关于As和Hg在环境中的形态及其监测分析

叙述了水中重金属形态分析的含义及形态分析工作进展情况,并以Hg、As在环境中的存在形态、动态变化及其监测分析为例,说明随着新仪器的开发研制及前处理技术的发展,现代化的分离技术和检测手段相结合已成为重金属形态分析的主要方法.     

渤海大气气溶胶元素组成及物源分析

利用电感耦合等离子体-光发射光谱法(ICP-OES)分析了2000年夏季渤海大气气溶胶样品,给出了渤海气溶胶污染物浓度分布特点,结合气象资料和富集因子进行了元素物源分析.分析结果表明,辽东湾的污染程度高于其他海区,气溶胶中含量最高的元素是Zn(1638ng/m3),含量最低的是V(2ng/m3).渤海气溶胶中Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni等具有较高的富集因子.辽东湾Pb的富集因子达4000以上,Zn的富集因子普遍大于其他海区.Pb、Mn、Cu、V等含量的相对大小与同期北京的分析结果一致.综合分析表明,渤海大气严重受到陆地人为排放污染物的影响.     

大气气溶胶组分及其粒度分布研究——分级采样和质子激发X荧光技术结合分析大气气溶胶一例

级联碰撞分级采样技术和质子激发X荧光微量元素分析技术(PIXE)的发展和结合使大气气溶胶的研究深入到确定组分及其粒度分布这一层次,本文以十级级联碰撞采样器采集的大气气溶胶PIXE分析为例,从大气气溶胶总量,化学元素组成及其粒度分布等方面描述了大气气溶胶特征     

植物内重金属的赋存形态及分布特征分析方法研究进展

植物内重金属分析不仅有助于阐述重金属迁移转化规律,揭示植物修复机理,也是监测评价大气、水及土壤环境重金属污染状况的重要依据。研究针对植物样品中重金属赋存形态及分布特征的分析方法进行综述,分别介绍了其原理、优缺点及应用。提出制定统一高效的分析检测方法,深化植物内重金属的赋存形态及分布特征与环境相关性的研究以及建立数据共享平台是植物样品重金属信息分析方法的未来发展方向。     

兰州市不同季节大气微生物气溶胶粒径及分布特征研究

大气微生物对人类危害不仅与微生物气溶胶浓度和种类有关,而且大气微生物气溶胶粒径尺度大小及其分布特征也是重要的影响因素.在兰州市城关区选取不同环境功能区对其室外大气微生物气溶胶粒径(D,μm)大小及分布特征进行研究,结果表明,不同环境功能区大气细菌、霉菌和放线菌气溶胶粒度分布特征存在季节性分布差异,其中大气细菌气溶胶粒径...     

大气气溶胶中痕量金属元素的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外学者对大气气溶胶中痕量金属元素的研究进展,介绍了痕量金属元素的地球化学行为,以及大气气溶胶中痕量金属的源解析方法、在环境中的循环与污染、生物有效性及对人体的健康效应。建议研发更可靠的分析方法或在线检测仪器,避免采样和样品前处理过程中痕量金属的污染和损失;建立监测网络,形成区域性的大气监测模式,更全面地分析污染来源;与监测超级站建设、空气污染流行病学设计和毒性机制研究相结合,建立更加完善的研究体系。     

大气气溶胶地基光学遥感物联网系统研究

研究了大气气溶胶地基光学遥感物联网系统的设计问题.根据其应用特点从传感层、传输层、数据层、应用层这几个组成部分对系统进行了设计,并初步实现.测试表明:设计的大气气溶胶地基光学遥感物联网系统具有支持数据实时共享、无人值守运行、快速数据融合、环境参数在线显示、历史数据快速查询和分析、仪器远程管理维护等优点,可实现大气气溶胶特性的网络化和自动化观测,对研究气溶胶对环境和气候的影响具有重要应用价值.     

乌鲁木齐市大气气溶胶研究的分析

全面论述了大气气溶胶对环境造成的影响、乌鲁木齐市大气气溶胶的研究现状以及国内外的研究现状，并且对乌鲁木齐市大气气溶胶的进一步研究提出了设想。     

大气中有机胺类物质反应机理和消除过程研究

综述大气中有机胺可能的来源、健康危害及其在大气中的均相和非均相化学转化机制,阐述有机胺的反应产物对二次有机气溶胶及其对大气气溶胶的物理和化学性质的改变,此类改变增强大气气溶胶间接气候效应(如成云结核能力等)。大气中的有机胺主要通过与大气氧化剂的反应和非均相反应过程的溶解或置换进入颗粒相,而后随着湿沉降(如云滴、雾滴、雨滴等)到达地面或海面。     

