中国四城市空气颗粒物中铅的污染水平

在大量实验数据的基础上,研究了中国四城市空气颗粒物中铅的污染水平。探讨了颗粒物中铅的数据分布属对数正态分布类型。分析了铅在ＰＭ２５及ＰＭ１０中的分配比例,指出铅在对人体危害较大的细颗粒物中含量占绝大部分。同时分析了铅在粗细颗粒物中铅的富集因子,结论指出铅更易富集在细颗粒物中     

环境空气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)监测分析质量保证及其评价

为保证四城市ＰＭ２５和ＰＭ１０的监测数据准确,具有可比性,本研究规定了滤膜的选择、称量操作步骤的要求和滤膜称量的质控指标。研究结果表明,粗细颗粒物样品的采集和称量操作可行,监测数据准确、可靠,具有可比性。     

沈阳市室内空气细菌与真菌粒子的关系

用ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ生物粒子采样器和平皿沉降法观测了室内空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度、浓度分布、粒度分布、粒数中值直径和沉降量．结果表明，室内空气细菌粒子浓度为真菌粒子浓度的２．５倍，细菌粒数中值直径为真菌粒数中值直径的１．４倍，细菌粒子沉降量为真菌粒子沉降量的５，３倍。＜８．２μｍ的空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度差别不大，而＞８．２μｍ的空气细苗比真苗粒子浓度高４．１倍．＜８．２μｍ的可吸入真菌粒数百分比大于＜８．２μｍ的细菌粒数百分比．在一天的７：００时～２２：００时，室内空气细菌和真菌粒子的浓度、沉降量均呈双峰变化；细苗和真菌粒子浓度的相关系数为０．８２２，细菌和真菌粒子沉降量的相关系数为０．８９６，均呈明显的正相关关系；细菌和真菌粒数中值直径的相关系数为－０．０９６，相关关系不大。     

气相色谱法测定给水中三卤甲烷的方法

本文介绍了用毛细管柱气相色谱法定量测定给水中三卤甲烷（氯仿、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷和溴仿）及四氯化碳的方法。其色谱条件是：检测器（ＥＣＤ）温度：３４５℃；色谱柱：ＨＰ５（２５ｍ×０３２ｍｍ×１０５μｍ）柱；进样口温度：２５０℃。该方法的最小检出下限分别为：氯仿０１μｇ／ｌ、四氯化碳０１μｇ／ｌ、一溴二氯甲烷０２μｇ／ｌ、二溴一氯甲烷０２μｇ／ｌ和溴仿０４μｇ／ｌ。     

太原市市区机动车尾气污染问题浅析

太原市市区机动车尾气污染问题浅析于梅（山西太原市环境监测站，太原０３０００２）太原市汽车保有量由１９８７年６３７万辆增至１９９３年１０９２万辆，同期ＣＯ年日均浓度由２２ｍｇ／ｍ３增至３３ｍｇ／ｍ３。以１９８９年数据求算，当年全市机动车保有量达...     

纵向塞曼恒温平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤,底质中镉和砷

为准确测定土壤中低含量元素镉和砷,研究了集恒温平台石墨炉（ＳＴＰＦ）一体的纵向塞曼效应背景校正,最大功率升温,钯作基体改进剂和吸收峰面积积分的最新分析方法。方法测定结果,镉和砷的检测限（３σ）分别为３５×１０－１３ｇ和５４×１０－１１ｇ;相对标准差（ｎ＝６）分别为４１％～５２％和２６％～４５％;回收率分别为８６５％～１０９％和９１２％～１０５％     

催化光度法测定痕量铬(Ⅵ)的研究

基于在稀磷酸介质中,铬（Ⅵ）对溴酸钾氧化结晶紫有催化作用,提出了测定痕量铬（Ⅵ）的新催化光度法,检出限为２５×１０－９ｇ／Ｌ,线性范围为０２～４０μｇ／２７ｍｌ。应用于测定地面水及地下水的铬（Ⅵ）,结果满意。     

中央广播电视发射塔环境电磁辐射测试研究

对发射７套电视节目和５套调频节目，发射总功率２４０ＫＷ的中央广播电视塔电磁辐射场强监测结果表明：（１）由于节目频率不同，发射机功率及发射天线形式、高度、增益不同，电磁波到达地面最大场强值的距离是不同的；在近距离内高层建筑各层所接收到的场强大小也是不同的。（２）电视与调频信号在近距离昼夜电平无明显变化。（３）电视塔周围２０００米内环境综合场强最大值为２８４～３２８μＷ／ｃｍ２，所有环境测量值均小于公众导出限值４０μＷ／ｃｍ２。     

