城市土壤重金属污染研究现状与趋势

阐述了城市土壤重金属的主要来源、空间分布特征、化学形态与影响因素,以及对人体的健康风险与生物效应,指出今后的研究重点与趋势是建立城市土壤重金属污染概念和标准体系,研究其在环境中的迁移转化机制与规律及城市土壤重金属复合污染,发展判源分析新技术.     

城市土壤重金属污染研究现状及问题

城市土壤重金属污染是城市土壤研究的一个重要方面，在阐明城市土壤研究历史的基础上，分别从重金属污染的空间分异研究和重金属污染的环境效应研究两个方面分析了城市土壤重金属污染的国内外进展，并指出了当前存在的问题与今后研究的方向。     

广东某含铊硫酸冶炼堆渣场土壤中重金属的污染特征

选取广东某硫酸厂工业堆渣周围土壤样品,重点研究了土壤剖面T1、cd、Pb、Zn四种重金属元素总量及形态分布特征.研究结果表明,该废渣在自然淋滤条件下已经对周围土壤产生了T1、Cd、Pb、Zn污染,并且T1、Pb、Cd较Zn污染严重.形态分析表明,堆渣场周围土壤中这些重金属主要是以残渣态和铁锰氧化物(氢氧化物)结合态存在.外围土壤受到的这些重金属污染及对环境的潜在危害大于废渣下伏土壤,其中在堆渣下伏土壤中主要以富集为主,而外围土壤中主要以迁移为主,且已经向土壤深处约30cm处进行了迁移.这些重金属污染物在表层土壤中未达到饱和状态,将继续在下伏土壤表层发生累积作用并且使横向土壤受污染的范围进一步扩大.     

湖北典型矿冶城市土壤重金属污染评价及源解析

通过对湖北省典型矿冶城市表层土壤采样,测定其中Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属的质量比,探究土壤重金属空间分布与污染程度,并定量分析各污染源的贡献率。结果表明:Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn污染严重且具有类似的污染空间分布,均在工矿活动区域富集,Co和Cu高值区均出现在铜矿附近。Cd、Cr和Cu污染程度较高,对土壤生态环境有较大的不利影响。研究区内主要受综合采矿源、铜矿采矿-冶炼源影响,对土壤重金属的贡献率分别为41%和31%。     

白银市土壤重金属污染综合整治

白银市是我国主要的有色金属生产基地之一.由于当地水资源缺乏,长期使用污水灌溉,导致白银市郊区土壤重金属污染较为严重.文章主要分析了白银市土壤重金属污染的现状特征,以此为依据,从城市生态经济与复合生态系统角度,探讨了运用生态工程的方法来改变城市生态系统中的结构功能状况,以达到重金属污染危害最小化的目标.     

基于重金属有效态的农田土壤重金属污染评价研究

目前农田土壤重金属污染评价以重金属全量为依据,而评价农田土壤重金属污染影响时主要考虑农产品安全从而保障人体健康,农作物对重金属的吸收积累量则取决于土壤中有效态重金属含量。在阐述土壤重金属有效态定义的基础上,综合分析了土壤重金属有效态的影响因素及其与土壤中重金属全量和农作物中重金属含量的相关性,概括了土壤重金属有效态在土壤重金属污染评价中的应用,以期提出建立以土壤重金属有效态含量为基础、结合土壤重金属全量及作物中吸收的重金属含量的土壤重金属污染评价体系。     

粤北上坝村稻田土壤及间隙水中重金属污染研究

利用Tessier连续提取法对粤北上坝村稻田土壤中重金属化学形态分布特征进行研究,同时调查稻田间隙水中重金属的污染状况。结果表明,研究区域稻田土壤中Cu超标严重,主要以稳定态的形式存在,环境迁移量相对较少;土壤中Zn的生物有效性最低,Cd污染达到中等水平,其生物有效性最高;可交换态Mn,碳酸盐结合态Cd及铁锰氧化物结合态的Mn、Pb、Zn的占比较高,对农业生产环境具有一定的潜在威胁。稻田间隙水中Cd含量超标1.8倍。     

环境磁学在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中的应用

随着环境问题日渐突出,地表灰尘重金属污染日益成为研究热点。单纯采用化学方法监测重金属污染具有一定局限性,环境磁学方法以其简便、快捷、经济且无害化的特点在城市重金属污染研究中广为应用。通过文献调研,综述环境磁学在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中的应用与研究进展,阐明重金属的主要来源,简述环境磁学的诸多参数,分析磁学参数与重金属的关系,并通过对比不同的磁学分析方法,探讨环境磁学方法在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中存在的问题及其发展趋势。     

