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1.
2020年3月2日—2021年2月28日在安庆市政务服务中心楼顶设置监测点,手工采集PM2.5样品,运用多波段碳分析仪(DRI Model 2015)分析样品中碳质组分有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)质量浓度;利用OC/EC法、相关分析法和主成分因子分析法对PM2.5中碳质组分的污染特征和可能来源进行解析。结果显示:安庆市手工采样期间PM2.5平均质量浓度为(45.9±28.1)μg/m3,OC和EC的平均浓度分别为(8.0±3.4)、(1.4±0.6)μg/m3,在PM2.5中占比为17.4%、3.1%。四季OC平均浓度分布为冬季(9.7±4.2)μg/m3 >春季(9.0±2.5)μg/m3 >秋季(8.3±2.9)μg/m3 >夏季(5.1±1.6)μg/m3,EC平均浓度分布为冬季(1.7±0.5)μg/m3 >春季(1.7±0.6)μg/m3 >秋季(1.3±0.4)μg/m3 >夏季(0.8±0.3)μg/m3。OC/EC范围为3.11~12.14,平均值为5.83,表明安庆市存在二次有机碳(SOC),SOC均值为(2.89±1.94)μg/m3,分别占OC和PM2.5浓度的36.1%、6.3%;四季OC、EC相关性不显著,r均小于0.85,说明安庆市的碳质组分较复杂;在不同空气质量等级条件下,OC质量浓度随着污染等级的升高而逐渐升高,EC质量浓度随着污染等级升高而先升高后降低。利用主成分分析法进行来源解析发现,道路扬尘、燃煤、柴油车尾气是碳质组分的主要来源。  相似文献   

2.
超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测溴代阻燃剂   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用Acquity BEH C18色谱柱,以甲醇-乙腈混合液和水为流动相,辅以电喷雾正离子模式多反应监测(MRM)进行定性定量分析,建立了一种同位素稀释超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测四溴双酚A(TBBPA)、三-(2,3-二溴丙基)异氰脲酸酯(TBC)和3种六溴环十二烷(HBCD)异构体的方法。水样通过固相萃取进行净化,回收率达到85.3%~96.1%。土壤和底泥样品经加速溶剂萃取后,采用酸性硅胶和中性硅胶柱进行净化,回收率达到81.5%~102.7%。该方法对TBBPA、TBC、α-HBCD、β-HBCD、γ-HBCD在水和土壤中的检测限分别为1.0、1.2、2.0、0.8、1.2 ng/L和0.10、0.12、0.20、0.08、0.12 ng/g。  相似文献   

3.
为有效制定城市层面的低碳发展政策,实现碳达峰的发展目标,利用碳卫星2号(OCO-2)监测的高分辨率大气CO2柱浓度数据(XCO2),分析浙江省杭州、宁波和嘉兴3个典型城市的XCO2变化特征,以及人类活动和XCO2变化的关系;识别城市碳排放热点区域,评估碳排放热点源对XCO2的影响,并利用拉格朗日粒子扩散模型(LPDM)进行验证。结果表明:(1)2016—2021年3个城市的XCO2年增长量分别为3.1×10-6,2.3×10-6和2.2×10-6,杭州的增长量最为明显;杭州和宁波在2019—2021年XCO2增量明显,分别为8.0×10-6和5.7×10-6。杭州XCO2的变化趋势与临安大气本底站CO2观测数据的变化趋势一致。(2)与2017年相比,3个城市的建筑用地面积都略有增加,分别增加了0.9%,2.2%和4.8%;从人口和GDP数据来看,2016—2021年3个城市也均呈持续增加的变化趋势。表明CO2浓度升高与人类活动密切相关。(3)XCO2正距平高值区域基本都对应了碳排放热点源(电力企业)的下风向地区,电力企业CO2的排放会导致下风向地区的XCO2出现局地性增长,增量为7×10-6~9×10-6。  相似文献   

4.
北京减河-潮白河水系的浮游植物与水质分析   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
2009年的调查结果显示,在北京减河-潮白河(顺义段)水系的10个监测断面中共检出浮游植物6门72种,其中蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻种数分别占20.8%、38.9%、27.8%。Shannon-Weaver多样性指数为1.45~2.42, 属中度污染。浮游植物平均密度为2991.17×104cells/L, 其中蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻分别占73.6%、8.1%、13.9%,群落中的优势种群均为耐有机污染的富营养型水体指示种。该水系6项理化指标(SD、TN、TP、CODCr、BOD5、 Chla )的TSIM值为86.02~89.66,属于富营养型水体,主要污染物是TP、TN、CODCr。在物理、化学和生物因素的综合作用下TN、TP含量在该水系中的降低率分别为79.36%,74.29%。浮游植物密度与CODCr、Chla呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。  相似文献   

