that radon is a public health hazard has raised the need for sampling and analytical guidelines for field personnel. Several sampling and analytical methods are being used to document radon concentrations in ground water and surface water worldwide but no convenient, single set of guidelines is available. Three different sampling and analytical methods-bubbler, liquid scintillation, and field screening-are discussed in this paper. The bubbler and liquid scintillation methods have high accuracy and precision, and small analytical method detection limits of 0.2 and 10 pCi/l (picocuries per liter), respectively. The field screening method generally is used as a qualitative reconnaissance tool.     

Determination of irradiated reactor uranium in soil samples in Belarus using 236U as irradiated uranium tracer

This work presents experimental results on the distribution of irradiated reactor uranium from fallout after the accident at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) in comparison to natural uranium distribution in different soil types. Oxidation processes and vertical migration of irradiated uranium in soils typical of the 30 km relocation area around Chernobyl NPP were studied using 236U as the tracer for irradiated reactor uranium and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as the analytical method for uranium isotope ratio measurements. Measurements of natural uranium yielded significant variations of its concentration in upper soil layers from 2 x 10(-7) g g(-1) to 3.4 x 10(-6) g g(-1). Concentrations of irradiated uranium in the upper 0-10 cm soil layers at the investigated sampling sites varied from 5 x 10(-12) g g(-1) to 2 x 10(-6) g g(-1) depending on the distance from Chernobyl NPP. In the majority of investigated soil profiles 78% to 97% of irradiated "Chernobyl" uranium is still contained in the upper 0-10 cm soil layers. The physical and chemical characteristics of the soil do not have any significant influence on processes of fuel particle destruction. Results obtained using carbonate leaching of 236U confirmed that more than 60% of irradiated "Chernobyl" uranium is still in a tetravalent form, ie. it is included in the fuel matrix (non-oxidized fuel UO2). The average value of the destruction rate of fuel particles determined for the Western radioactive trace (k = 0.030 +/- 0.005 yr(-1)) and for the Northern radioactive trace (k = 0.035 + 0.009 yr(-1)) coincide within experimental errors. Use of leaching of fission products in comparison to leaching of uranium for study of the destruction rate of fuel particles yielded poor coincidence due to the fact that use of fission products does not take into account differences in the chemical properties of fission products and fuel matrix (uranium).     

Study on transfers of uranium, thorium and decay products from grain, water and soil to chicken meat and egg contents

Activity concentrations of the uranium and thorium series radionuclides were determined in chicken meat and eggs as well as in soil, water and other dietary intakes of poultry at five sites of the French territory. These data allow the calculation of transfer coefficients which enrich the database given by the technical report series no. 472 of the IAEA. In egg contents, the highest activity concentrations (in mBq kg(-1) fresh weight) are for (226)Ra, ranging between 136 and 190 and are much lower for uranium (between 0.51 and 1.30 for (238)U). In chicken meat, (238)U activity concentration is higher than in egg contents and ranges between 1.7 and 9.7. Concerning (232)Th, its activity concentration is lower than uranium and ranges between 0.5 and 4.9. Daily ingested activity concentration by the animals was assessed taking into account the activity concentrations measured in the grains, in the soil and in the drinking water. The activity concentration in grains and the daily intakes allow the calculation of concentration ratios and transfer coefficients for chicken meat and egg contents. In chicken meat the transfer coefficients (d kg(-1)) range between 0.0018 and 0.0073 for (238)U and between 0.0008 and 0.0028 for (232)Th. In egg contents they range from 0.00018 to 0.0018 for (238)U and are much higher for radium isotopes (0.10-0.23 for (226)Ra and 0.07-0.11 for (228)Ra).     

Impact of Pollution Caused by Uranium Production on Soil Macrofauna

Thirty years of mining and milling activities of the Priargunsky Mining-Chemical Production Company (South-Eastern Siberia, Russia) have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600. A number of attendant pollutants (thorium, arsenic and heavy metals) also have high concentrations in the soil. To estimate the effects of this pollution on soil-living macroinvertebrates, pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied. The element composition of four beetle species was analysed. Soil macroinvertebrates had 3–37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control. Ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site. The concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2–41 and 2–26 times higher, respectively, than at the control site. There is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web.     

某铀矿山辐射环境历史演化

调查了某铀矿山居民区环境空气中氡及其子体浓度、空气吸收剂量率和水中放射性核素含量。在已有资料的基础上，对历史时期的辐射环境进行分析。结合实地监测数据，对辐射剂量估算，评价该矿山辐射环境的现状。结果表明，该矿山排放的放射性物质确实对当地的居民产生了一定影响，在所调查的时间段内，该矿山评价区域由放射性物质排放所致关键子区居民的最大年有效剂量为0.52mSv；无论是历史时期还是现状，其关键核素都是^222Rn。指出，为了进一步降低放射性物质对环境的影响，首先应考虑减少^222Rn的排放。     

Fragmentation of extracellular DNA by long-term exposure to radiation from uranium in aquatic environments

Persistent harmful scenarios associated with disposal of radioactive waste, high-background radiation areas and severe nuclear accidents are of great concern regarding consequences to both human health and the environment. Of particular concern is the extracellular DNA in aquatic environments contaminated by radiological substances. Strand breaks induced by radiation promote decrease in the transformation efficiency for extracellular DNA. The focus of this study is the quantification of DNA damage following long-term exposure (over one year) to low doses of natural uranium (an alpha particle emitter) to simulate natural conditions, since nothing is known about alpha radiation induced damage to extracellular DNA. A high-resolution Atomic Force Microscope was used to evaluate DNA fragments. Double-stranded plasmid pBS as a model for extracellular DNA was exposed to different amounts of natural uranium. It was demonstrated that low concentrations of U in water (50 to 150 ppm) produce appreciable numbers of double strand breaks, scaling with the square of the average doses. The importance of these findings for environment monitoring of radiological pollution is addressed.