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1.
建立固相微萃取(SPME)-气相色谱法(GC-ECD)分析环境水样中痕量硝基氯苯类化合物的方法。选用65μm PDMS-DVB萃取纤维,磁力搅拌速度为200 r/min,萃取温度为60℃时,对水中硝基氯苯类物质萃取富集50 min,直接注入GC进样口,在250℃温度下解吸2.0 min后分析测定。优化条件下,方法线性良好,检出限为0.2~0.4 ng/L,加标水平为0.000 5、0.005、0.05μg/L时,回收率为56.02%~136.38%,RSD(n=7)为9.34%~28.33%。用该方法对实际水样进行实验,结果良好,能够满足环境水样中痕量硝基氯苯类化合物的测定。  相似文献   

2.
建立一种气相色谱负离子化学电离质谱(GC-NCI-MS)测定环境中土壤和水中硫丹及其代谢物残留的检测方法,环境中土壤样用丙酮/水浸渍,乙酸乙酯提取,固相萃取小柱净化,水样经乙酸乙酯提取,采用GC-NCI-MS选择离子监测方式进行定性和定量分析,以外标法定量,方法中每种化合物的检出限土壤为0.05 μg/kg,水为0.005 μg/L,在方法的检测限与50 μg/kg(5 μg/L)范围内,线性相关系数大于0.999 5,在所添加三个浓度水平下,方法的回收率70%~95%,相对标准偏差(RSD)1.2%~11.8%。结果表明,该方法简便、快速、灵敏、精密度好,适合对环境中土壤和水样中硫丹及其代谢物进行有效监测。  相似文献   

3.
高效液相色谱法快速测定水中苦味酸   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用高效液相色谱法,研究了水中苦味酸的快速测定方法,优化了液相色谱的各项分析条件。结果表明,流动相为甲醇:水(0.01%三氯乙酸)(体积比45:55)、柱温40℃、检测波长350 nm为最佳的检测条件,在最佳检测条件下,苦味酸的检出限为0.4 μg/L。地表水和地下水高、中、低3种浓度的加标回收率均在88%以上,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%,污水的加标回收率为71%~90%,RSD为7.9%。  相似文献   

4.
文章研究并建立了一种快速便捷测定水中硝基氯苯类化合物的方法。采用固相微萃取方法富集水中目标物,使用便携式气相色谱/质谱仪进行检测。优化后的萃取条件为:使用65μm的PDMS/DVB萃取头,水温60℃、转速200r/min下萃取50min。结果表明,硝基氯苯类化合物在10.0~500μg/L范围内呈现良好线性,相关系数均大于0.980;空白水样加标相对标准偏差为2.28%~11.3%,加标回收率为77%~130%;实际水样加标相对标准偏差为3.93%~6.73%,加标回收率为90%~115%;检出限范围为1.37~3.57μg/L。  相似文献   

5.
建立了直接进样-超高效液相色谱分离-紫外吸收测定地表水中丁基黄原酸的分析方法。通过对流动相的优化,确定最佳分析条件:0.050 mol/L超纯水乙酸铵溶液(pH约为9.5):乙腈=80:20等度洗脱,Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)分离,流速0.30 mL/min,进样体积10.0 μL,302 nm紫外吸收。结果显示,0.5~20.0 μg/L范围线性良好,R=0.9998; 2.0、10.0、20.0 μg/L重复测定,变异系数小于5%,精密度良好;实际水样加标回收率为95.5%~101.6%;以3倍信噪比计算得出检出限为0.80 μg/L。该方法分析速度快,2 min内可完成,满足环境质量监测要求。  相似文献   

6.
利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱,建立土壤和沉积物中痕量氨基甲酸酯农药的分析方法。该方法用体积比1:1的二氯甲烷/甲醇对土壤和沉积物样品进行加速溶剂萃取,GCB/PSA固相萃取小柱对萃取液进行净化,内标法定量,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析土壤和沉积物中20种氨基甲酸酯农药。20种氨基甲酸酯农药在0.02~1.0 μg/mL范围内线性良好(r≥0.99),检测限为0.20~0.60 ng/g。沉积物加标样品(20ng/g)和土壤加标样品(20ng/g)的回收率分别为33.2%~101.9%、38.8%~120.5%,相对标准偏差为6.1%~28.0%、2.3%~16.0%。沉积物加标样品(2.0 ng/g)回收率为43.0%~100.0%,相对标准偏差为2.1%~11.3%。  相似文献   

