城市生活垃圾可生物降解有机质成分的测定

卫生填埋是我国现阶段最主要的城市生活垃圾处理方式,定量分析城市生活垃圾可生物降解有机质成分对于研究填埋垃圾的厌氧降解过程具有重要意义.通过一系列常规化学试验,利用抽提差重法、比色法及灼烧差重法,依次测定了垃圾中含水率,挥发分与灰分,脂肪类,易水解物与半纤维素,腐植酸,难水解物、不水解物与纤维素,木质素与固体残渣等成分,为入场垃圾可生化性评价及降解过程中固相成分变化的动态监测提供了一种简便快速的测定方法.     

蔬菜与土壤环境中铅镉含量相关性调查

通过调查5种蔬菜对铅、镉绝对吸收量以及富集系数不同,分析了蔬菜与土壤中重金属含量相关性.结果表明,各种蔬菜对镉的吸收绝对量差异明显,同类型蔬菜对铅、镉的吸收量接近.各种蔬菜对铅的富集能力排序为白菜>黄瓜>番茄>青菜>辣椒,对镉的富集能力排序为青菜>白菜>辣椒>番茄>黄瓜.蔬菜对土壤中镉的吸收能力明显大于铅.     

硫化物水样预处理方法的改进

以2% NaOH 溶液替代醋酸锌溶液为硫化物吸收液;另由体积分数50%的盐酸替代磷酸作酸化剂,可避免吸收瓶壁附着物生成,提高硫化物的吸收率,样品加标回收率为92.5%～100%.     

突发性环境污染事故应急监测质量保证体系的研究

结合北京市环境保护监测中心应急监测质量保证工作的经验,提出了应急监测质量保证体系的构成、运行和质量保证措施.强调了加强应急监测质量保证工作,尤其是日常的质量保证工作,定期进行应急监测演习及案例分析,是做好应急监测工作,实现应急监测数据快速性、准确性、可靠性、代表性、时效性的重要保证.     

水功能区与水环境功能区划分归一研究

水功能区划分和水环境功能区划分最终目标都是为了水资源的可持续利用,同时使水环境得到有效的保护.但由于两种划分的立足点不同,划分的侧重点、分类体系、功能区名称存在一定的差异,各自划分容易由于使用和管理的不统一造成混乱.通过浙江省水功能区和水环境功能区的舍二为一划分,合理确定了全省各流域水系水体的水质保护目标和使用功能,以保证水资源开发利用发挥最佳经济、社会、环境效益.     

沙尘暴对大连市空气质量影响的判别研究

利用二次因子分析法对大连市区5个大气自动监测点住所测的四种污染因子(CO、SO2、NOx、PM10)和风速(1997～2004年)资料数据进行分析,分析了当地污染排放累积和外来输送两种主要原因,对大连市空气质量的影响.通过进一步对CO、NOx、PM10因子得分之差(FS2-FS1)的分析,找出了适合确定沙尘暴对大连市空气质量影响的判据,即(FS2-FS1)>0     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定汾河沉积物中的总汞

采用两种不同的消解方法对汾河沉积物中的总汞进行分析,结果表明,王水水浴加热消解法对总汞的消解程度完全而且测定结果比较稳定.探讨了还原剂浓度、栽流浓度以及仪器条件等主要因素对测定的影响,选择了最佳实验条件,检出限为0.0074ng/ml,加标回收率在84%～117%之间.标准参考样品测定结果表明,该方法准确可靠,精度好.     

拉曼光谱在比较水中杂质浓度的研究

为了比较不同水样品中所含杂质浓度的相对大小,运用激光拉曼光谱的分析方法,测量了四种不同水样品的激光拉曼光谱,同时还测量了蒸馏水的激光拉曼光谱.计算了它们的弯曲振动强度与伸缩振动强度之比,并对测量和计算结果进行了比较和分析.结果表明,水中所舍杂质浓度的相对大小不仅可以从其拉曼谱杂峰和毛刺的多少做定性比较,而且还可以从弯曲振动强度与伸缩振动强度的比值的相对大小做定量比较.这为水质分析提供了新的有效途径.     

生活垃圾焚烧炉烟尘、金属元素项目采样测试方法探讨

一直以来,生活垃圾焚烧炉烟尘项目监测和金属元素颗粒物项目监测,样品的采集都是分开进行的,而且样品分析时,各金属元素样品也是分别消解,这样操作不但花费时间长,而且还浪费滤筒、试剂等资源.     

