浅谈秸秆资源的综合利用

从避免减少秸秆的焚烧、秸秆入河的角度，简要介绍了秸秆资源的综合利用，从而减轻了对大气环境和水环境的污染和危害，提高了资源的综合利用．     

江苏开展秸秆焚烧卫星遥感监测工作

为监控秸秆焚烧状况，江苏省环境监测中心于2008年着手开展利用遥感手段进行秸秆焚烧火点监测的技术研究，目前已形成基于EOS／MODIS卫星数据的遥感监测火点业务能力。自2009年5月13日起正式开展全省秸秆焚烧卫星遥感监测工作，每日编发《江苏省秸秆焚烧火点卫星遥感监测报告》，并将监测结果及时报送至省环保厅、省环境监察局，此举对加强江苏各地秸秆禁烧工作起到积极推动作用。     

野外燃烧秸秆对环境质量的影响与防治

分析了焚烧秸秆对环境质量的影响及种种危害 ,列举了数项秸秆综合利用技术和方案 ,旨在吁请各方更加关注作物秸秆的综合利用 ,禁止焚烧 ,以消除对环境质量的影响。     

浅谈秸秆焚烧对空气质量的影响

对2014年6月江苏省淮安市秸秆焚烧事件进行分析,研究表明:秸秆焚烧可以导致区域PM2.5、CO、NO2日均浓度分别上升4.2倍、2.9倍、4.4倍。通过对淮安市夏季秸秆焚烧对大气污染程度的分析,提出相应的解决对策,以供环境管理部门提供参考。     

江苏省环保厅启动应急预案全力防控PM2.5

2012年6月9日起,江苏省部分地区出现了夏季秸秆焚烧情况,加上静风、高湿、低压等不利扩散的气象条件,导致部分城市空气质量明显下降。其中,南京、扬州、镇江、泰州空气中PM2.5等指标急剧飙升,达到严重污染水平。江苏省环保厅立即启动了应急防控预案,将相关情况通报有关地方政府,同时紧急调动省级环境监察人员,赶赴全省各地巡查,督促当地政府立即采取果断措施,组织对秸秆焚烧情况进行防控。5月下旬以来,江苏省及周边地区进入秸秆焚烧高峰期。据卫星遥感影像解译和现场巡查结果,各地均存在不同程度     

秸秆焚烧对南通市空气质量的影响分析

为加强对秸秆焚烧的管理,通过对国家环境保护总局公布的夏冬收获季节卫星遥感探测的火点情况的统计分析,2004年-2009年夏冬收获季节南通市空气质量日变化趋势分析及典型秸秆焚烧日环境空气中污染物的小时变化趋势分析,得出秸秆焚烧对南通市环境空气质量影响的程度,掌握了南通市秸秆焚烧地域分布情况.     

中国秸秆焚烧的遥感监测与分析

用最近四年的MODIS火点数据,通过相关处理和分析,得出了全国秸秆焚烧状况的时空分布规律。结果表明,秸秆焚烧最严重的区域一直分布在淮河流域和陕西关中平原,这是秸秆禁烧工作的重点;南部各省秸秆焚烧点密度较小,比较分散,造成的危害相对较小。秸秆焚烧的主要时间,北方集中在夏秋季节,主要是小麦、玉米、油菜等的秸秆;南方集中在冬春季节,主要是水稻、甘蔗、油菜等的秸秆。秸秆焚烧的时空分布规律在最近几年基本无大的变化,秸秆焚烧面积在2002年~2005年期间逐年上升。文章结论反映了各地执行秸秆禁烧政策的效果,可为相关政府部门进行秸秆禁烧工作提供依据。     

环境监测卫星Suomi NPP业务特性及生态环境监测应用

介绍了美国2011年10月发射的环境监测卫星Suomi NPP的业务特性，利用该卫星获取的可见光/红外成像辐射仪VIIRS 遥感影像资料，开展了其在江苏省生态环境监测工作中应用效果研究。结果表明，NPP 卫星 VIIRS 载荷可有效地对江苏省太湖蓝藻水华、秸秆焚烧火点等进行遥感监测和分析，且观测性能较 MODIS 有所优化，还提供了夜间灯光强度、气溶胶、大气颗粒物等遥感产品，是生态环境监测的新型遥感信息源，可提升宏观生态环境问题的遥感监测能力。     