原子吸收光谱法测定空气污染源中镉和镍

试验了用王水消解、火焰原子吸收光度法测定空气污染固定源中镉、镍;石墨炉原子吸收光度法测定散源中镉、镍。检测限分别为９０×１０－４ｍｇ／Ｎｍ３,００１８ｍｇ／Ｎｍ３（采样体积１０００Ｌ）;９５×１０－７ｍｇ／Ｎｍ３,１５×１０－４ｍｇ／Ｎｍ３（采样体积１０ｍ３）。     

空气—乙炔原子吸收分光光度法测定大气污染源中的镉含量

本文研究了硝酸高氯酸体系消解火焰原子吸收法测定烟尘颗粒物中镉的方法。方法的检测限为３×１０－６ｍｇ／ｍ３（采样体积１０ｍ３）。实际样品测定的相对偏差小于１０％，加标回收率大于８８％     

Vehicular particulate matter emissions in road tunnels in Sao Paulo, Brazil

In the metropolitan area of S?o Paulo, Brazil, ozone and particulate matter (PM) are the air pollutants that pose the greatest threat to air quality, since the PM and the ozone precursors (nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds) are the main source of air pollution from vehicular emissions. Vehicular emissions can be measured inside road tunnels, and those measurements can provide information about emission factors of in-use vehicles. Emission factors are used to estimate vehicular emissions and are described as the amount of species emitted per vehicle distance driven or per volume of fuel consumed. This study presents emission factor data for fine particles, coarse particles, inhalable particulate matter and black carbon, as well as size distribution data for inhalable particulate matter, as measured in March and May of 2004, respectively, in the Janio Quadros and Maria Maluf road tunnels, both located in S?o Paulo. The Janio Quadros tunnel carries mainly light-duty vehicles, whereas the Maria Maluf tunnel carries light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. In the Janio Quadros tunnel, the estimated light-duty vehicle emission factors for the trace elements copper and bromine were 261 and 220 microg km(-1), respectively, and 16, 197, 127 and 92 mg km(-1), respectively, for black carbon, inhalable particulate matter, coarse particles and fine particles. The mean contribution of heavy-duty vehicles to the emissions of black carbon, inhalable particulate matter, coarse particles and fine particles was, respectively 29, 4, 6 and 6 times higher than that of light-duty vehicles. The inhalable particulate matter emission factor for heavy-duty vehicles was 1.2 times higher than that found during dynamometer testing. In general, the particle emissions in S?o Paulo tunnels are higher than those found in other cities of the world.     

灰霾期间气溶胶的污染特征

从颗粒物的时空分布和浓度水平方面综述了灰霾期间气溶胶的污染特征,介绍了灰霾期间气溶胶中金属元素、水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳的浓度特征,以及颗粒物与能见度的相关性研究进展。指出:灰霾天气多发生在冬季,且气溶胶中PM2.5占的比重大;气溶胶污染与地理环境、气候条件、经济发展水平等有密切关系;水溶性离子多集中在PM2.5中;能见度的下降与气溶胶特别是细颗粒物有很大关系。提出目前灰霾研究中主要存在3大问题:一是对灰霾期间气溶胶中含有的有机物类别及其对不同季节发生灰霾的贡献率仍需进一步研究;二是灰霾期间气溶胶中有机物的形成机理尚不明确;三是不同源排放的气溶胶对灰霾形成的贡献率有待探讨。建议系统地开展大气细颗粒物有害成分的鉴定、源排放颗粒物的物理化学特性、扩散过程中各种物质间的反应和转化等方面的研究,为大气污染防治法规的制定提供依据。     

灰霾天气不同粒径的颗粒物污染特征分析

利用宁波市北仑区PM10、PM2.5和PM1的监测数据及与之对应的能见度监测结果,对影响灰霾天的颗粒物的污染特征进行了系统研究,结果表明,颗粒物粒径对灰霾天的形成和能见度的影响程度差异明显,且3种粒径的颗粒物质量浓度与能见度之间线性关系密切。     

Particle size distribution of aerosols and associated heavy metals in kitchen environments

Mass size distributions of total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) was measured from Sep 2002 to April 2003 in indoor kitchen environments of five locations in Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, with the help of a high volume cascade impactor. Particulate matters were separated in five different size ranges, i.e. >10.9 microm, 10.9-5.4 microm, 5.4-1.6 microm, 1.6-0.7 microm and <0.7 microm. The particle size distribution at various sites appears to follow uni-modal trend corresponding to fine particles i.e. size range <0.7 microm. The contributions of fine particles are estimated to be approximately 50% of TSPM and PM10.9, while PM10.9 comprises 80% of TSPM. Good correlations were observed between various size fractions. Regression results reveal that TSPM can adequately act as a surrogate for PM10.9 and fine particles, while PM10.9 can also act as surrogate for fine particles. The concentrations of heavy metals are found to be dominantly associated with fine particles. However, the concentration of some metals and their size distribution, to some extent is also site specific (fuel type used).     