5.
在石家庄臭氧(O3)污染较重的7月,开展连续10 d(2018年7月6—15日),8次/d的加密监测,获得大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)苏玛罐样品数据及O3在线监测数据,分析了采样期间O3污染特征、VOCs组成及O3生成潜势(OFP)特征,并对VOCs来源进行了研究。结果表明,采样期间O3-3 h浓度最高为243 μg/m3,与相对湿度存在明显的反相关关系,与温度和风速存在良好的正相关关系。VOCs平均体积分数为(75.28±5.81)×10-9,各组分浓度所占比例为OVOCs>烷烃>卤代烃>烯炔烃>芳香烃>其他组分。各类VOCs中,OVOCs对OFP的贡献最大,占64.12%。作为光化学反应的中间产物,OVOCs的一次来源较少,表明二次污染物对石家庄大气O3生成有重要贡献。从具体组分来看,OFP值排名前十的组分以OVOCs为主,其中最高的为甲基丙烯酸甲酯。采样期间,VOCs一次来源主要为汽油车和柴油车尾气排放,贡献率分别为38%与32%;溶剂使用、汽油挥发、生物排放分别占13%、11%、6%。VOCs主要受本地排放影响。  相似文献   

6.
天津市PM2.5中水溶性无机离子污染特征及来源分析   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
2008年1、4、7月和10月在天津大气层边界站,利用中流量采样器对大气中的细粒子进行了滤膜样品采集,应用离子色谱检测技术分析了8种水溶性无机离子(Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、SO42-、NO3-和Cl-)的含量。结果表明,天津市大气PM2.5中总水溶性无机离子平均浓度为47.3 μg/m3,其中,SO42-、NO3-、NH4+和Cl-是最主要的水溶性无机离子,占总离子质量分数共计87.3%,表明了天津市细粒子中的主要水溶性无机离子的特征。/2 平均比值接近1.0,显示硫酸氨是细粒子中硫酸盐的主要存在形式。NO3-/SO42-浓度比的平均值为0.65,反映了燃煤污染与机动车尾气污染并存的复合型大气污染特征。并通过对PM2.5中8个水溶性离子成分的主成分分析进一步揭示了其来源。  相似文献   

7.
分别于2013年10月和2014年2月、5月、7月在贵阳市城区3个环境空气质量监测国控点位(南明区市监测站、云岩区黔灵公园马鞍山和观山湖区贵阳一中)进行PM10、PM2.5样品采集,并对10种水溶性离子(SO42-、NO2-、NO3-、NH4+、Cl-、F-、Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)的含量进行了分析。结果表明,研究时段内,贵阳市3个点位PM10、PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为(64.8±25.5)、(46.6±21.2)μg/m3。其中,云岩区黔灵公园马鞍山点位的颗粒物浓度最低,南明区市监测站点位最高。3个点位PM2.5平均浓度与PM10平均浓度的比值为0.719,表明贵阳市城区PM10中,PM2.5占主导地位。水溶性离子分析显示,SO42-、NO2-、NO3-、NH4+、Cl-、F-、Na+、K+主要分布在PM2.5中,Mg2+、Ca2+主要分布在PM10中。3个点位PM10和PM2.5中的水溶性离子均表现为SO42-、NH4+、Ca2+浓度较大,F-、NO2-较小,表明3个点位的污染源总体相同,且水溶性离子占PM10、PM2.5含量的比例达33.6%~48.1%。贵阳市城区大气中的SO2转化率在5月、7月、10月较高,2月最低,主要是由于5月、7月、10月的高温、高湿、强辐射环境条件促进了SO2向SO42-的转化。阴阳离子平衡分析表明,贵阳市城区PM10、PM2.5呈现出偏碱性的特征。水溶性离子主成分分析表明,贵阳市城区PM10中的水溶性离子主要来源于城市扬尘、生物质燃烧尘、煤烟尘、建筑尘以及二次粒子,PM2.5中水溶性离子的来源与PM10较为相似。  相似文献   