空调房间空气中甲醛污染的分布特性

现代高层商务、办公楼采用中央空调系统保障室内环境温、湿度的舒适性,除了增加新风外,大部分空气室内循环.但办公家具板材中含的甲醛等污染物释放,会造成室内空气的污染,影响人体的健康[1].于2005年5月对青岛市某邻海高层商务楼的8层海景房间空气中甲醛进行测试分析.     

锅(窑)炉监测过程中有关问题探讨

主要对锅(窑)炉监测过程中出现的有关问题进行了初步的分析、探讨与总结,并相应提出了相关问题的改进方法和建议。     

工业企业厂界噪声监测过程中有关问题的探讨

主要通过一些噪声监测实例来探讨有关工业企业厂界噪声测量中的有关问题,并提出了有关问题的改进方法和建议。     

Innovative Environmental Education Contributes to Improved Management Practices in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States

The Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA) and its partner, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) have developed a graduate-level course focused on successful application of science by decision-makers to address a particular problem. Students conduct a literature review, interview the decision-makers and scientists, and synthesize and document the management problem, the science that was applied to that problem, and other issues that might constrain or drive the solution (e.g., legalities, social pressures, expense, politics, personalities, etc.). Students also quantify the results, evaluate who the intended audience is and how they most appropriately target them, and determine if there are other management problems that could be addressed with the science. The final products are short publications geared towards other decision-makers who might have a similar problem and might be seeking successful innovative solutions. MAIA is distributing these short publications to decision-makers throughout the Mid-Atlantic Region. The publications have been very positively received by state and local governments and watershed groups.     

浅谈乌鲁木齐市生活垃圾处理策略

如何治理城市生活垃圾是全国迫切需要解决的焦点问题,乌鲁木齐市亦然。乌鲁木齐市现行的垃圾对策和管理模式已不适应解决这一问题,必须作根本性调整。经过调查研究,并借鉴国内外经验,提出适合乌鲁木齐市生活垃圾处理的具体对策。     

Effects of Dimensionality of Space on the Presence/Absence of Multiple Species

Environmental Modeling & Assessment - A key problem in ecology is to predict the presence/absence of species across a geographical region. Addressing this problem in a multi-species community...     

Water treatment control using the joint estimation outlier detection method

The loss of contaminated wastewater into the environment by leakage or other means is a serious problem. This problem is essentially the same as true of the loss of chemical reagents from a chemical production or purification process. The present article shows how the joint estimation method, an outlier detection method for time series analysis, can be used by a facility manager to deal with these problems.     

Studies of the effect of simulated acid rain on the ecological equilibrium of the soil system

Introduction to the problem of environmental pollution caused by acid depositions. Presentation of principles of the six-year field experiment with simulated acid rain. Short characteristics of particular parts of the series of papers.     

环境监测中确定最佳点位的关键技术

环境监测网络设计的关键问题是确定最佳的环境监测点位 ,而最优的监测点位必须既能代表所在区域环境质量的平均水平 ,又能反映该区域环境质量的变化状况。为此提出一个兼容样本贴近与相似程度的统计量——近似度 ,不仅在理论上证明了其合理性 ,而且在厦门的应用中得到满意的结果 ,从而解决了如何确定环境监测中最佳点位的问题     

东北亚地区沙尘暴监测合作机制研究

近年来,东北亚各国重视沙尘暴问题,开展了沙尘暴监测及研究等合作,逐步建立起东北亚地区沙尘暴监测合作机制.合作机制对推动东北亚地区共同治理沙尘暴问题具有积极意义.文章通过分析东北亚主要国家中国、日本和韩国的沙尘暴监测机制,探讨沙尘暴监测的合作机制模式,进而分析合作机制对推动各国在监测方法、管理机制等方面的促进作用.     

Models at the interface between science and society: impacts and options

Within the CLEAR project a new approach to integrated assessment modelling has been developed for the participatory integrated assessment of regional climate change involving citizens' focus groups. The climate change decision problem was structured by focusing separately on climate impacts and mitigation options. The attempt was made to link the different scales of the problem from the individual to the global level. The abstract topic of climate change was related to options on the level of a citizen's individual lifestyle. The option of a low energy society was emphasised in order to embed the climate change decision problem in a wider range of societal concerns. Special emphasis was given to the characterisation and communication of uncertainties. The chosen approach allows different kinds of uncertainties in one framework to be addressed. The paper concludes with a summary of the experience made, and recommendations for the use of models in participatory integrated assessments. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.