安徽省臭氧污染特征及气象影响因素分析

基于2016—2018年安徽省68个国控环境空气质量自动监测站点的臭氧(O_3)监测数据,研究分析了安徽省O_3污染特征及其与气象因子的相关性。结果表明:安徽省O_3污染程度呈现逐年加重趋势,并有显著的季节和月度变化特征。2016—2018年,各年度单月O_3日最大8小时滑动平均质量浓度第90百分位数的最大值分别出现在9月、5月、6月。O_3日变化趋势为典型的单峰形,各年度最低值出现在晨间07:00左右,最高值则是在15:00—16:00。全省O_3浓度总体上呈现出北高南低的空间特征。温度、相对湿度与O_3浓度分别呈现显著正相关、负相关,但在不同季节存在一定差异,其中,春秋季温度与O_3浓度的相关性好于夏冬季,夏季相对湿度与O_3浓度的相关性最为显著。O_3浓度在平均风速为2.1～2.2 m/s时更易出现超标。中部和北部城市在东南风的作用下易出现O_3超标并达到O_3浓度高值,而南部地区在风向为西风时更容易出现O_3超标。     

新疆玛纳斯县大气臭氧浓度时空变化及影响因子分析

选取新疆玛纳斯县2018—2019年空气自动站的监测数据,统计分析了臭氧浓度时空变化规律。主要结果表明,2019年臭氧为首要污染物天数同比2018年增加48.9%,2019年因臭氧浓度超标造成轻度污染天数较上年增加250%,臭氧已成为影响空气质量的重要因子之一。臭氧浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,2018—2019年玛纳斯县臭氧平均浓度均在5—8月达到全年的最高值,11月至翌年1月浓度为全年最低值,臭氧浓度整体呈现夏季高,冬季低的特点,城市形成局部臭氧超标的主要原因及其影响力的大小受温度和风速的影响。在此基础上对臭氧污染进行了溯源及影响因子分析,提出防控臭氧污染的建议。     

2015—2019年汾渭平原臭氧污染状况分析

基于全国空气质量监测网数据,分析了2015—2019年汾渭平原11个城市臭氧(O_3)污染状况。结果表明:2015—2019年,汾渭平原11个城市O_3平均浓度总体呈升高趋势,年平均升高12.2μg/m~3,其中,2017—2019年均超过二级标准限值(160μg/m~3)。O_3单项污染物的空气质量分指数占空气质量指数的比例逐年升高,O_3超标使汾渭平原2015—2019年各年度空气质量优良天数比例分别减少了1.4、5.4、13.0、11.1、14.4个百分点。O_3浓度呈春夏季(5—9月)高、秋冬季(11—12月)低的特点,其中,5—9月O_3超标天数占全部O_3超标天数的97%以上。各年度O_3日最大8小时平均质量浓度(O_3-8 h)的最大值分别为152、176、224、195、202μg/m~3,均出现在5—7月。O_3-8 h介于150～160μg/m~3的日期主要集中在6—8月,介于160～170μg/m~3的日期主要集中在5—7月,两区间对应的日期属于O_3达标敏感天。2017—2019年,区域内各年度首次出现O_3小时污染的日期有逐渐提前的趋势。2019年,汾渭平原11个城市O_3-8 h第90百分位浓度介于138～204μg/m~3,9个城市超过二级标准限值,O_3超标使临汾、洛阳、晋中、运城、渭南、西安、吕梁、咸阳8个城市的空气质量优良天数比例减少了10个百分点以上。     

2016—2020年西安市近地面臭氧污染变化趋势及分布特征

利用2016-2020年陕西省环境空气质量自动站的臭氧监测数据,分析西安市大气环境中臭氧污染的时间变化趋势及空间分布特征。从时间分布来看,西安市臭氧年均质量浓度呈先上升后下降的波动变化趋势,且浓度值略高于全国平均水平;臭氧月均浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,月超标天数和月均质量浓度均在6月达到峰值;臭氧质量浓度日变化规律在全年和四季完全一致,均呈单峰型,日内小时平均质量浓度超标最多时段集中在15:00-16:00;臭氧与NO₂、CO均呈"此消彼长"的负相关关系。从空间分布来看,西安市12个国控评价点位的O₃-8 h浓度分布变化大致分为单峰型和持续递减型,浓度主要集中在40~80 μg/m³;国控点和省控点的臭氧浓度时间分布趋势一致,空间分布存在区域性差异;全市20个区县(开发区)的臭氧污染呈现南北中心城区高、东西远郊区低的空间分布特征。总之,西安市臭氧污染的时空分布主要受到气象条件、污染物排放和城市布局差异的综合性影响。     

沈阳环境空气臭氧浓度及累积速率时序曲线模拟研究

为了解环境空气臭氧累积规律,利用2017年沈阳市环境空气臭氧浓度数据,统计分析臭氧累积速率,并利用回归方法拟合并优化臭氧浓度及其累积速率的时间序列模型,同时结合气温、风力、臭氧前体物等时序变化情况分析臭氧浓度的影响因素。研究发现:沈阳市臭氧月均浓度年变化、日均浓度年变化以及小时浓度日变化时序曲线均呈现单峰形态;年变化中,6月的臭氧浓度最大,4月臭氧累积速率达到最大值;日变化中,14:00臭氧浓度达到最大值,09:00—11:00臭氧累积速率最大,19:00—20:00臭氧迅速消减。温度、风速同臭氧浓度之间均有较好的正相关性。臭氧前体物二氧化氮、挥发性有机物与臭氧浓度之间均呈明显的负相关性。     

