改进环境影响评价制度监督管理方法的几点考虑

改进环境影响评价制度监督管理方法的几点考虑罗崇富ＳＵＧＧＥＳＴＩＯＮＯＦＩＭＰＲＯＶＩＮＧＳＵＰＥＲＶＩＳＩＯＮＡＮＤＭＡＮＡＧＥＭＥＮＴＯＦＥＩＡＳＹＳＴＥＭ￥ＬｕｏＣｈｏｎｇｆｕ（ＸｉｎｊｉａｎｇＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＭｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇＣｅｎｔ...     

大气自动监测系统中NOx由ppm到mg／m~3转换系数的探讨

分析了大气自动监测系统，在采用固定转换系数１．８对ＮＯｘ进行ｐｐｍ到ｍｇ／ｍ３转换时出现的误差．提出了在系统中获取ＮＯｘ转换系数的方法及计算公式，此法准确、合理，实施方便，运用灵活。     

连续排放监测简介

连续排放监测(ＣＥＭ)是对燃烧或工业生产过程中排放至大气中的污染物的连续测量,是利用仪器监测在酸雨控制计划的规定期限内削减ＳＯ2和ＮＯＸ排放量的手段。1　ＣＥＭ的规定酸雨控制计划管理企业的所有者或管理者(经管理系统指定的除外),必须在污染排放源安装ＣＥＭ系统。ＣＥＭ系统包括ＳＯ2污染物浓度监测仪、ＮＯＸ污染物浓度监测仪、流量监测仪、黑度监测仪、稀释气体(Ｏ2或ＣＯ2)监测仪及计算机数据获取和处理系统(ＤＡＨＳ)。在任何情况下,ＤＡＨＳ都必须用于收集和记录监测数据。用ＣＥＭ系统监测ＳＯ2排放量的设备包括ＳＯ2污…     

空气质量自动监测系统数据处理软件－HZAMS的开发与研制

ＨＥＲＳ软件是美国ＭＯＮＩＴＯＲＬＡＢＳ公司研制的用于空气质量自动监测的系统软件，在我国有不少用户。该软件虽功能较强，但也存在许多不足。本文介绍了在ＨＥＲＳ软件基础上进行二次开发成功的ＨＺＡＭＳ软件。该软件在生成中文报表，绘制各种污染物时空变化图形，图形显示可视化分析，与上一级数据库交换数据及数据库修复等方面解决了原软件不能解决的问题，较大程度地满足了国内空气质量自动监测的需要。     

N─苯甲酰苯基羟胺／吡啶偶氮染料配体交换反应萃取分光光度法测定固体废物浸出液中的微量钒

在强酸性介质中，ＶＯ３与Ｎ－苯甲酰苯基羟胺（ＢＰＨＡ）反应生成紫红色络合物，能定量地被ＣＨＣＬ３萃取．萃取液加入２－（５－溴－２－吡啶偶氮）－５－二乙氨基酚（５—Ｂｒ—ＰＡＤＡＰ）后可发生配体交换反应，并生成橙红色的Ｖ（Ｖ）－５—Ｂｒ—ＰＡＤＡＰ络合物，有机相可直接用于光度测定．Ｖ（Ｖ）－５—Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ的最大吸收波长为６００ｎｍ，摩尔吸光系数为５．４Ｘ１０￣４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，线性范围为０～０．７６μｇｖ／ｗｌ。     

N—苯甲酰苯基羟胺／吡啶偶氮染料配体交换反应萃取分光光度…

在强酸性介质中，ＶＯ＾－３与Ｎ－苯甲酰基羟胺反应生成紫红色络合物，能定量地被ＣＨＣｌ３萃取。萃取液加入２－－５－二乙氨基酚后可发生配体交换反应，并生生成橙红色的Ｖ－５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ络合物，有机相可直接用于光度测定。     

城市大气质量的模糊评价

应用模糊数学的方法给出了环境质量功能评价的模型及ＦＯＲＴＲＡＮ计算机程序，并对太原市大气质量进行评价，其结果与实际相吻合。     

氮氧化物遗传毒性和致癌性研究进展

综述了氮氧化物遗传毒性及致癌性的研究近况。体外实验结果，用气体暴露法ＮＯ２可诱发沙门氏菌，大肠杆菌及枯草杆菌基因突变，可诱发Ｖ７９细胞染色体畸变和ＳＣＥ率升高；体内实验结果，可诱发大鼠肺细胞哇巴因抗性突变和染色体畸变。ＮＯ２与多环芳烃类大气污染物具有联合诱变作用，ＮＯ２可增强多环芳烃的诱变性。动物致癌实验结果不一致，但促癌实验结果表明ＮＯ２可促进Ｏ３的致癌性。     