秸秆焚烧对空气质量影响特征及判别方法的研究

利用南京空气自动监测数据及PM_(2.5)组分监测结果,分析了2011年夏收秸秆焚烧期间大气污染特征,并探寻快速判别秸秆焚烧影响的指标及方法。结果表明:秸秆焚烧期间PM_(2.5)污染特征显著,其组分中K~+、EC、OC等浓度相对偏高。基于离子组分及碳元素在线监测数据,可选取K~+作为快速判别指标,并根据K~+与PM_(2.5)的相关性,计算秸秆焚烧对PM_(2.5)的贡献。同时结合OC、EC浓度变化,综合判别秸秆焚烧对空气质量的影响程度。     

秸秆焚烧对哈尔滨市灰霾天气的影响

2015年11月1—4日,哈尔滨市及周边地区发生了连续的灰霾天气,颗粒物浓度急剧升高。污染发生时,监测仪器均布设在哈尔滨市区上风向30 km处(哈尔滨市双城区)并开展了连续96 h的监测分析。综合利用气象观测资料,3D可视激光雷达监测资料及地面空气污染监测资料分析了灰霾天气发生的气象条件和污染边界层特征,根据哈尔滨市双城区大气污染物排放源谱库对主要成分进行来源解析,结合颗粒物质量浓度和气象条件研究了秸秆焚烧对灰霾天气的影响。结果表明,灰霾天气持续期间,夜间生物质燃烧源成为该地区颗粒物的第二大源;秸秆焚烧产生的大气污染物,由于地面长时间静风,污染边界层降低等原因,致使本地污染物累积、不易扩散,加剧了本次污染。     

ETL在新疆污染源普查数据分析中的应用

污染源普查数据是重要的基础环境数据。基于普查数据建立污染源数据分析系统，有利于进一步加强污染源监管。通过对污染源普查数据进行全面、深入、系统的开发应用，可最大限度发挥普查数据的使用价值和社会效益。本文介绍了污染源普查数据分析系统的ETL架构，以此实现与污染源普查数据采集阶段数据库的衔接，利用污染源普查原始数据库按业务需要开展灵活的数据分析。     

新疆土地生态环境问题与对策

土地生态环境是人类生存发展的基本条件,是经济、社会发展的基础.在当前的经济形势下,包括水土流失、土壤盐碱化、植被破坏等一系列土地荒漠化问题以及由于荒漠化而造成的生物多样性受损引起人们的广泛关注.为了实现经济的可持续发展目标,加强新疆的综合竞争能力,在区域开发过程中要注重土地生态环境建设.本文对新疆土地生态环境现状与存在的问题进行分析,阐明了土地生态环境恶化的原因,提出土地生态环境建设的对策.     

基于“天-空-地”一体化的生态保护红线区监管评价体系构建及应用ADDINCNKISM.UserStyle

科学监管评价生态保护红线区生态环境是合理利用自然资源和充分保护生态环境的基础,对推动国家生态文明建设具有重要意义。该研究基于“天-空-地”一体化获取多源数据,结合GIS和RS空间分析,从生态系统格局和质量、人类活动、环境限制4个方面选取25个指标,构建了生物多样性维护生态保护红线区监管评价体系,并以泰山生态保护红线区为例进行分析研究。结果表明:2000—2015年,研究区生态系统格局、生态系统质量、人类活动状况3个分指数得分及生态环境综合得分均呈现先降后升的趋势,就综合得分而言,2000—2005年、2005—2010年得分降幅分别为18.73%和5.24%,2010年得分最低(41.97分),而2010—2015年得分增幅为81.63%,2015年得分为76.23分,生态环境综合得分评价等级由Ⅱ级升为Ⅰ级。其中城乡居民和工矿用地面积占比、生态系统破碎度和分离度、植被生物量是影响研究区生态环境的关键指标,相关部门应加强对研究区边界处人类活动的监管,并注重生态系统完整性和植被生长状态的保护。该监管评价体系具有较强的实践性、科学性和可操作性,可为生态保护红线区的监管评价提供新思路。     

