“十五”期间总站重点建设工作设想

根据总站的职责 ,结合总站的现实条件 ,提出了“十五”期间总站的四大重点建设工作 ,一是加快总站现代化建设步伐 ,建成全国环境质量研究中心、全国环境监测数据现代化监控中心、具有国际水平的环境监测分析测试中心、全国生态环境监测遥感应用中心、全国环境监测仪器质量监督检验中心等五个中心 ,建设现代化的总站业务大楼 ;二是强化监测基础技术的系统研究 ;三是培养监测领域专家和学科带头人 ;四是提升总站的现代化管理水平。     

加强环境监测工作,推进先进的环境监测预警体系建设

刚才看了总站开发的两个系统的现场演示,我认为这完全符合先进环境监测预警体系建设的要求。听了山峰同志的汇报,我认为总站的工作在总局党组的统一领导下,总站领导班子带领全站人员尽职尽责、尽心尽力,在人员少、任务重的情况下,承担了一些重大项目的技术支撑。比如水专项、宏观战略研究、污染源普查等,大家都看重监测总站,说明监测总站很重要。对这几年来总站的工作应该加以充分的肯定。我今天来主要是研究怎么支持总站工作的。大家都知道,建设先进的环境监测预警体系是新时期中国环保思路的一个重要内容。突出一个重点、办好两件大事,这…     

带好头,抓好总,推动总站的全面发展

近几年,总站在站领导班子的带领下,紧紧围绕总局中心工作,在为国家环境决策和管理提供技术支持、技术服务等方面作了大量富有成效的工作。各项工作在总局直属单位中是走在前面的,得到了总局的认可和全国环境监测系统的承认,应予充分肯定。新一届政府高度重视环境保护工作,监测系统的任务更加繁重,加强总站的领导班子,就是希望总站带好头、抓好总,继续做好各项工作,把总局布置的重点工作一件一件地落实好。     

加强环境监测技术交流和科学研究推动环境监测事业不断发展——第八次全国环境监测学术交流会会议纪要

2007年9月10～11日,中国环境监测总站在山东青岛召开了第八次全国环境监测学术交流会.总站魏山峰站长、李国刚副站长出席会议并讲话;山东省环保局王光和副局长、青岛市环保局鞠荣辉副局长到会祝贺;总站、江苏省站、广东省站、重庆市站四个单位分别就环境质量综合分析、生物-生态监测、应急监测、遥感监测在大会作典型交流.会议分大气监测与污染源监测、水质监测与监测管理、应急监测与综合分析、物理土壤生态监测与质量管理等四个专题进行了分组讨论与交流.全国各省级环境监测站、47个环保重点城市监测站、会议论文交流单位和个人代表及总站相关业务室的同志参加了本次学术交流会.     

水质自动站建设工作进展顺利

20 0 0年 9月 10日至 9月 17日 ,中国环境监测总站派出 5个考核组分赴各大流域对拟建水质自动监测站的点位进行考核。 2 0日 ,各考核组向国家环保总局作了汇报 ,明确了通过考核的点位 ,对未能认定的点位将做进一步考核认定。 2 1日 ,总局规划司在总站召开水质自动监测仪器招标议标会议 ,确定了仪器设备厂商。 10月 10日 ,总站又向有关省环境监测站及水质自动监测站托管站下发了“关于定期上报水质自动站建设进度的通知”(总站水字 [2 0 0 0 ] 0 5 5号 ) ,以便及时掌握水质自动监测站的建设进度 ,保证明年一月实现全国重点流域的水质周报。水…     

泾河流域生态系统碳储量时空演变与预测

运用 InVEST模型和PLUS模型动态模拟泾河流域未来不同发展情景下碳储量变化情况，对当前十年及未来十年土地利用类型变化及其对碳储量的影响进行评估。结果表明：2030年经济发展和生态发展情景下，泾河流域碳储量分别为1.068×109t和1.082×109t，与2020年相比，经济发展情景下碳储量减少9×106t，生态发展情景下碳储量增加5×106t。控制草地、林地、湿地、水域退化和建设用地扩张可以有效提高生态系统碳储量；基于生态发展情景下的土地利用方式更有助于提升泾河流域碳汇能力，实现区域可持续发展。     

新疆基本完成雨雪冰冻灾害后期应急监测任务

根据中国环境监测总站《关于开展雨雪冰冻灾害后期应急监测工作的通知》（总站综字[2008]19号）要求，新疆环境监测总站于2008年2月15日下发了《关于开展雨雪冰冻灾害后期应急监测工作的通知》（新环监站字[2008]2号），组织相关地、州、市环境监测站开展了区内重点地表水体和重点污染源的应急监测工作，以防范次生环境污染事故的发生。     

从城考结果看城市污水处理的发展趋势

分析了我国十年来重点城市污水处理的发展和现状 ,以及污水处理存在的问题 ,对“十五”期间城市环境综合整治定量考核中城市生活污水处理率和城市生活污水的处理水平提出新的要求     