乌鲁木齐市供暖期大气颗粒物中重金属分布特征与化学形态分析

分析探讨了乌鲁木齐市采暖期大气颗粒物中TSP、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的含量,对颗粒物样品进行分级提取,测定Hg,As,Pb,Cd的存在形态。结果表明,不同区域中的重金属元素存在形态分布差别较大,不同粒径颗粒物中的重金属形态各不相同,质量分布亦有明显差异。     

太原市大气颗粒物中重金属的污染特征及来源解析

为了解太原市采暖期大气颗粒物不同粒径中重金属的污染特征及其来源,于2012年10月—2013年2月对环境空气中颗粒物采样,用原子吸收分光光度法测定样品中Fe、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd、Mn、Zn等8种元素的含量。结果表明,太原市采暖期重金属浓度从高到低依次为FePbMnZnCrCuNiCd。重金属Pb、Mn、Zn、Ni、Cd主要富集在PM2.5中;Cr主要富集在PM10中;Cu主要富集在PM5中;Fe主要在粒径大于2.5μm的粗粒子中富集。除Zn外,其他7种元素浓度均表现为灰霾期采暖期采暖前。通过主因子分析表明,太原市大气颗粒物中重金属主要来源于冶金、有机合成工业、燃煤、汽车尾气、土壤尘等。     

城市土壤重金属污染研究现状与趋势

阐述了城市土壤重金属的主要来源、空间分布特征、化学形态与影响因素,以及对人体的健康风险与生物效应,指出今后的研究重点与趋势是建立城市土壤重金属污染概念和标准体系,研究其在环境中的迁移转化机制与规律及城市土壤重金属复合污染,发展判源分析新技术.     

燃煤电厂周边大气重金属污染特征及来源解析

为探究燃煤电厂周边大气环境中重金属的污染特征与来源,对广东某山区燃煤电厂周边地区环境和污染源的重金属进行测定,分析其污染特征,采用因子分析法和Pb同位素示踪法对环境中的重金属进行来源解析。结果表明,研究区域室内积尘中重金属浓度水平明显高于土壤重金属,污染空间分布与当地气象条件相关。环境空气TSP中重金属主要来自2个污染源,Cd、Pb、As主要来自电厂燃煤,Ca、Mn、Al、Mg主要来自土壤扬尘。TSP、降尘、积尘样品所含的Pb均与电厂采集的煤、炉渣、粉煤灰样品所含的Pb具有同源性,与其他污染源同源性不明显,说明研究区域大气中Pb污染主要来自电厂燃烧所排放的烟尘,其他污染源影响不大。     

Accumulation of heavy metals in dietary vegetables and cultivated soil horizon in organic farming system in relation to atmospheric deposition in a seasonally dry tropical region of India

Increasing consciousness about future sustainable agriculture and hazard free food production has lead organic farming to be a globally emerging alternative farm practice. We investigated the accumulation of air-borne heavy metals in edible parts of vegetables and in cultivated soil horizon in organic farming system in a low rain fall tropical region of India. The factorial design of whole experiment consisted of six vegetable crops (tomato, egg plant, spinach, amaranthus, carrot and radish) x two treatments (organic farming in open field and organic farming in glasshouse (OFG)) x seven independent harvest of each crop. The results indicated that except for Pb, atmospheric deposition of heavy metals increased consistently on time scale. Concentrations of heavy metals in cultivated soil horizon and in edible parts of open field grown vegetables increased over time and were significantly higher than those recorded in OFG plots. Increased contents of heavy metals in open field altered soil porosity, bulk density, water holding capacity, microbial biomass carbon, substrate-induced respiration, alkaline phosphatase and fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activities. Vegetable concentrations of heavy metal appeared in the order Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd and were maximum in leaves (spinach and amaranths) followed by fruits (tomato and egg plant) and minimum in roots (carrot and radish). Multiple regression analysis indicated that the major contribution of most heavy metals to vegetable leaves was from atmosphere. For roots however, soil appeared to be equally important. The study suggests that if the present trend of atmospheric deposition is continued, it will lead to a destabilizing effect on this sustainable agricultural practice and will increase the dietary intake of toxic metals.     

Statistical distributions of trace metal concentrations in the northwestern Mediterranean atmospheric aerosol

The concentrations of 11 crustal and anthropogenic trace metals (Li, Al, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) were measured from 2006 to 2008 in the atmospheric aerosol at a northwestern Mediterranean coast (station of Cap Ferrat, situated on the southeastern coast of France). Statistical models (lognormal, Weibull, and gamma) that best represented the trace metal distribution for this environment are described. The lognormal model was selected for the distributions of (in decreasing strength of the fit) Al, Co, Li, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Cd, i.e., metals that are introduced into the atmospheric aerosol by pulses inducing temporal variability in their concentrations. The gamma model was associated with Fe, i.e., metals that exhibit less inter-annual variability than the former trace metals. The third mode (Weibull) represented the distribution of the concentrations of V and Ni. The statistical approach presented in this study contributed to better define and constrain the distribution of the 11 trace metals of the atmospheric aerosol from the northwestern Mediterranean coast. In a close future, knowledge of these statistical distributions will allow using convolution models to separate their natural and anthropogenic contributions, therefore increasing our ability to study anthropogenic emissions of trace metals and their impact on the environment.     