末梢水与水源水数据“倒挂”现象探讨

末梢水与其水源水的数据“倒挂”现象是影响居民饮水健康的安全隐患。基于末梢水数据“倒挂”现象在新闻报道、政府信息公开及相关调查研究中的表现形式,分析了引起末梢水数据“倒挂”的原因主要包括：监测采样、分析偏差,物理因素和化学、生物反应以及综合因素造成的污染等。提出,在饮用水水源方面,加强规范化管理,保持水源水水质合格并长期稳定;在水处理阶段,选择适宜且安全高效的水处理方式;在水管输送阶段,选择健康的管道材质并合理规划设计、维护输水管网体系;在饮用水使用阶段,加强用水宣传,让居民养成良好的健康用水习惯。从而逐渐消除末梢水数据“倒挂”现象,保障居民的饮水安全。     

CH4 and CO emissions from rice straw burning in South East Asia

Atmospheric samples collected during rice straw burning at four different locations in Viet-Nam during the dry (March 1992, February 1993) and wet season (August 1992) were analysed for CO₂, CO, and CH₄. The emission ratios relative to CO₂ for CO and CH₄ for rice straw burning during the dry season were comparable to those observed on samples collected during burning of savanna in Africa or forest in the USA. During the wet season, however the emission ratios for CO and CH₄ relative to CO₂ were 3 to 10 times higher. With these emission ratios and estimates of rice production from Southeastern Asia, we estimated that burning of rice straw emits annually about 2.2 Tmol of CO (26 TgC) and 0.2 Tmol of CH₄ (2.4 TgC) to the atmosphere. Taking into account these new results, CO and CH₄ fluxes from biomass burning could be reevaluated by 5–21% and 5–24%, respectively, in respect with previous estimates of these gas emissions from all biomass burning activities.     

Integrated monitoring and assessment of soil restoration treatments in the Lake Tahoe Basin

Revegetation and soil restoration efforts, often associated with erosion control measures on disturbed soils, are rarely monitored or otherwise evaluated in terms of improved hydrologic, much less, ecologic function and longer term sustainability. As in many watersheds, sediment is a key parameter of concern in the Tahoe Basin, particularly fine sediments less than about ten microns. Numerous erosion control measures deployed in the Basin during the past several decades have under-performed, or simply failed after a few years and new soil restoration methods of erosion control are under investigation. We outline a comprehensive, integrated field-based evaluation and assessment of the hydrologic function associated with these soil restoration methods with the hypothesis that restoration of sustainable function will result in longer term erosion control benefits than that currently achieved with more commonly used surface treatment methods (e.g. straw/mulch covers and hydroseeding). The monitoring includes cover-point and ocular assessments of plant cover, species type and diversity; soil sampling for nutrient status; rainfall simulation measurement of infiltration and runoff rates; cone penetrometer measurements of soil compaction and thickness of mulch layer depths. Through multi-year hydrologic and vegetation monitoring at ten sites and 120 plots, we illustrate the results obtained from the integrated monitoring program and describe how it might guide future restoration efforts and monitoring assessments.     

Characterization of ambient air quality during a rice straw burning episode

Spatiotemporal characteristics and impact of ambient air-quality attributed to open burning of rice straw were analyzed and estimated with measured data. Two multivariate analytic methods, factor analysis and cluster analysis, were adopted to analyze the temporal and spatial impact on ambient air-quality during the rice straw burning episode. Temporal features of three scenarios were cited to compare the concentrations for ambient air-quality between the rice straw burning episode and non-episodes over two typical stations by factor analysis. Factor analysis demonstrated that the first rotational component, identified as being highly correlated to the open burning of rice straw, accounts for about 40% of the concentration variance for ambient air-quality. In typical air-quality stations, the average hourly incremental concentrations between the episode and non-episodes were greater than 300 μg m(-3) for PM(10), 1.0 ppm for CO and 35 ppb for NO(2) during the impact of rice straw burning. Factor analysis presented that the first rotated component was highly correlated with several primary pollutants (NO(2), NMHC, PM(10) and CO) during the rice straw burning episode, while every component was only highly correlated with a unique air pollutant during non-episodes. The delineation isopleths indicated that factor analysis could serve as a better method than cluster analysis and provides cross-county cooperation for local governments located in the same separated district during the rice straw burning season. The results of factor analysis revealed that CO is the best index to demonstrate the impact of rice straw burning than the other six air pollutants measured during the episode. Backward trajectory analysis supplied a cause-effect relationship between measured stations and specific rice planted regions during the rice straw burning episode.