合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征

2014年4月，应用热/光碳分析仪测定合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中的有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）。结果显示，PM10、PM2.5的平均质量浓度分别为(124.0±34.3)μg/m3和(96.3±29.2) μg/m3,PM10中OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为(15.1±5.5)μg/m3和(6.0±2.1) μg/m3，PM2.5中OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为(12.1±3.5）μg/m3和(5.5±2.1) μg/m3。OC、EC在PM2.5中所占的比例均高于在PM10中的比例，说明合肥市春季PM2.5中碳的含量更高。通过分析8个碳组分及OC/EC比值，发现燃煤、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧是主要贡献源； OC易形成二次污染，EC排放以焦炭为主。     

离子色谱法测定PM2.5中可溶性阳离子的探讨

对离子色谱测定大气颗粒物PM2.5中Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、NH+4等5种可溶性阳离子的方法作探讨，试验结果表明：石英滤膜的空白值较特氟龙滤膜高，尤其是Na+、Ca2+；样品前处理的超声时间以60 min为最佳；优化方法后标准曲线的相关性达0.999以上，对标准样品的测定值均在保证值范围内。当采样体积为标况下20 m3时，方法检出限Na+、NH+4为0.05 μg/m3，K+、Mg2+、Ca2+为0.1 μg/m3，实际样品平行测定6次的RSD≤1.3%，加标回收率范围为87.5%～109%。     

两性修饰红薯渣对紫色土吸附Cu2+的影响

采用十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱对红薯渣（R）做两性修饰，修饰比例分别为0、100%和200%，将得到的3种两性修饰红薯渣（R、100BS-R和200BS-R）以1%质量分数加入紫色土（PS）中，制成PS（对照）、PSR、PS100BS-R和PS200BS-R 4种混合土样。用批量处理法探究各供试土样对Cu2+的吸附等温特征，并考察温度、pH值和离子浓度对Cu2+吸附的影响。结果表明：各混合土样对Cu2+的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型，最大吸附量为99.46 mmol/kg~136.53 mmol/kg，Cu2+吸附量呈现PS200BS-R>PS100BS-R>PSR>PS的趋势。温度和pH值升高均有利于Cu2+被吸附，当离子浓度为01 mol/L时吸附效果最佳。     

废干电池铜帽中铜锌分离与回收

本文研究了一种回收废干电池铜帽中Cu、Zn的有效方法．此方法是利用锌粉还原酸溶解后溶液中的Cu^2＋形成海绵铜，其纯度达到85％，铜帽中Cu的回收率达96％．沉淀Cu后的溶液经进一步处理可制备出ZnO，纯度达97％以上．     

典型矿业城市大气颗粒物水溶性离子分布特征

利用2014年7月和2015年1月在淮南市不同功能区采集的大气颗粒物样品，分析其水溶性离子时空和粒径分布特征。结果表明：夏季和冬季粗、细粒子中总水溶性离子质量浓度均值分别为（13.45±4.53）μg/m3、（27.81±17.65）μg/m3和（12.87±8.37）μg/m3、（85.08±35.41）μg/m3。淮南市大气颗粒物中主要的水溶性离子为Ca2+、NO-3和SO2-4。冬季各功能区PM2.5中总水溶性离子质量浓度普遍高于夏季。大气颗粒物中水溶性离子主要来源于土壤源、工业污染及二次转化，冬季二次污染源主要以流动源污染为主，而夏季流动源和固定源污染贡献接近。     

合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征

选取桂林市5个代表性监测点，采用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪在线分析该市夏季大气PM2.5的化学组成及化学成分分布。结果表明： 5个监测点，＞80%的PM2.5分布在0.2 μm～1.0 μm的小粒径范围，＜20%的PM2.5分布在1.0 μm～2.5 μm大粒径范围； 大气PM2.5中离子成分包含Na+、K+、NH+4、C2H3+/Al+、Fe+、HSO-4、NO-3、NO-2、CNO-、CN-、SO-3、O-和元素碳离子； PM2.5中离子按成分特征可分为元素碳、有机碳、元素碳有机碳混合颗粒、富锰颗粒、富铁颗粒、富钾颗粒、矿物质、左旋葡聚糖以及其他金属等9类，各监测点元素碳占比均超过50%； 元素碳与硫酸盐、铵盐、硝酸盐发生内混合的程度极高，其中各监测点元素碳与硫酸盐混合程度最高，均达到90%左右。     

