船载自动监测系统在水质监测中的应用

水质监测是开展水生态环境评价、监管的基础性工作之一。随着对水生态环境保护与管理要求的提高,人工水质监测与自动水质监测相结合的模式应用越来越普遍。以船舶为载体的水质自动监测系统开展巡测,可实现高密度样品采集、检测及信息的实时传输,在长江泸州以下干流水域的实践中取得了良好效果。系统的应用可弥补常规监测断面间距过大、人工监测频次低、固定站房式水质自动监测站近岸取样等不足,对人工监测和自动监测形成有效补充;船载水质自动监测系统能够实现定点、定深、定时监测,可以在河流污染带监测、入河排污行为的监管以及偷排行为的溯源、水污染应急动态监测等工作中发挥有效作用,既可应用于长江干流等河道较宽且水质可能存在岸别差异的河流,也可应用于滇池、太湖、丹江口等大型湖泊、水库水生态环境监管。     

典型草地生态监测敏感因子筛选研究

选择甘肃省有代表性的草地生态环境———天祝县草地生态环境,进行生态环境监测指标体系敏感因子的筛选研究。通过实验、调查,收集大量数据资料,初步筛选、确定草地生态环境监测敏感因子,对所选敏感因子进行计算机处理与分析,确定敏感因子相关因素,从而建立数学模型;验证、修改和完善模型,最终建立草原生态环境监测系统简洁、高效的敏感因子指标体系,为建立和完善生态环境监测系统,准确、客观地评价生态环境奠定基础。     

基于O/E模型的浅水湖泊生态系统健康评价

以长江中下游阻隔型浅水湖泊为研究对象,分析了1998—2018年116湖次底栖动物野外调查数据,构建了基于预测模型的观测物种组成/期望物种组成(O/E)指数健康评价指标体系,评价了长江中下游浅水湖泊的底栖动物物种组成完整性.O/E指数模型评价结果显示,在物种采集概率(Pc)>0阈值条件下的O/E0模型预测得到的监测湖泊...     

全力以赴!武汉环境监测人在行动

为做好疫情防控期间的生态环境监测工作,生态环境部第一时间组织制定了《应对新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情应急监测方案》。湖北省结合实际,于1月31日组织制定了《湖北省应对新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情应急监测方案》。按照方案要求,武汉市环境监测中心迅速响应,全力做好现场监测人员防护,认真做好大气、水环境监测,特别是饮用水水源地水质监测。监测人员克服重重困难,全力保障武汉市重点饮用水水源地长江纱帽(左)、长江杨泗港、汉江宗关的自动监测工作,并对其他饮用水水源地水质开展手工监测。加强重点地区金银潭医院、火神山医院、雷神山医院周边空气质量监测,对未来3天的空气质量进行预报,为疫情防控提供了科学依据。     

《生态环境状况评价技术规范》修订的生态管理效用评估——以山东省为例

简述了生态环境状况评价指标构成以及新旧规范中生态环境状况指数影响因子的对比分析。通过对2014—2017年山东省市、县两级生态环境状况的评价与影响因子相关性分析,结果表明,新规范实施后,有林地、灌木林地、湖泊(库)、水田、中度侵蚀、重度侵蚀面积增加对EI评价结果的影响以正面影响为主,其它建设用地、盐碱地面积增加均对EI评价结果产生负面影响,以上8个影响因子对县级EI评价结果的影响明显大于对市级EI评价结果的影响;城镇建设用地面积增加对市级和县级EI评价结果的影响不同,但相比旧规范其负面影响均有所减小;相比旧规范,二氧化硫排放量增加对市级EI评价结果的负面影响明显减弱,但对县级EI评价结果的负面影响明显增大。     

长江干流首次水质同步监测胜利完成

为了了解长江干流平水期同一时间不同空间的水环境质量状况,确定各种水污染物浓度沿程变化情况,为长江干流污染物排放总量控制行动计划提供依据,并通过水样陈列展示三峡大坝截流前各江段水样表观状况,国家环保局于1996年5月7日组织长江暨三峡生态环境监测网33个成员站在上自攀枝花下至上海的长江干流设立35个监测断面进行了首次水质同步监测,取得了圆满成功。通过对近万个监测数据的分析表明,长江干流各江段整体水质状况尚好,40%的江段属二类水域,除个别断面水质有中度污染外,大部分江段     