离子色谱法测定空气中的甲酸和乙酸

离子色谱法分析空气中甲酸和乙酸效果较好。1　试验1 1　主要仪器与试剂ＤＩＯＮＥＸＴＥＣＨＣＯＭＰＤＸ - 1 0 0Ｔ离子色谱仪 ,配ＤＩＯＮＥＸＡＳＲＳ抑制器、ＤＩＯＮＥＳＡＳ4Ａ -ＳＣ阴离子分离柱、ＤＩＯＮＥＸＡＧ4Ａ -ＳＣ保护柱、电导检测器 ;ＴＥＬＥ色谱工作站 ;     

用醌式染料的合成反光度法测定水中NO^—2

报道了以Ｎ、Ｎ－二甲基苯氨,对氨基苯乙酮为偶联,重氮试剂,利用醌式染料的合成反应测定ＮＯ＾－２的新方法,本法灵敏度高,选择性好,无试剂空白。ＮＯ＾－２在０－８００μｇ／Ｌ内服从比耳定律。醌式染料及试剂均稳定,已用于环境水中ＮＯ＾－２的测定。     

基于GIS的农业气象灾害监测系统

利用气象地面观测资料和气象卫星遥感监测资料与GIS技术结合,以地理信息系统软件ArcGIS8.3为依托,建立农业气象灾害监测系统。在监测不同灾害时，能根据监测区的特性将监测区设置成不同的分区，并针对每一分区确定监测指标,快速、准确地实现监测区内的农业气象灾害监测及等级划分。     

Development of the Coastal Intensive Site Network (CISNET)

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have formed a partnership to establish pilot sites for the development of a network known as the Coastal Intensive Site Network (CISNet). CISNet is composed of intensive, long-term monitoring and research sites around the U.S. marine and Great Lakes coasts. In this partnership, EPA and NOAA are funding research and monitoring programs at pilot sites that utilize ecological indicators and investigate the ecological effects of environmental stressors. NASA is funding research aimed at developing a remote sensing capability that will augment or enhance in situresearch and monitoring programs selected by EPA and NOAA. CISNet has three objectives: 1) to develop a sound scientific basis for understanding ecological responses to anthropogenic stresses in coastal environments, including the interaction of exposure, environment/climate, and biological/ecological factors in the response, and the spatial and temporal nature of these interactions, 2) to demonstrate the value of developing data from selected sites intensively monitored to examine the relationships between changes in environmental stressors, including anthropogenic and natural stresses, and ecological response, and 3) to provide intensively monitored sites for development and evaluation of indicators of change in coastal systems.     

Using NOAA AVHRR data to assess flood damage in China

The article used two NOAA-14 Advanced Very High ResolutionRadiometer (AVHRR) datasets to assess flood damage in the middleand lower reaches of China's Changjiang River (Yangtze River) in 1998. As the AVHRR is an optical sensor, it cannot penetratethe clouds that frequently cover the land during the flood season, and this technology is greatly limited in flood monitoring. However the widely used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) can be used to monitor flooding, sincewater has a much lower NDVI value than other surface features.Though many factors other than flooding (e.g. atmospheric conditions, different sun-target-satellite angles, and cloud) can change NDVI values, inundated areas can be distinguished fromother types of ground cover by changes in the NDVI value beforeand after the flood after eliminating the effects of other factors on NDVI. AVHRR data from 26 May and 22 August, 1998 wereselected to represent the ground conditions before and after flooding. After accurate geometric correction by collecting GCPs,and atmospheric and angular corrections by using the 6S code, NDVI values for both days and their differences were calculatedfor cloud-free pixels. The difference in the NDVI values betweenthese two times, together with the NDVI values and a land-use map, were used to identify inundated areas and to assess the arealost to the flood. The results show a total of 358 867 ha, with 207 556 ha of cultivated fields (paddy and non-irrigated field) inundated during the flood of 1998 in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River Catchment; comparing with the reported total of 321 000 and 197 000 ha, respectively. The discrimination accuracy of this method was tested by comparing the results from two nearly simultaneous sets of remote-sensingdata (NOAA's AVHRR data from 10 September, 1998, and JERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from 11 September, 1998, with a lag of about 18.5 hr) over a representative flooded regionin the study area. The results showed that 67.26% of the total area identified as inundated using the NOAA data was also identified as inundated using the SAR data.     