7.
建立了固相微萃取(SPME)与气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(GC-MS/MS)联用直接测定水体中16种多环芳烃的快速分析方法。通过实验,对固相微萃取纤维涂层的选择、萃取时间、萃取温度等萃取条件以及碰撞电压等参数进行了优化。实验结果表明,采用涂层厚度为100μm的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)萃取头,以350转/分钟(r/min)40℃下搅拌萃取40min,在GC进样口经280℃热解析6min后,以气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱的多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。在0.2~4.0μg/L的线性范围内,该方法对水中16种PAHs所得的回归方程均具有较好的线性关系,相关系数r值为0.9953~0.9995,检出限为0.001~0.02μg/L。16种PAHs的0.4μg/L加标水样的回收率平均值范围在71%~115%之间,6次平行测定的RSD范围在3.3%~15.6%之间。  相似文献   

8.
建立了车载式气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)结合固相微萃取(SPME)前处理技术测定水体中半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)的方法,优化了萃取头类型、萃取温度与萃取时间、离子强度、解吸温度与解吸时间、搅拌速度等影响萃取效率的因素,以及仪器分析条件.24种SVOCs、7种OPPs和17种OCPs在1.00 μg/L~40.0 μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.11 μg/L~0.39 μg/L,空白加标水样平行测定的RSD≤14.3%,回收率为51.0%~98.5%.  相似文献   

9.
崔君  张强  顾华 《中国环境监测》2020,36(6):127-133
建立了超声辅助基质分散液液微萃取(UA-DLLME)作为前处理联合气相色谱串联质谱(GC-MS)同时测定地下水和地表水中15种硝基苯类化合物的分析方法。萃取剂、分散剂、萃取温度、萃取时间和离子强度等影响因素采用Plackett-Burman设计,快速筛选出最显著影响因素,利用中心组合设计(CCD)简化实验步骤优化显著因素,结合响应曲面图最终确定最佳的萃取条件:5 mL水样在3%氯化钠条件下迅速加入40 μL四氯化碳(萃取剂)和0.5 mL乙腈(分散剂),50 ℃下超声4 min,混合液4 000 r/min离心3 min。结果表明:15种硝基苯类化合物在50.0~1 000.0 μg/L的浓度范围内线性相关系数均大于0.995;采用超声辅助基质分散液液微萃取时,方法检出限(MDL)为0.018~0.039 μg/L;15种目标物的加标平均回收率为83.31%~99.08%,相对标准偏差均不高于5.0%(n=6)。  相似文献   

10.
建立了以固相萃取为前处理条件,用液相色谱法测定水中10种硝基苯酚类化合物的分析方法。实验使用HLB(6 L/150 g)固相萃取柱富集水样中的目标化合物,二氯甲烷与乙酸乙酯体积比1:2的混合溶剂洗脱,采用Phenyl柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)分离目标化合物,以乙腈(1%甲酸)/水(1%甲酸)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,二极管阵列检测器检测。10种硝基苯酚类物质在0.02~10 mg/L范围内呈现良好的线性。方法检出限为0.1~0.3 μg/L,水样加标相对标准偏差为5.19%~18.2%,平均加标回收率为49.8%~124%。该方法适用于水中10种硝基苯酚类化合物的测定。  相似文献   

11.
微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬   总被引:24,自引:5,他引:24       下载免费PDF全文
用微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜,锌,铅,镉,镍和铬。通过硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解,选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸-盐酸-过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验,发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解,后者能将样品消解完全,但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽,否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比,操作简便快速,可提高工作效率。  相似文献   

12.
Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor 3H, 90Sr, total U, 238Pu, 239, 240Pu,241Am, and 137Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10-3 mSv y-1and 1.6 × 10-3 mSv y-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10-4 mGyd-1 and 4.7 × 10-4 mGy d-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.  相似文献   

13.
An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO2 emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.   相似文献   

14.
The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> -1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.  相似文献   

15.
The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.  相似文献   

16.
This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.  相似文献   

17.
A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.  相似文献   

18.
The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.  相似文献   

19.
The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.  相似文献   

20.
The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ 15N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ 15N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ 15N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ 15N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ 15N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R 2 = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ 15N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ 15N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.  相似文献   

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