Landsat 8卫星OLI遥感影像在生态环境监测中的应用研究

利用美国2013年2月发射的Landsat 8卫星上运营性陆地成像仪OLI获取的太湖流域遥感影像数据,开展了其在大气能见度、蓝藻水华及建设用地等生态环境监测领域中的应用研究。研究表明,Landsat 8卫星向未来延续了Landsat系列的长时期对地观测能力,且观测性能有所优化,适合对区域能见度、湖泊蓝藻水华、生态系统格局等生态环境问题进行反演和分析,是生态环境监测的重要遥感信息源。     

遥感技术在水生态环境管理的应用与前景

随着遥感数据源的不断丰富,遥感技术不断提高,可以解决越来越多的水环境问题。指出了当前水生态环境管理方面的主要需求,结合目前遥感技术的发展,对国内外的水环境遥感研究进展进行综述。以湖泊富营养化监测与评估、核电站温排水遥感监测及城市黑臭水体遥感监测为案例,具体阐述遥感在水环境管理中的应用方法及成效。未来水生态环境管理发展趋势将以水污染防治为主向水污染防治和水生态修复与保护并重发展。基于此趋势,提出遥感在水生态修复的应用潜力,利于更多地方部门积极有效应用遥感技术,解决水生态环境问题。     

湖泊蓝藻水华监测与评价探讨

以长期的湖泊蓝藻监测实践工作为基础，提出了湖泊蓝藻水华监测的点位布设、采样（频次、层次、采集量等）、分析鉴定等技术方法，以太湖为例，在对近几年蓝藻水华暴发情况进行统计分析基础上，制定了蓝藻水华状况的定性描述、蓝藻水华暴发的等级划分标准。     

固城湖水生植物的组成现状和动态变化研究初探

对固城湖水生植被现状和动态变化进行研究，为水生植被控制和恢复提出针对性的意见，同时也为长江中下游流域中的类似湖泊提供沉水植被科学管理的依据。     

Dynamics of the lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, China, since late nineteenth century

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin have the most representative and largest concentration of freshwater lakes in China. However, the size and number of these lakes have changed considerably over the past century due to the natural and anthropogenic impact. The lakes, larger than 10 km² in size, were chosen from relief maps and remotely sensed images in 1875, 1950, 1970, 1990, 2000, and 2008 to study the dynamics of lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin and to examine the causes and consequences of these changes. Results indicated that there was a dramatic reduction in lake areas, which decreased by 7,841.2 km² (42.64 %) during the study period (1875–2008), and the number of lakes in this region changed moderately. Meanwhile, a large number of lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin were directly converted into paddy fields, ponds, building lands, or other land-use types over the study period. Therefore, all kinds of lake reclamation should be identified as the major driving factors for the loss of lake in this region. Furthermore, flooding, soil erosion, and sedimentation were also the main factors which triggered lake changes in different periods. Some wetland conservation and restoration projects have been implemented since the 1970s, but they have not reversed the lake degradation. These findings were of great importance to managers involved in making policy for the conservation of lake ecosystems and the utilization of lake resources.     

长江流域全氟化合物污染态势与生态效应

简述了PFASs在长江流域上、中、下游水环境中的空间分布格局和时间变化趋势，探讨了其生物蓄积效应、淡水生物毒性效应和生态风险评价。指出，PFASs广泛赋存于长江流域从上游至下游的干流和支流及湖泊之中，其平均值低于我国其他主要流域；PFOA在长江流域内环境浓度最高，而PFOS在近10年环境管控措施下浓度降至极低，PFBS、PFBA和PFHxA等短链物质正作为替代物使用，可能在未来出现升高趋势。长江流域内水生动物（包括食用鱼类）能够从环境中富集PFASs并通过食物链传输，在其血液、肌肉和内脏中蓄积。虽然目前长江流域生态风险评价表明PFASs总体上风险为低级，但局部高浓度地区仍可能对敏感生物造成基因表达受损等毒性效应。     

Monitoring compared with paleolimnology: implications for the definition of reference condition in limed lakes in Sweden