中国环境监测科技发展需求分析

根据环境监测面临的形势和任务,通过分析环境监测科技发展现状和差距,提出中国环境监测科技的发展思路和未来10年应优先研究的13个重点领域、32个主题项目。     

《湖北省空气环境监测实现规范化》

湖北省环境保护局颁布的《湖北省空气环境例行监测技术规定》,从4月1日起正式实施.湖北省空气监测网组建已十余年.多数省级网站和全部地市级网站仍采用间断采样、实验室分析法进行空气环境质量监测.全面执行总站《大气例行环境监测技术规范》的条件尚不成熟.为此,省中心     

Interspecific and Locational Differences in Heavy Metal Levels in Four Species of Birds Near Sydney, Australia

We examined the levels of cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in four species of birds near Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in January, 1996. Molted contour feathers were collected from silver gull, Larus novaehollandiae (Royal National Park and downtown Sydney), sulphur-crested cockatoo, Cacatua sulphurea (Blue Mountains, Royal National Park, and Sydney), Australian white ibis, Threskiornis molucca (Sydney), and rock dove Columba livia (Royal National Park and Sydney). We tested the null hypothesis that there were no species or locational differences in metal levels. There were significant species differences in all metals, with rock doves having the highest levels of cadmium, chromium, lead, and manganese, and silver gulls having the highest levels of mercury and selenium. Metal levels were generally low in cockatoos, and were lowest in those from the Royal National Park. For silver gulls, cadmium, lead, and chromium levels were highest at Sydney, and there were no locational differences in manganese, mercury, and selenium levels. For rock doves, cadmium, chromium and manganese were higher in Sydney, and there were no locational differences in lead, mercury, and selenium. Overall, cadmium and chromium levels were significantly higher in Sydney than in the Royal National Park for all species, and there were no locational differences in mercury levels. Although the levels of most metals in feathers from these Australian birds were within the ranges reported worldwide, lead levels in ibises and rock doves were among the highest reported worldwide, suggesting a cause for concern.     

洞庭湖流域土壤中有机氯杀虫剂的残留规律研究

2004年5月采集了洞庭湖流域45个土壤样品,用AES萃取技术,使用GC/MS方法测定了样品中的六氯笨、滴滴涕(DDTs)、氯丹、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氟和灭蚁灵.结果表明,六氯苯、滴滴涕的检出率为100%,氯丹和灭蚁灵的检出率很低,艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂和七氯未检出.总有机氯杀虫剂残留量平均值216.24μg/k,其中滴滴涕214.7μg/kg,占总OCPs的99.3%,且有些土壤样品中w(DDT)/w(DDE DDD)值较大,说明DDTs曾作为湘江流域的主要杀虫剂在洞庭湖流域土壤中广泛施用过,并且近期内仍然有输入.六氯苯的残留量虽然较低,但其施用范围广泛.总OCPs在棉田中的残留量很高,在茶场土壤中最低,表明棉田土壤曾因为各种原因施用过大量的有机氯杀虫剂,茶场土壤中有机氯农药的残存量处于安全范围.     

基于SOA和O3生成潜势的上海市VOCs优控物种研究

为评估上海市挥发性有机物(VOCs)对二次有机气溶胶(SOA)和臭氧生成潜势的贡献,采用SUMMA罐采样实验室GC-FID/MS分析方法开展了环境空气104种臭氧前体物和TO-15组分分析,采用DNPH吸附管采样实验室HPLC高效液相色谱法开展了环境空气13种醛酮类组分分析。结果表明:2018年8-11月上海市代表点位VOCs摩尔分数均值范围为20. 61~50. 38 nmol/mol,臭氧生成潜势(OFP)均值范围为60. 55~184. 12μg/m^3,二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(AFP)为21. 63~61. 72μg/m^3。醛酮类和芳香烃类是OFP的主要贡献因子,贡献占比分别为31. 5%~55. 2%和21. 6%~37. 8%。芳香烃类对AFP贡献超过90%。从主要组分构成来看,城区人口密集区点位乙烷、丙烷浓度最高,其他点位甲醛浓度最高;甲醛对OFP贡献最大;间/对二甲苯在浦东书院点位AFP贡献最大,其他点位为甲苯。OFP和AFP双控物种各点位均有4~5个主要物种,以芳香烃类为主。     

城市大气环境中醛酮类化合物污染状况及变化规律

2003年对郑州市城市环境空气中醛酮类化合物的污染状况及变化规律进行了初步调查研究.结果表明:大气环境中醛酮类污染物的质量浓度范围为未检出～167 μg/m3,主要污染物为甲醛、乙醛和丙酮;醛酮类污染物含量在不同季节的变化趋势是:夏季>春季>冬季;醛酮类污染物主要来源于大气中有机物的光化学反应,甲醛与乙醛、甲醛与丙酮有...     