基于活性污泥微生物冻后再生对废水基质降解效能的研究

采用高径比为12.5的序批式反应器(SBR)对冷冻的成熟好氧颗粒污泥（AGS）解冻驯化，研究母体颗粒冻后富集培养及其在番茄废水基质降解中的循环利用。结果表明：冻后恢复活性的污泥第60天全部颗粒化，平均粒径不小于0.45 mm；高通量测序结果显示，相较母体颗粒，该污泥中与颗粒化相关的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)优势菌群富集，微生物丰度呈显著差异（P<0.05）；复合菌株对COD、NH3-N和PO3-4-P去除率分别为98.9%、82.1%和82.2%，可实现番茄废水的有效降解。     

连续曝气SBR快速培养AGS及反应器流态的CFD解析

配制模拟番茄酱废水,在高径比为10的SBR反应器中,考察连续曝气条件下好氧颗粒污泥（AGS）的除污性能和微生物特性的变化。建立流体动力学模型,模拟反应器中气〖CD*2〗液〖CD*2〗污泥三相流的流态,以了解其对污泥颗粒化的影响机理。结果表明：污泥完全颗粒化后,对番茄酱废水中COD、NH3-N和PO3-4-P的去除率分别为94.37%、93.55%和9092%;绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)丰度显著提高,假丝酵母菌（Candidatus saccharibacteria）为除磷功能微生物;反应器内的流态结构呈环流和旋涡流,水力剪切力的大小与颗粒粒径呈正相关,颗粒形态与流态分布有关。     

清水河流域水体中5种重金属的分布特征及健康风险评价

通过2018年在清水河流域布设32个采样点监测各水期Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn和Cd 5种重金属质量浓度，分析重金属污染状况和来源，并评价对人体产生的健康风险。结果表明：总体上清水河流域5种重金属质量浓度较低，除了Fe在丰水期平均质量浓度超过标准值外，其余均未超标。各采样点重金属质量浓度存在较大差异，总体表现为支流高于干流。受污染最严重的水期为丰水期，受污染最严重的区域为苋麻河，主要污染贡献因子为Fe。5种重金属产生的总健康风险最高为313×10-7 a-1，远低于USEPA推荐的最大可接受水平（1×10-4 a-1），其中致癌污染物Cd产生的健康风险最大。     

磁性硅基介孔材料对水中微囊藻毒素的吸附研究

采用水热合成法可控合成了磁性Fe 3O 4@SiO 2和Fe 3O 4@SiO 2@Cu^2+球状核壳介孔材料,研究了模板剂的种类及去除方式对形貌的影响,并将材料用作固相萃取剂选择性吸附水中微囊藻毒素,结合高效液相色谱定量分析来研究其对MC-LR的吸附性能。实验表明,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)模板剂更有利于壳层的形成,3次乙醇振荡萃取的方式对于两种材料均可达到很好的模板剂去除效果,对MC-LR的吸附率分别达到85%和95%以上,而马弗炉煅烧方式则适用于Fe 3O 4@SiO 2@Cu^2+介孔材料的制备。太湖水样中MC-LR的去除实验表明,两种材料能够很好地应用于实际水样处理。     

工业温室气体CO2排放监测技术前期研究

介绍了国内外二氧化碳（ CO2）气体检测方法，选取红外传感器、非分散红外和气相色谱3种方法监测工业燃煤废气中的CO2。试验结果表明，3种方法的精密度和准确度均满足要求；单一燃煤废气中CO2的体积分数范围为6．70％～15．10％，同一排气筒中CO2体积分数5 min的波动范围为0～22．4％；同一排气筒（单一燃煤废气）中CO2和O2的体积分数有一定的关联性，二者之和基本稳定在19％～21％范围；非分散红外法和气相色谱法测定同一样品的相对偏差为0．9％～3．4％；红外传感器适用于有组织排放的现场监测，另2种方法适用于无组织废气和环境空气监测。     