Surface water acidification was identified as a major environmental problem in the 1960s. Consequently, a liming program was launched in Sweden in the 1970s. The primary purpose of liming is to restore conditions that existed prior to acidification. To reach this goal, as well as achieve 'good status' (i.e. low levels of distortion resulting from human activity) in European freshwaters until 2016 under the European Union Water Framework Directive, lake data are required to define reference conditions. Here, we compare data from chemical/biological monitoring of 12 limed lakes with results of paleolimnological investigations, to address questions of reference conditions, acidification, and restoration by liming. Using diatom-based lake-water pH inferences, we found clear evidence of acidification in only five of the 12 lakes, which had all originally been classified as acidified according to monitoring data. After liming, measured and diatom-inferred pH agree well in seven lakes. The sediment record of three of the five remaining lakes gave ambiguous results, presumably due to sediment mixing or low sediment accumulation rates. It is difficult to determine whether liming restored the lakes to a good status, especially as some of the lakes were not acidified during the twentieth century. In addition to acid deposition, other factors, such as natural lake and catchment ontogeny or human impact through agricultural activity, influence lake acidity. This study shows that monitoring series are usually too short to define reference conditions for lakes, and that paleolimnological studies are useful to set appropriate goals for restoration and for evaluation of counter measures.     

The land ecological evolutional patterns in the source areas of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in the past 15 years, China

Based on land ecological classification of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers and field investigation, two phases of TM remote sensing data obtained in 1986 and 2000 were compared. From spatial variations and type transformation trends, the spatial changes and evolutional patterns of land ecosystem in the source regions of the two rivers were analyzed using the analytical method of landscape ecological spatial patterns. Results show that middle and high-cover high-cold steppe areas degraded considerably by 15.82%, high-cover high-cold meadow areas by 5.15%, while high-cold swamp meadow areas decreased by 24.36%. Lake water area was reduced by 7.5%, especially the lakes in the source region of the Yangtze River. Land desertification is developing rapidly and the average of desertified land area has increased by 17.11%. Desertified land in the source region of Yellow River is expanding at an annual rate of 1.83%. Analysis of the evolutional pattern of land ecotypes shows that the general tendencies of spatial evolution in the regions are coverage reduction and desertification of high-cold steppe, cover reduction and steppification of high-cold meadows, and desiccation of swamp meadows. As a result, land ecological spatial distribution pattern in the region is changing and the state of eco-environment declining.     

生态环境监测与生态经济学评价

探讨了荒漠生态环境监测与生态经济学之间的关系,提出荒漠生态环境监测应与生态经济学原则相结合,注意监测人类社会经济活动对生态环境的影响,并根据生态经济学中环境因素的稀缺性、综合性和反馈性等原理对人类开发利用自然资源进行正确评价。     

长江流域水环境监测与智慧化管理策略

针对如何将水环境监测感知与智能信息化手段运用到长江生态质量诊断与管理之中,梳理了国内外水环境监测与智慧化管理系统的发展情况,并以长江生态环境保护修复智慧决策平台为例,介绍了长江流域水环境监测网络建设情况,以及智慧决策平台在水环境数据可视化、水环境大数据分析、污染源大数据分析、水质模拟与预测、水质成因分析、流域生态安全评...     

基于耦合模型的安徽经济与环境协调发展分析

构建了经济发展与生态环境评价指标体系，选用耦合协调度模型计算2010—2019年安徽省不同区域经济发展与生态环境的耦合协调度，并采用灰色关联度法计算评价指标与耦合协调度的关联系数。研究结果表明：全省经济发展与生态环境的耦合协调度整体呈改善趋势，耦合协调度集中分布在0.393~0.765，基本处于良好协调或低水平协调阶段。全省不同区域的生态环境指数均大于经济发展指数。省会城市、沿江江南地区耦合协调度高于江淮之间和淮河以北地区。工业"三废"排放量、环境质量、环境污染治理力度是影响经济发展与生态环境耦合协调度的重要因素，建议通过改善这些方面进一步提升经济与环境的耦合协调度水平。     

基于农业面源污染风险区的生态保护红线优化方法分析

将农业面源污染风险区划入生态保护红线中，防范由此导致的饮用水水源富营养化现象，是值得深入探讨的科学问题。以南水北调中线重要水源地丹江口水库流域十堰段为例，基于农业面源污染风险区的识别，通过情景分析探讨生态保护红线优化方法，改善区域生态环境，推动绿色发展。结果表明：将农业面源污染极高风险区划入生态保护红线，区域氮、磷流失削减率可分别达35.9%和26.33%,在一定程度上增强了生态系统连通性，且人口生态压力指数较小(0.23),可统筹生态效益和经济效益的发展。研究结果有望为存在农业面源污染风险的丘陵山区提供一种红线优化新思路。