沈阳地区臭氧污染日时空变化特征及天气分型研究

利用2013—2019年沈阳地区11个国控监测站近地层臭氧(O_3)浓度监测数据和地面气象观测资料,分析了沈阳地区O_3污染日的O_3浓度时空分布规律,并对造成O_3污染日的天气系统进行了主观分型。结果表明:自2013年以来,以O_3为首要污染物的天数逐年增加,2017年达到研究期内的最高值,但2018—2019年略有下降。O_3浓度的日变化趋势呈现明显的单峰形,O_3-1 h在10:00—20:00明显高于其他时间段,最大浓度值出现在15:00,而在01:00—07:00则相对较低。从季节变化上看,沈阳地区O_3污染主要发生在6—7月,两个月的O_3污染日之和占全年O_3总污染日的比例高达51%。从O_3浓度空间分布上看,沈阳地区三环外监测站测得的O_3浓度明显高于三环内监测站,高浓度区域主要集中在东部和东北部,城市中心存在明显的低浓度区,南部和北部差别不大,但也明显高于城市中心。造成沈阳地区O_3污染的主要天气类型有4种:暖脊型、均压场型、高空槽型和副热带高压型。其中:暖脊型出现的频次最高,占总样本的49.1%;副热带高压型出现的次数最少,占总样本的7.7%。     

2013—2016年74城市臭氧浓度变化特征

利用2013—2016年74城市臭氧（O₃）监测数据，综合探讨了全国74城市O₃浓度时空变化特征、变化趋势。结果表明：2013—2016年，74城市O₃-8 h各百分位浓度总体呈上升趋势，且百分位较高区间O₃浓度逐年上升速率越快，O₃-8 h第95百分位浓度年增长5.3 μg/m³，其次是第90百分位；O₃区域性污染特征明显，京津冀及周边、长三角、珠三角O₃污染问题突出；74城市O₃浓度超标天数年增长3 d/城市，O₃污染呈明显日、季节变化特征，午后14：00—17：00达到小时浓度峰值，超标日主要集中于5—10月；O₃对环境空气质量综合指数贡献率逐年增加，北京、上海和广州O₃贡献率年增长分别为1.9%、1.1%和0.8%。     

中国和美国地面臭氧污染对比分析

利用中国和美国地面臭氧(O_3)监测数据,从国家、区域、城市、站点多个层面对两国O_3污染的时间变化特征和空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:从全年角度,中国O_3污染集中在4—9月,2018年延长至3—10月;美国集中在4—8月。1980年以来,美国O_3浓度呈下降趋势;中国O_3浓度在2015—2018年呈上升趋势,与同时期美国O_3平均浓度水平相当,但O_3极值处于美国20世纪80年代污染水平,且中国站点年均O_3超标天数(22～36 d)约为美国站点(2～3 d)的9.2～12.9倍。中国O_3浓度高值区主要分布在京津冀、长三角、珠三角和四川盆地等地区,美国集中在加利福尼亚州(California)。京津冀和长三角地区2017—2018年O_3平均浓度水平高于加利福尼亚州,北京、上海和广州3个城市2015—2018年O_3平均浓度水平低于同时期的圣贝纳蒂诺(San Bernardino)和河滨(Riverside)。     

银川市臭氧污染特征及其气象条件诊断分析

利用2017年银川市区O_3监测数据和同期气象资料,分析O_3污染时间变化特征,在对高浓度O_3污染发生时段典型气象特征诊断分析的基础上,初步总结银川市O_3污染气象要素预警指标和典型环流特征。结果表明:银川市近地面O_3浓度春夏季高、秋冬季低,其月浓度峰值一般出现在夏季6月或7月;O_3浓度白天高、夜间低,日O_3浓度峰值一般出现在14:00—18:00之间;当14:00地面紫外辐射30 W/m~2、气温高于28℃、相对湿度低于40%、风向为偏东或偏南风时发生高浓度O_3污染的概率较高;500 hPa大陆高压脊前西北气流型和地面热低压底部东南气流型是银川市发生O_3污染的典型环流特征。     

京津冀区域臭氧污染趋势及时空分布特征

为研究京津冀区域的臭氧(O_3)污染情况及其时空分布特征,对2013—2015年京津冀区域13个城市80个国家环境空气监测点位的监测数据进行了统计分析。结果表明:2013—2015年,京津冀区域O_3污染状况整体呈加重趋势,其中2014年污染状况最为严重。13个城市中O_3污染最严重的城市为北京和衡水,连续3年均超标,且处于上升态势中。区域内不同城市O_3污染趋势并不相同。京津冀区域O_3浓度变化呈明显的季节变化特征,春末和夏季的O_3污染最严重。O_3-8 h(臭氧日最大8 h均值)年均值的高值区主要分布在北京中北部、承德和衡水等,2013—2015年第90百分位O_3-8 h的高值区均集中分布在北京。O_3的浓度峰值时间要晚于NOx2~5 h。O_3在春、夏季呈单峰分布,白天15:00左右出现最大值,在秋、冬季浓度较低,全天波动不大。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

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