植物内重金属的赋存形态及分布特征分析方法研究进展

植物内重金属分析不仅有助于阐述重金属迁移转化规律,揭示植物修复机理,也是监测评价大气、水及土壤环境重金属污染状况的重要依据。研究针对植物样品中重金属赋存形态及分布特征的分析方法进行综述,分别介绍了其原理、优缺点及应用。提出制定统一高效的分析检测方法,深化植物内重金属的赋存形态及分布特征与环境相关性的研究以及建立数据共享平台是植物样品重金属信息分析方法的未来发展方向。     

典型沼肥灌施农田重金属的时间多尺度特征分析

长期对农田进行沼肥灌施对土壤养分及重金属累积、迁移产生何种影响,尚缺乏系统的调查和研究。选取7—10年灌施沼肥的农田为研究对象,分析耕层土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni、Hg和As的全量及Cu、Zn各形态含量,并对污染水平及生态风险进行评价和预测。结果表明:持续灌施沼肥改变土壤的EC、pH等理化性质,造成P、K等营养元素和重金属Cu、Zn的显著累积。Cu、Zn平均积累速率分别为5.70~6.15、12.13~18.7 mg/(kg·年)。Cu和Zn含量之间具有显著相关性,表明它们同源。外源输入的稀释作用及形态转化使原土壤Cu、Zn赋存形态发生改变。综合污染指数法研究结果表明,养殖场土壤重金属均处于警戒水平。潜在生态风险指数法研究结果表明,养殖场土壤重金属危害程度整体表现为轻微生态危害。Cu、Zn年积累通量分别为10.26~11.07、21.83~33.66 kg/(hm²·年)。预测土壤中Cu、Zn浓度超出风险筛选值时间分别为10.19~11.01、9.16~14.14年。连续多年灌施沼肥将对土壤生态环境造成潜在风险。     

Heavy metal contents and magnetic susceptibility of soils along an urban–rural gradient in rapidly growing city of eastern China

The accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) and magnetic minerals in soils along an urban-rural gradient in the rapidly growing Hangzhou City, Eastern China, was measured. The analytical results indicated that heavy metal concentrations, magnetic susceptibility (chilf) and saturation isothermal remnant magnetization (SIRM) in soils decreased with increasing distance from the urban center. The significant relationships existed between heavy metal concentrations, chilf and SIRM and distance from the urban center. The soils in the urban areas were enriched with Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Elevated concentrations of heavy metals (especially Cd and Zn) in urban areas indicated the evidence for the accumulation of heavy metal contaminants from anthropogenic activities. Enhanced heavy metal concentrations and magnetic susceptibility were located in the uppermost soil horizons (0-10 cm), decreasing downwards to background values. The significant positive correlations between the Tomlinson Pollution Load Index (PLI) and magnetic susceptibility and SIRM were observed in polluted soil samples. Strong positive correlation indicated that magnetic screening/monitoring provided a fast and non-destructive tool, which can be effectively used as a proxy to detect environmental pollution in rapidly growing urbanization regions affected by anthropogenic activities.     

不同地质条件下土壤重金属质量评价比较

对黎塘研究区不同地质条件下土壤重金属含量进行了分析和评价。结果表明,不同地层土壤以Mn含量最高,其次为Cr,石炭系下统岩关阶和泥盆系中统东岗岭阶土壤重金属含量较高,而白垩系下统小店组和第四系全新统土壤重金属含量较低。泥盆系中统东岗岭阶土壤重金属污染因子为Ni、As、Cr,综合质量级别为中等;石炭系下统岩关阶土壤重金属污染因子为Ni、As、Cr、Cu,综合质量级别为很坏;白垩系下统土壤污染因子为Cr,综合质量级别为警戒级;第四系全新统土壤重金属质量级别均为好,综合质量级别为好。     

Soil heavy metal contamination in an industrial area: analysis of the data collected during a decade

Soil contamination by heavy metals has become a serious problem mainly because, above certain concentrations, all metals have adverse effects on human health. In particular, the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils leads to elevated uptake by crops and affects food quality and safety. In this paper, we present the results of a study carried out over a decade for evaluating the impact of a new industrial settlement in an area geared to agriculture and livestock and far from urban sites. We focus our study on the bioavailable fraction of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil samples. Heavy metal concentrations in soil are analysed with both univariate and multivariate statistical procedures. The main goal of this paper is the development of a statistical procedure, based on a mix of multivariate analysis, able to compare field surveys carried out during different years and to characterize spatial and temporal changes in soil heavy metals concentrations.     