8.
卫星遥感技术是深入了解大气二氧化碳(CO2)时空分布特征的重要手段之一,由于探测技术的限制,目前基于卫星遥感观测数据反演的CO2产品的空间覆盖度较低,数据缺失严重,不足以反映CO2浓度的空间分布情况。现基于轨道碳观测卫星-2 (OCO-2)、哨兵5P (Sentinel-5P)、美国CO2同化模拟系统(Carbon Tracker)和欧洲中期天气预报中心第5代(ERA-5)气象再分析数据,结合时间序列拟合估算模型和随机森林算法,重构了2019—2022年中国地区高精度(0.05°×0.05°)大气CO2平均干空气混合比(XCO2),分析了中国地区CO2时空变化特征。与OCO-2和Carbon Tracker对比结果显示,重构得到的XCO2与OCO-2的观测结果一致性更高,均方根误差为1.05 ×10-6,决定系数高达0.96,可以在较高空间分辨率上体现中国地区XCO2的时空分布情况。基于重构的XCO2数据得知,中国地区XCO2呈现明显的季节性波动,XCO2呈冬春高、夏秋低的特征;2019—2022年,中国地区XCO2呈现逐年上升的趋势,增长率达到(2.41±0.01)×10-6/a,但近年来增长速率有所降低;从空间分布来看,中国东部、北部、中部地区的XCO2显著高于其他地区,且增长率也较高;进一步分析中国典型经济区的XCO2发现,杭州、天津、成都的XCO2在各经济区内的增长最为迅速。研究成果可为碳监测研究、碳排放清单验证、碳排放管理、温室气体减排等研究提供重要的数据支撑。  相似文献   

9.
应用化学法及吹扫捕集、气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS),检测Z市农村不同类型饮用水与癌症相关的有机污染物,对污染物的剂量与癌症标化死亡率进行Spearman等级相关分析。该市河水、池塘水、浅井水中部分样品的CODMn、BOD5和NH3-N指标超过地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准,微生物指标超过生活饮用水卫生标准,检出NH3-N及NO3-N、NO2-N合成致癌物NAD的2类前体物及NDMA等直接致癌物。Z市农村河水、池塘水、浅井水主要受生活排污和农业生产污染,不宜作生活饮用水。不同类型饮用水有机污染物丰水期高于枯水期(P值均小于0.05)。癌症标化死亡率与不同类型饮用水有机污染浓度呈等级正相关(P值均小于0.05),与NO2-N、NDMA、NDEA含量呈剂量-效应关系。直接饮用污染的地表水是造成该市农村癌症高发聚集分布的主要原因之一。  相似文献   

10.
利用双梯度液相色谱仪与固相萃取技术结合,建立了一种在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱同时测定环境水体中甲萘威和百菌清的方法。在取样2.5 mL时,甲萘威和百菌清的检出限分别为0.6 ng/mL和0.4 ng/mL。以20 μg/L标准溶液作为样品溶液,连续进样5针,测定峰面积,计算相对标准偏差(RSD),结果甲萘威的RSD为1.45%,百菌清的RSD为1.20%,符合方法学要求。  相似文献   

11.
The distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was investigated in a total of 15 water and sediment samples from the Yellow River Estuary, China in April 2011. The results indicated that the concentrations of PFOS in the water and sediment samples averaged 157.5 ng/L and 198.8 ng/g and ranged from 82.30 to 261.8 ng/L and 75.48 to 457.0 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of PFOS in the sediment column increased from 45.32 to 379.98 ng/g with the decrease of the sampling depth, which showed that the increased PFOS pollution in the sediment appeared in this region in over recent years. The distribution coefficient (K d) of PFOS between water and sediment linearly increased from 0.37 to 4.80 L/g as the salinity (S‰) increased from 0.18 to 4.47. Correlation analysis revealed that K d was significantly and positively correlated to the contents of total organic carbon and clay of the sediment, and salinity. Therefore, salinity was an important parameter in controlling the sediment–water interactions and the fate or transport of PFOS in the aquatic environment. The results of this study showed that the estuary was an important sink for PFOS and suggested that PFOS might be carried with the river water and transported for long distances before it reached to the sea and largely scavenged to the sediment in the estuaries due to the change in salinity.  相似文献   

12.
Air samples were collected at a residential site (Gulbahce, Bursa, Turkey) between August 2004 and April 2005 using a modified high volume air sampler. The mean of gas and particle phase concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were 468 ± 297 and 43 ± 37 pg m???3 (average ± standard deviation, SD), respectively. The dominated PCB homologs were 3-CBs, 4-CBs, and 5-CBs. The measured PCB concentrations were higher than the values of pristine sites. In order to assess the gas/particle partitioning fate, log K P–log $P_{\rm L}^o$ , log K P–log K OA and the Junge–Pankow model were applied to the data. Experimental K P was well correlated with $\log P_{\rm L}^o$ and log K OA at p?<?0.05. Then, dry deposition fluxes were estimated using atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition velocities obtained from literature. A correlation matrix was formed for PCB homologs including 27 congeners with concurrently measured 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and meteorological parameters. Most of PAH compounds were significantly correlated with 5-CBs and 6-CBs.  相似文献   