烟尘监测中定点测试值加权计算误差范围的探讨

固定污染源烟(粉)尘测试中,烟尘波动、误差大,数据整理存在一定的困难,本文根据实验结果提出了数据修约的范围,并根据监测规范的布点要求,结合实测结果,提出了优化断面布点的设想.在直管段长度满足规范要求的条件下,管道直径小于0.5米时,可选断面上距管壁近的一点作测试点,该点测值可代表断面上平均测值.     

Ward法在大气监测网络优化设计中的应用

在大气监测统计资料基础上,进行Ward法聚类分析,从而对宁波市的大气监测点进行优化,得到监测点位的最佳位置分布,通过检验,证明其技术路线是可行的.     

利用植被供水指数法监测干旱的研究

利用FY-1D/AVHRR数据通道1、2的反射率计算植被指数和通道4、5的亮温计算作物冠层温度,进而求出植被供水指数可监测干旱状况.本文简单介绍了利用FY-1D/AVHRR数据植被供水指数法监测生长季的干旱状况.研究表明,该方法所得结果从总体趋势看,与实际情况基本吻合.因此,植被供水指数法适用于生长季大范围的干旱监测.     

试论荒漠生态监测的特点和监测指标的确定

从监测目的、监测对象、监测指标和监测数据的获取四个方面,论述了进行荒漠生态环境监测工作的特点.从干旱荒漠区自然环境的基本特征和主要生态环境问题及生态环境管理工作的需要出发,提出了在我国开展荒漠生态环境监测工作的监测指标,以供商榷.     

Southern California's marine monitoring system ten years after the National Research Council evaluation

In 1990, the National Research Council (NRC) published two in-depth assessments of marine environmental monitoring effectiveness. The first of these, Managing Troubled Waters: The Role of Marine Environmental Monitoring, provided a national perspective and the second, Monitoring Southern California's Coastal Waters, examined the specifics of monitoring design and implementation in a densely populated, highly urbanized coastal region. The reports include explicit recommendations about the need for greater regionalization of monitoring efforts, supported by greater standardization of field, laboratory, and data analysis methods. They also identified the need for centralized data management and for greater flexibility in the language of standard discharge permits, flexibility that would permit discharge agencies to more readily participate in regional monitoring and research programs. Other recommendations identified a need for EPA and NOAA to focus on creating a national monitoring program structured as a network of coordinated local and regional efforts. Finally, the NRC emphasized the need for better reporting and for periodic review of monitoring's relevance to management concerns. In this paper, we use southern California as a test case to assess progress made in implementing the NRC's recommendations. We review progress made on each recommendation and discuss the features of the regulatory and management climate that contributed to or impeded this progress. We also consider whether, and to what extent, the NRC's recommendations remain relevant in the present context.     

主成份分析在大气测点优化研究中的应用

本文利用乌鲁木齐市大气环境质量历年监测统计资料,用主成份分析、模糊相似优先比法,对大气测点进行了优化研究,获得了代表乌鲁木齐市大气污染浓度水平和分布特征的优化测点。     

西宁冬季PM2.5和PM10手工与自动监测现状研究

为研究PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)手工与自动监测仪器在高海拔地区的适用性,于2014年12月至2015年1月(冬季)在青海省西宁市开展了为期34 d的监测比对实验。PM监测数据表明:手工监测数据之间都有差异,除了受监测滤膜种类的影响,还存在监测仪器间的系统误差。石英滤膜的PM监测数据都高于聚丙烯滤膜,尤其是PM_(2.5)更为明显,偏高近1/4;石英滤膜与聚丙烯滤膜的PM监测数据具有较好的相关性,PM_(10)监测数据的相关系数为0.97。自动监测数据之间进行了同期比对研究,发现TEOM1405DF(微振荡天平法)和APM-2(β射线法)的PM监测值较低,BAM-1020(β射线法)的PM监测值最高;而Grimm(光散射法)的PM监测值居中。BAM1020配备动态加热系统(DHS),其PM监测数据比没有配备DHS的APM-2偏高40%。基于PM监测比对研究,建议在空气污染严重时加密对各监测仪器的运行维护,并加强长期观测以全面评估PM监测。