生物炭修复与改良矿区重金属污染土壤的研究进展

概述了生物炭制备的关键影响因素及对矿区重金属污染土壤修复与改良作用的研究进展，在此基础上分析了生物炭修复与改良矿区重金属污染土壤的机理，提出了开展生物炭在实际矿区污染场地的长期性与稳定性行为研究，以及探讨生物炭与不同土壤改良剂的优化组合等建议。     

Microbial activities and trace element contents in an urban soil

Soil biological properties are influenced by trace metals. The main sources of these pollutants in the urban areas are industrial plants, power stations, domestic heating systems and motor vehicles. The aim of this work was to evaluate, in relation to distance from urban roads, soil trace metal concentrations (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd and V) and their influence on C-microbial biomass as well as on soil respiration and enzyme activities (phosphatase glucosidase, galactosidase, xylanase, cellulase, trealase, protease and invertase). The samplings were carried out at four sites, along a route that goes from Giannone Street to Passionisti Street, two heavily travelled roads at two different times of the year (spring and autumn). Heavy metal contents and microbial activities were highest at the sites near the roads. The highest values of microbial activities were found in the inner site; here, on the contrary, the lowest concentrations of heavy metals were measured. Significant and negative correlations were found between microbial activity and heavy metal contents.     

Effect of urbanization on the structure and functional traits of remnant subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in South China

We investigated the effects of major environmental drivers associated with urbanization on species diversity and plant functional traits (PFTs) in the remnant subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in Metropolitan Guangzhou (Guangdong, China). Twenty environmental factors including topography, light, and soil properties were used to quantify the effects of urbanization. Vegetation data and soil properties were collected from 30 400-m² plots at 6 study sites in urban and rural areas. The difference of plant species diversity and PFTs of remnant forests between urban and rural areas were analyzed. To discern the complex relationships, multivariate statistical analyses (e.g., canonical correspondence analysis and regression analysis) were employed. Pioneer species and stress-tolerant species can survive and vigorously establish their population dominance in the urban environment. The native herb diversity was lower in urban forests than in rural forests. Urban forests tend to prefer the species with Mesophanerophyte life form. In contrast, species in rural forests possessed Chamaephyte and Nanophanerophyte life forms and gravity/clonal growth dispersal mode. Soil pH and soil nutrients (K, Na, and TN) were positively related to herb diversity, while soil heavy metal concentrations (Cu) were negatively correlated with herb diversity. The herb plant species diversity declines and the species in the remnant forests usually have stress-tolerant functional traits in response to urbanization. The factors related to urbanization such as soil acidification, nutrient leaching, and heavy metal pollution were important in controlling the plant diversity in the forests along the urban–rural gradients. Urbanization affects the structure and functional traits of remnant subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests.     

上海、乌鲁木齐与昌吉三市城市土壤重金属富集特征比较研究

选择上海、乌鲁木齐、昌吉3个城市,通过对其城市土壤重金属含量水平、分布特征及活性的比较研究,发现城市土壤中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn含量均远高于背景值,但Mn、Fe含量与背景值差别不大;上海市Cr、Pb、Zn含量最高,而昌吉市Cu含量最高,城市规模的大小并不能直接反映土壤重金属含量的高低,工业污染物排放量、交通量、城市规模大小、城市发展历史、工业区位置及变迁、土壤背景值等因素均会影响土壤重金属含量水平。除Mn、Fe无明显的功能区分布差异外,各城市重金属功能区分布规律并不相同,城市污染来源的不同可能是主要原因。重金属活性并未与其含量分布规律完全一致,上海土壤重金属活性大于乌鲁木齐、昌吉,上海土壤pH值小于乌鲁木齐、昌吉可能是主要影响因素,但也存在上海土壤中个别重金属活性小于乌鲁木齐、昌吉的现象,污染物来源存在差异等可能是主要原因。也可能较强,反之亦然。     

贵州农业非点源污染土壤重金属含量特征及区域差异性研究

贵州农用地土壤在长期的耕作过程中,承载大量的重金属污染物,影响土壤质量。采集了贵州东部、南部、中部、北部主要农业非点源重金属污染区土壤样品进行检测。结果表明,贵州农业非点源重金属污染物主要是Hg、Pb,贵州省农业非点源污染土壤中重金属累积污染程度Hg＞Pb＞Cd＞As＞Cr。各地区污染物种类和程度不同,重金属As污染为中部地区较高,农业土壤Hg、Pb污染主要集中在中部和东部地区,Cd污染主要发生在南部区域。     

红壤丘陵区典型流域地表水水环境特征研究——以浏阳河流域为例

选取浏阳河流域为例,根据近十年河流断面监测数据,采用改进的综合污染指数法来评价水质污染程度,研究了该红壤丘陵区典型河流水质的时空变化特征,并结合土地利用和土壤特征等分析地表水质变化原因。结果表明,改进的综合污染指数法有较好的适用性;从时间特征上看,由于面源污染加剧,使得浏阳河近十年的水质污染呈增长趋势;从空间特征上看,浏阳河从上游到下游,河流污染呈增长趋势,上游水质较好,中游表现为重金属铅和汞的污染较大,而下游则是氨氮污染加剧。