COD and TOC analysis of leachate from a solidified organic waste

Several combinations of binders and absorbent additives were utilized to solidify a typical organic waste, API Separator sludge. The effectiveness of the materials was based on the waste leachability from the solidified samples. COD and TOC analyses were used to determine the organic content of the leachate samples.The ability of the COD and TOC analyses to assess waste leachability was limited. The inability of the COD and TOC tests to differentiate between organic compounds made the results difficult to interpret. This was due to organic contaminants from the solidification materials contributing to the COD and TOC contents of the leachates. Also, the COD test may have be influenced by reduced inorganic compounds contained in the flyash binder and the sludge. Representative samples for the TOC analysis were difficult to obtain for the leachates containing oils or suspended particles. It is recommended that the COD and TOC tests only be used as a screening method for determining solidified organic waste leachability and other methods need to be employed to obtain more accurate results.     

Validation and Applications of a Chemical Equilibrium Model for Struvite Precipitation

Removal of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater can be accomplished by precipitating these as the mineral struvite (NH₄MgPO₄. 6H₂O). Predicting struvite precipitation potential, yield, and purity is important for designers and operators of reactors for struvite precipitation. In this paper, a mathematical model of this precipitation process is developed using physicochemical equilibrium expressions, mass balance equations for nitrogen, phosphorous and magnesium, and charge balance. The model was simulated to explicitly solve for equilibrium concentrations of eighteen species that included dissolved (three), ionic (ten), and solid (five) species for a given set of initial concentrations of ammonium–nitrogen, magnesium and phosphate–phosphorus, and pH. The model simulations were validated against literature experimental data, which used synthetic as well as actual wastewater, and data from our experiments. The model satisfactorily predicted most data. Struvite fraction in the precipitate ranged from 27% to 100%. The purity of struvite in the precipitate and the pH that maximizes struvite fraction was dependent on the initial concentrations of ammonium, magnesium, and phosphate. Optimum pH and struvite fraction was, respectively, 8.5 and 29.3% for an equimolar mixture of ammonia, magnesium, and phosphate and 9.8 and 98.3% for 10:1.7:3.4 mM ratio. Struvite fraction in the precipitate increased as magnesium became limiting or as ammonia to phosphate ratio increased and magnesium to phosphate ratio decreased. Since the struvite component is only a fraction of the total solids, it is erroneous to report the total precipitate produced as being struvite as is conventionally done.     

硫化物水样预处理方法的改进

以2% NaOH 溶液替代醋酸锌溶液为硫化物吸收液;另由体积分数50%的盐酸替代磷酸作酸化剂,可避免吸收瓶壁附着物生成,提高硫化物的吸收率,样品加标回收率为92.5%～100%.     

Use of solvent extraction for the removal of heavy metals from liquid wastes

Solvent extraction is recommended as a suitable method for the removal of heavy metals from the waste waters of the chemical and electronic industries. Common extractants are organic compounds with molecular mass 200–450, almost insoluble in water (5–50 ppm), that selectively extract metals from aqueous solutions. On the basis of data from the literature, the extraction conditions are reviewed for the metals that cause problems in waste waters. The extraction conditions are understood to mean the type of extractant, anion present in the aqueous phase, and pH. As far as the data permit, the metals are ordered according to their extractability by given extractants. Special attention is paid to the main source of contamination of waste waters by heavy metals, namely electroplating plants. Two examples of the design of mixer-settler batteries are presented, which demonstrate continuous removal of heavy metals from the waste waters of electroplating plants to levels below the permissible limits. The first example illustrates removal of cadmium using triisooctylamine in a mixer-settler battery with the pertraction flow-arrangement; the second, removal of zinc and lead from rinse waters using the organophosphoric acid DEHPA (bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid) in a battery with counter-current flow and reflux. The extraction equilibrium data were obtained in laboratory experiments using chloride solutions in concentrations close to those in the rinse waters of electroplating plants (erná and Volaufová, 1991).     