典型电子垃圾拆解区大气颗粒物中元素污染的季节变化特征

分别在典型电子垃圾拆解区(E)和其参考区(S)采集了大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,利用等离子体电感耦合质谱(ICP-MS)检测了13种元素。结果表明,E地区大气TSP中各元素含量均高于对照区,特别是污染元素Zn、Cu、Cd、Sn和Pb。E地区和S地区TSP中元素质量浓度的季节变化趋势相似,TSP中地壳元素质量浓度夏季高于冬季,而污染元素冬季高于夏季。E地区和S地区TSP中Cu、Zn、Sn和Pb的富集因子(EF)100,E地区EF值高于对照区,说明这些元素主要来源于电子垃圾处理过程;而Mg、K、Ca、Ti、V、Mn、Fe、Co和Cd的EF值为1~10,说明元素主要为自然来源。     

杭州市钱塘江干支流水质多元统计分析

运用多元统计方法分析了杭州市钱塘江干支流上26个断面的水质监测指标。利用系统聚类分析方法将断面所在河流分为3组,与钱塘江流域污染空间分布现状基本一致。对各组水质的主成分分析表明,第1组河流水质以有机污染为主,水体中氮、磷营养盐浓度较高,水体污染程度较轻,污染来源相对单一;第2组河流水体受有机物、重金属、石油类等多个污染指标的影响,水体水质较第1组差,污染来源相对复杂;第3组河流水体既有一般有机污染,也有重金属、有毒有害物质的污染,水体水质污染严重。     

徐州市生活垃圾填埋场地下水典型金属污染物研究

在对徐州地区生活垃圾填埋场调查分析的基础上,根据填埋特征和地质状况选取4座典型填埋场为调查对象,采用ICP-MS对垃圾渗滤液及地下水中26种重金属进行监测分析。结果表明,在4个垃圾填埋场地下水及渗滤液中ρ(Sr)均相对较高(700μg/L);地下水中金属元素均正在以Ca,Mg为主向Na,Mg为主转化;地下水中Al,B质量浓度大小顺序为Y场(雁群)S场(睢宁)C场(翠屏山)P场(邳州);4个垃圾填埋场共同典型重金属污染物为Mn,Fe,Zn,Ba;除上述污染物外,Y场地下水潜在典型重金属污染物为Pb和Mo;S场为Mo和As;C场为Tl和Co;P场为As。     

Habitat Conditions and Correlations of Sediment Quality Triad Indicators in Delaware Bay

This paper summarizes sampling results from NOAA's National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program for marine environmental quality in Delaware Bay. A stratified-random design was used to determine the spatial extent of sediment contamination and toxicity in Delaware Bay from offshore stations in the coastal zone, the lower estuary, the upper estuary, the fresh/salt mixing zone, and tidal fresh areas. Sediment samples were taken for chemical analyses of major classes of environmental contaminants, a suite of toxicity bioassays, and benthic macrofaunal community assessment to identify patterns of resident species. The tidal-fresh areas and portions of the mixing zone of the study area were heavily contaminated. Contaminant concentrations were frequently above the 90th percentile of EMAP Virginian Province levels. PAHs in the sediment were higher than previously documented, with a major component of PAHs being pyrogenic in origin. Bioassay results were highly variable. Toxicity and contaminant levels were correlated when aggregated into indices, but were only marginally correlated with benthic community impacts. High and low abundance stations were found in all zones. Most of the tidal fresh stations were dominated by pollution tolerant species. Species diversity and abundance were generally lowest in the fresh/salt mixing zone.     

京杭运河江苏段底栖动物群落结构调查

通过2018年5月在京杭运河江苏段布设23个采样点调查底栖动物群落结构和生境状况,并用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数评价底栖动物多样性,用聚类法分析采样点底栖动物群落结构相似性,用ANOSIM分析检验聚类组差异性,用SIMPER对聚类组作主要特征物种分析。结果显示:23个采样点共采集底栖动物42种,其中甲壳纲4种、软体动物16种、多毛纲2种、蛭纲2种、昆虫纲4种(均为摇蚊类)、寡毛纲14种。聚类分析将23个采样点分成4组,ANOSIM分析检验表明各聚类组底栖动物群落结构具有显著差异(p<0.05),底质类型和水生植被等生境状况是影响京杭运河江苏段底栖动物群落结构的重要原因。     

Applying a Large,Statewide Database to the Assessment,Stressor Diagnosis,and Restoration of Stream Fish Communities

In this report, predictions of the species that were expected to occur at stream sites were generated and probable stressors to fish species that were predicted to occur but were absent were diagnosed. Predictions were generated based on the hierarchical screening method of Smith and Powell (1971, Am. Mus. Novit. 2458, 1–30), using fish abundance in conjunction with 25 environmental variables at 895 sites. The sites were sampled throughout Maryland and represent the entire range of environmental quality from severely degraded to minimally degraded. Stressor variable values that exceeded tolerance thresholds for species that were expected to occur, but were absent, were considered to be probable stressors. This method was tested for efficacy in stream site assessments and stressor diagnosis using an independent data set. Sites that were classified as degraded according to the IBI and to non-biological criteria had fewer predicted species present compared to minimally influenced sites, indicating that the proportion of predicted species present accurately represents the biological integrity of a stream site. The nine stressors that were applied to the test data set accounted for species absences in 43.7% of degraded sites. Impervious land cover was the most common stressor identified. In addition to assessing stream biological integrity and identifying stressors to fish species, this approach also provides tolerance thresholds for predicted fish species that are useful endpoints necessary to plan effective restoration of fish species in Maryland.