13.
In this study, a method for the simultaneous determination of two steroid hormones, 17β-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3), and a hormone mimicking polycarbonate, bisphenol-A (BPA), was developed and validated. This was thereafter used for the determination of the levels of the hormones in surface water collected around some livestock farms. The sensitivity of the method allowed the LODs and LOQs of the hormones and mimic hormone in the range 1.14–2.510 and 3.42–7.53 μg/L, respectively. The results revealed wide variability in the concentrations of E2 and E3, while BPA was not detected at any of the sampling stations. The concentration of E3 ranged between <1.14 and 45.5 μg/L (N = 120) in station 2 water. The highest concentration of E2 (15.7 μg/L, N = 80) was observed in water from station 1. The varied concentrations may be connected with the nature and sources of release, inconsistencies in analyte distribution due to dynamics of water flow pattern and the physical/chemical properties of the receiving water bodies.  相似文献   

14.
A study on the quality of water abstracted for potable use was conducted in the Selangor River basin from November 2008 to July 2009. Seven sampling sites representing the intake points of water treatment plants in the basin were selected to determine the occurrence and level of 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), six phthalate esters (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BPA). Results indicated OCPs were still detected regularly in 66.1 % of the samples with the Σ15OCPs ranging from 0.6–25.2 ng/L. The first data on PAEs contamination in the basin revealed Σ6PAEs concentrations were between 39.0 and 1,096.6 ng/L with a median concentration of 186.0 ng/L while BPA concentration ranged from <1.2 to 120.0 ng/L. Although di-n-butyl phthalate was detected in all the samples, concentrations of di-ethyl(hexyl)phthalate were higher. Sampling sites located downstream recorded the highest concentrations, together with samples collected during the dry season. Comparison of the detected contaminants with the Department of Environment Water Quality Index (DOE-WQI) showed some agreement between the concentration and the current classification of stream water. While the results suggest that the sites were only slightly polluted and suitable to be used as drinking water source, its presence is cause for concern especially to the fragile firefly “Pteroptyx tener” ecosystem located further downstream.  相似文献   

15.
The sediment–water distribution coefficient, K d, is one of the most important parameters in radionuclide assessment models. In this study, we determined K ds of stable iodine (I) in estuarine and coastal regions. We studied 16 estuarine and coastal regions of Japan and obtained I data on water and sediments. Data on salinity, pH, dissolved organic carbon and dissolved oxygen in water, and organic carbon (OC) in sediments were also obtained as estuarine variables. Determined K ds of I in the Sagami River estuary decreased along the salinity gradient (salinity range, 0.1–33.8), indicating that salinity is one of the important factors controlling the K d values; however, when the K d values were compared among all the estuaries, the difference between minimum and maximum K d values varied by about two orders of magnitude in a narrow salinity range of 30.0–34.4. A significant correlation between K d value and OC content in sediments was observed in all the stations with a salinity of ≥30 except for stations in the Ishikari and Onga River estuaries. The exceptions are probably due to different sources of the sediments, which are explained by the results of relatively low I/OC ratios in sediments in those two estuaries, compared to the other estuaries. Thus, OC in sediments as well as salinity may be responsible for the variation of K ds of I in the estuarine and coastal regions.  相似文献   

16.
The determination of mercury in crude oil and petroleum products is particularly difficult due to the volatile nature of both mercury and the matrix, which may lead to significant loss of the analyte. A simple extraction method for total mercury has been developed to determine total mercury in crude oil using cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The homogenized crude oil sample was diluted to 5, 10, and 20 % (w/w) in toluene. The diluted crude oil samples were spiked with 10 and 40 μg/kg (w/w). The samples were extracted using an oxidant/acid solution, BrCl/HCl. The mercury was extracted into the aqueous phase; the ionic mercury was then reduced to volatile elemental mercury (Hg0) by stannous chloride (SnCl2). The mercury vapor was detected by Merlin cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry at a 253.7-nm wavelength. The average recoveries for mercury in spiked diluted crude oil (10 and 40 μg/kg, w/w) were between 96 and 103 %, respectively, in 5 and 10 % spiked diluted crude oil. Whereas, low recoveries (<50 %) were recorded in 20 % diluted spiked crude oil. The method detection limit was calculated as t (0.01)(n ? 1)?×?SD where t is the student's value for 99 % confidence level and standard deviation estimate with n???1 degrees of freedom. The method detection limit was found to be 0.38 μg/kg based on 5 g of diluted crude oil sample. The method is sensitive enough to determine low levels of mercury in crude oil.  相似文献   