固定污染源废气中磷酸雾测定方法研究

目前,对固定污染源废气中磷酸雾的检测并无统一的方法,相关含磷污染物的控制指标主要是磷化氢、单质磷以及五氧化二磷。在调研国内外分析方法及相关文献的基础上,通过对几种典型含磷污染源的实样测试,提出了固定污染源废气中磷酸雾的检测方法。结果表明,使用石英滤筒捕集固定污染源废气中的磷酸雾,采样效率可达98%以上。捕集到的总磷酸雾不仅包含磷酸,还包含磷酸盐以及含磷氧化物等,是一项综合指标。该指标能够反映含磷污染物的排放特征,可为未来此类污染物的排放控制提供依据。     

天维膜处置钢丝绳酸性废液实验中存在的问题

南通地区很多钢丝绳企业采用酸洗磷化工艺,产生大量含铅、铁、锌等重金属离子的酸性废液,造成区域特征性环境污染.选用山东天维膜技术有限公司的扩散渗析阴膜进行钢丝绳酸性废液处置实验.结果表明:该膜能有效地将酸、盐分离,酸的回收率达到90％以上,铅截留率达到70％以上,铁截留率达到80％以上.但实验中出现氯化铅晶体析出,堵塞处...     

Variation of total organic carbon content along the stream Harsit, Eastern Black Sea Basin, Turkey

The TOC in surface waters and wastewater is an important analytical parameter describing the total content of all organic substances containing carbon. In practice, the TOC originated from natural and anthropogenic sources, and even if it is not directly responsible for dangers on human health, its determination is important for any kind of water that is used by public. The aim of this study was to determine variation of total organic carbon (TOC) and total carbon (TC) content in the stream Harsit, which courses in Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey. Sampling was fortnightly conducted in each of the four seasons between March 2009 and February 2010. A total of 230 water samples were collected from ten sampling stations along the main branch of the stream Harsit with 143 km of length. Obtained TOC values were evaluated and used to classify the water quality of stream Harsit, according to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation (TWPCR). The annual average TOC content values for the stations were found between 2.33 and 6.97 mg/L. It was seen that the TOC content have increased along the streamcourse of Harsit until the fourth station, where reaches its maximum value. The TOC content, then, has decreased and the minimum value was observed in the eighth station. The results showed that, except in winter season, maximum TOC content observed in many of the water samples were above Class I water standard indicated in TWPCR, which classifies the water resources according to the different area of uses. It was also found that TOC has a small contribution to TC and the highest TOC content in stream waters were measured in Gumushane station where direct discharge of city wastewaters and solid waste dumping to the stream were observed.     

原子吸收法测定水中锌质量控制指标研究

根据地域和监测技术代表性的筛选,在11个省份中选择了70家实验室参加测试工作,通过大量的监测数据,研究了原子吸收分光光度法测定水中锌的质量控制指标。研究表明:在0.3～1.5mg/L范围内,标准样品RSD≤3.0%,RSD’≤10.0%;浓度小于等于0.5mg/L时RE在±10.0%范围内,浓度为0.5～1.5mg/L时RE在±5.0%范围内。实际样品浓度小于等于0.05mg/L时,RD≤20.0%;浓度0.05～3.5mg/L时,RD≤5.0%。加标回收率控制范围为85%～110%。     

Metal Pollution Assessment of Surface Sediments Along a New Gas Pipeline in the Niger Delta (Nigeria)

Chromium, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium were determined in sediments of the Niger Delta (Nigeria) in order to discriminate between natural metal sources and anthropogenic ones. Surface sediments were collected at seven sites along a new gas pipeline near Port Harcourt, between the New Calabar River and the Bonny River towards Bonny town. Chemical characterisation is obtained by hydrofluoric–nitric acid digestion procedure, providing the ‘total’ (‘residual’) metal contents. Information about the anthropogenic metal fraction was obtained by cold diluted hydrochloric acid extraction procedure. This ‘labile’ acid soluble fraction of metals, perhaps due to relatively recent inputs in the sediments, constitutes the fraction more likely to be available to marine organisms, and furnishes a first evaluation of the possible toxicity of sediments of this sensitive ecosystem. Zinc appears to be the most available of all the heavy metals: its ‘labile’ fraction attains 40–50% of the ‘total’ zinc in sediment. Sites near Port Harcourt city are the most contaminated. All the examined metals are one order of magnitude below the respective values proposed as a limit for toxicity and are comparable with those observed by other authors in similar Niger Delta areas. Some anomalous data found near Port Harcourt city suggest that zinc and cadmium are the metals that require further monitoring. Their anthropogenic source could be derived from urban and industrial sewage.