利用SPAMS初探盘锦市冬季PM2.5污染特征及来源

利用SPAMS 0515于2015年1月在盘锦市兴隆台空气质量自动监测点位采集PM_(2.5)样品,并分析其污染特征和来源。研究结果表明,盘锦市冬季PM_(2.5)的颗粒类型主要以OC颗粒、富钾颗粒、EC颗粒组成。其中,OC颗粒占比最高,为52.5%;PM_(2.5)污染的主要贡献源为燃煤、生物质燃烧、机动车尾气排放,占比分别为33.2%、25.7%、17.5%,特别是在PM_(2.5)质量浓度较高时段,燃煤和机动车尾气排放对污染的贡献较大。     

TSP-PM10-PM2.5-2型中流量大气颗粒物采集系统的开发和应用

自行开发并研制了TSP-PM10-PM2.5-2型中流量TSP、PM10、PM2.5大气颗粒物采集系统,是目前中国唯一可以采集TSP、PM10、PM2.5样品并提供足够的样品量进行大气颗粒物化学成分分析的中流量大气颗粒物采集器.该系统精心设计和加工的限流孔可以保持完全固定的流量,保证切割粒径的稳定,减小采样的误差并方便操作.该系统已经成功地应用于20多个城市和地区大气颗粒物的监测和研究中,为研究大气颗粒物的污染状况和来源提供了有效的技术手段和支持.     

南京市冬季大气颗粒态汞的分布特征

采集了南京市2012年冬季4个功能区的PM2．5、PM10、TSP样品，对不同粒径大气颗粒物中的颗粒态汞测试。结果表明，南京冬季大气颗粒物TSP中汞的质量浓度为49．26 pg/m3～257．14 pg/m3，平均质量浓度为161．27 pg/m3；PM10中汞的质量浓度为44．82 pg/m3～228．29 pg/m3，平均质量浓度为147．38 pg/m3；PM2．5中汞的质量浓度为35．98 pg/m3～178．58 pg/m3，平均质量浓度为104．10 pg/m3。不同功能区大气颗粒态汞质量浓度的分布趋势为：交通综合区＞旅游区＞住宿综合区＞商业区。大气颗粒态汞60％以上存在于可吸入肺的PM2．5中，细颗粒物富集汞的能力比粗颗粒物强。     

Characterisation of PM10, PM2.5 and Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction of Particulate Matter in an Urban Area of Kolkata, India

In this study, the relationship between inhalable particulate (PM₁₀), fine particulate (PM_2.5), coarse particles (PM_{2.5 – 10}) and meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed were statistically analyzed and modelled for urban area of Kolkata during winter months of 2003–2004. Ambient air quality was monitored with a sampling frequency of twenty-four hours at three monitoring sites located near traffic intersections and in an industrial area. The monitoring sites were located 3–5 m above ground near highly trafficked and congested areas. The 24 h average PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples were collected using Thermo-Andersen high volume samplers and exposed filter papers were extracted and analysed for benzene soluble organic fraction. The ratios between PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were found to be in the range of 0.6 to 0.92 and the highest ratio was found in the most polluted urban site. Statistical analysis has shown a strong positive correlation between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and inverse correlation was observed between particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and wind speed. Statistical analysis of air quality data shows that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 are showing poor correlation with temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. Regression equations for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and meteorological parameters were developed. The organic fraction of particulate matter soluble in benzene is an indication of poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration present in particulate matter. The relationship between the benzene soluble organic fraction (BSOF) of inhalable particulate (PM₁₀) and fine particulate (PM_2.5) were analysed for urban area of Kolkata. Significant positive correlation was observed between benzene soluble organic fraction of PM₁₀ (BSM10) and benzene soluble organic fraction of PM_2.5 (BSM2.5). Regression equations for BSM10 and BSM2.5 were developed.     

乌鲁木齐市可吸入颗粒物水溶性离子特征及来源解析

采暖期时在乌鲁木齐市采集了环境空气中的可吸入颗粒物,对可吸入颗粒物质量浓度及8种水溶性离子的特征和来源进行了分析。结果表明,细粒子和粗粒子的月平均质量浓度分别是53.5～233.3μg/m3和38.9～60.9μg/m3;细粒子和粗粒子中水溶性离子主要由SO24-、NH4+和NO3-组成;粗粒子中NH4+与NO3-和SO24-的相关性分别是0.70和0.66,细粒子中NH4+与NO3-和SO24-的相关性分别是0.89和0.93,铵盐是乌鲁木齐可吸入颗粒物主要存在形式;煤烟尘是乌鲁木齐市采暖期可吸入颗粒物的主要来源。