17.
The effective determination of heavy metals from environmental media is among the most important issues for many industrialized countries. The interaction between RS-N, as novel heavy metal probe, and metal ions was studied. RS-N shows selective color change from colorless to pink in the presence of Hg2+ in methanol/water solvent and the UV–Vis study shows peak at 560 nm. Fluorescence data revealed that the fluorescence enhance of RS-N by Hg2+ dramatically was the result of the formation of [Hg2+]RS-N complex. The effective association constants (K a ) were 3.97?×?105 and 0.204?×?105 M?1 for Hg2+ and Cu2+ to RS-N, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (ΔH 0) and entropy change (ΔS 0), were calculated to be ?6.431?±?0.226 kJ/mol and ?0.129?±?0.008 J/K/mol, respectively, according to van’t Hoff equation on the basis of Gibbs free energy (ΔG 0) ranged from ?33.8326 to ?28.5389 kJ/mol.  相似文献   

18.
Aqueous triethanolamine (TEA) solutions are widely used as sorption medium for passive sampling of ambient NO2, with NO2 trapped and accumulated as nitrite ion. The results of test measurements of ambient NO2 concentrations using passive sampling method showed that the simple approach commonly used to describe passive sampling process might lead to substantial systematic errors. Presented in the article is a new physicochemical model of the process of passive sampling of gaseous NO2, with aqueous TEA solution used as a trapping medium. The model is based on the available results of experimental studies of interaction of gaseous NO2 with TEA/water solutions. The key principles underlying the model are: (1) when absorbed by a trapping solution, NO2 forms nitrite ion only on the condition that TEA is hydrated; (2) coefficient of conversion of NO2 to NO 2 ? is equal to one when reacting with hydrated TEA; and (3) the fraction of hydrated TEA molecules depends on air humidity at the moment of measurement. Validation of the model was made using the data of the field measurements carried out in the Middle Urals in 2007–2009. The new model was used to calculate average NO2 concentrations. Concentrations calculated agreed well with the results obtained by reference methods. The difference between the datasets was statistically insignificant.  相似文献   

19.
Occurrence and fate of eight kinds of selected endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in three sewage treatment plants (STPs) of Beijing, China was investigated. These EDCs, composed of 4-octylphenol (4-OP), 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), estrone (E1), 17α-estradiol (17α-E2), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), in every step of STPs, were simultaneously analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after derivatisation. All the EDCs were detected in the influents of three STPs, and BPA was the most abundant compound. The concentrations of EDCs ranged from 36.6 ng/l of 17α-E2 (STP C) to 1342.3 ng/l of BPA (STP B) in the influent sewages and from below limits of detection of E2 and E3 (STP C) to 142.5 ng/l of E1 (STP B) in the effluent sewages. The STPs could not remove alkylphenols effectively from the aqueous phase with less than 40% reduction. BPA decreased over 90%, and steroid estrogens achieved considerable reductions from 64.8% of E2 to 94.9% of E3. Generally, biological treatment was more effective in removing alkylphenols, BPA and natural estrogens from the aqueous phase than primary treatment. However, the synthetic estrogen, EE2, was mostly removed by the primary treatment with about 63.5% reduction. It is the first time that the concentration of 17α-E2 in the sewage of China was reported in this paper. The compound might have a bearing with the waste effluents of dairy farms around urban area of Beijing.  相似文献   

20.
贵州三水库冬季浮游生物分布及影响因子分析   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
为揭示喀斯特地区深水水库冬季的浮游生物群落结构及其影响因子,于2010年2月对贵州红枫湖、百花湖和阿哈水库进行采样分析。共鉴定出红枫湖、百花湖和阿哈水库的浮游植物分别为66、70、60种,浮游植物丰度范围分别为0.34×106~2.25×106、3.03×106~12.72×106、5.3×106~13.3×106 cells/L,后生浮游动物分别为22、16、24种,丰度变化范围分别为1.1~36.5、7.3~408、27~135 ind/L。Jaccard相似系数显示红枫湖/百花湖(0.381)>百花湖/阿哈水库(0.371)>红枫湖/阿哈水库(0.274)。典范对应分析(CCA)显示3个水库冬季的浮游植物的分布主要受透明度、温度、喜冷中镖水蚤、右突新镖水蚤、pH、舞跃无柄轮虫的影响,后生浮游动物的分布主要受透明度、温度、DO、沼泽颤藻、单角盘星藻具孔变种、TN和颗粒直连藻极狭变种螺旋变形的影响。  相似文献   

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