Monitoring of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Chongqing, China—based on moss bag technique

Based on the method of moss bags, atmospheric deposition of heavy metals including Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni was investigated using three kinds of mosses, i.e., Bazzania yoshinagana (Steph.) Steph. ex Yasuda, Dicranum nipponense Besch., and Brotherella (Duby) Fleisch, with reference to the monitoring in five sites, i.e., Jiulongpo District (JLPD), Nanan District (NAD), Jiangbei District (JBD), Beibei District (BBD), and Jinyun Mountain (JYM), in Chongqing, China. The results showed that atmospheric deposition of heavy metals in Chongqing was significantly much higher than the control site (JYM). Among the sites, JLPD, the main industrial area in Chongqing, was more seriously polluted due to the more discharge of waste gas, compared to BBD, NAD, and JBD. The atmospheric deposition of heavy metals had a trend that dry deposition (60-65%) was larger than wet deposition (35-40%) due to the climate nature in Chongqing. According to the results of principal component analysis, the five monitoring districts could be divided into three groups: (1) unpolluted: JYM; (2) light polluted: JBD, NAD, and BBD; (3) heavy polluted: JLPD. The characteristics of bryophyte could put some effects on its accumulation of atmospheric heavy metals, e.g., Brotherella (Duby) Fleisch, the one with highest abundance of branches and leaves in the three bryophyte species, could accumulate more metals than other two species according to the monitoring results.     

杭州市燃煤废气中重金属排放清单建立

采用基于燃料消耗的排放因子法,以污染源普查动态更新数据为基础,建立了2010年杭州市燃煤废气中重金属(汞、砷、铅、镉、总铬、镍、锑等7种)排放清单。结果表明,2010年杭州市燃煤废气中汞、砷、铅、镉、总铬、镍、锑的年排放量分别为194.2、252.9、1 915.7、53.9、3 390.4、1 465.4、101.0 kg。燃煤废气中重金属的排放主要集中在燃煤消耗较高的拱墅区和江干区,其次是上城区,这3个区燃煤废气中重金属的排放量之和超过全市的95%。燃煤废气中重金属的排放量与燃煤量密切相关,但锅炉燃烧方式、除尘脱硫设施对重金属排放也起到了决定性作用。     

养猪粪污厌氧消化重金属变化特征及影响

对太湖流域某典型养猪区域粪污收集后集中厌氧消化处理,分析猪饲料、猪粪和沼肥中重金属总量和形态变化特征,探讨厌氧消化过程重金属形态变化及其影响因素。结果表明,不同养殖阶段中猪饲料重金属含量差异较大,仔猪饲料和猪粪中Cu、Zn和Cd含量较高,而Cr和Ni在生长肥育猪后期饲料和猪粪中含量最高。猪粪中Cu主要以有机结合态、Zn主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态、Pb和Cr主要以残渣态、Ni主要以Fe-Mn氧化物态和碳酸盐结合态赋存,沼液中Cu和Zn平均值为猪粪液中含量的1. 59和1. 40倍,沼渣中Cu和Zn平均值为调节池猪粪的1. 58和1. 37倍,厌氧消化后重金属存在"相对浓缩效应",pH值、DOC和OM为厌氧消化过程影响重金属变化的主要因素。     

Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in Varanasi City, India

Rapid growth in urbanization and industrialization in developing countries may significantly contribute in heavy metal contamination of vegetables through atmospheric depositions. In the present study, an assessment was made to investigate the spatial and seasonal variations in deposition rates of heavy metals and its contribution to contamination of palak (Beta vulgaris). Samples of bulk atmospheric deposits and Beta vulgaris for analysis of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were collected from different sampling locations differing in traffic density and land use patterns. The results showed that the sampling locations situated in industrial or commercial areas with heavy traffic load showed significantly elevated levels of Cu, Zn and Cd deposition rate as compared to those situated in residential areas with low traffic load. The deposition rates of Cu, Zn and Cd were significantly higher in summer and winter as compared to rainy season, however, Pb deposition rate was significantly higher in rainy and summer seasons as compared to winter season. Atmospheric depositions have significantly elevated the levels of heavy metals in B. vulgaris collected during evening as compared to those collected in morning hours. The study further showed that local population has maximum exposure to Cd contamination through consumption of B. vulgaris. The present study clearly points out the urban and industrial activities of a city have potential to elevate the levels of heavy metals in the atmospheric deposits, which may consequently contaminate the food chain and thus posing health risk to the local population.