原子吸收光谱法测定废气中的锡

以HNO3和H2SO4进行消解，用火焰原子吸收光度法测定废气固定源中的锡，用石墨炉原子吸收光度法测定废气散源中的锡，方法的准确度达到满意结果。     

便携式振荡天平法现场测定固定污染源废气中颗粒物的研究

将振荡天平技术与国内污染源废气监测方法标准相结合,建立了废气中颗粒物现场测定方法--便携式振荡天平法。新建方法以重量法为原理,检出限为0.2 mg/m 3,全程伴热以消除湿度干扰,测试前后以标准滤膜量值验证的方式对称量结果进行质量保证,实现了固定污染源废气中颗粒物的快速、准确的测量。方法建立后与国标法《固定污染源废气低浓度颗粒物的测定重量法》(HJ 836—2017)进行实际样品测定比对,结果表明,2种方法无显著性差异。新建方法提高了工作效率,减少了过程误差。     

塞曼原子吸收光谱法测定固定污染源废气中的汞

用PMS 30B型汞采样器采集固定污染源废气,再用塞曼原子吸收汞分析仪测定样品中的汞,高、低浓度汞标准样品测定结果均在标准范围内,相对误差分别为0和4.3%。汞吸收管对高、低浓度含汞废气的穿透效率表明,当废气汞质量浓度达到mg/m3级别时,穿透率仅为1.3%。用该方法测定稳定工况固定污染源废气中的汞,6次测定结果的RSD为5.9%,方法检出限为1.04 ng,当采样体积为20 L时,检出限为0.05μg/m3。实际监测表明,钢铁企业、燃煤电厂、垃圾焚烧厂废气中汞为0.07μg/m3~1 031μg/m3。     

高通量固定污染源废气颗粒物中总汞的测定

用玻璃纤维滤筒采集固定污染源废气颗粒物,借助硝酸和氢氟酸的作用,使滤筒和废气颗粒物在160℃下消解,再用原子荧光法测定消解液中总汞。用50%热硝酸溶液处理玻璃纤维滤筒,消除滤筒本底值不一对测定结果的干扰,并优化消解过程,使该方法在0.050μg/L~1.00μg/L范围内线性良好。当采样体积为10 L时,方法检出限为4.5×10~(-5)mg/m~3,空白加标样6次测定结果的RSD为7.2%,加标回收率为87.0%~113%。将该方法用于测定某固定污染源废气颗粒物中总汞,测定值在标准排放限值内。     

基于在线监测数据的青奥会废气重点污染源临时管控效果评估

简述了南京市废气重点污染源在线监测系统的组成和工作原理。根据2014年南京青奥会废气重点污染源环境临时管控要求,利用在线监控点位对7月份(青奥会前)和8月份(青奥会期间)重点废气污染源在线监测数据进行了统计分析。结果表明,青奥会期间南京市管控废气重点污染源的SO2和NOX排放量虽有个别企业出现增加,但整体排放量均有所降低,环境空气中SO2和NOX的平均值也有所降低,基本达到了临时管控要求。     

便携式GC-MS法快速测定固定污染源废气中的VOCs

采用便携式GC-MS法快速测定固定污染源废气中VOCs,32种VOCs在2×10~(-7)~1×10~(-6)范围内线性良好,方法检出限为2×10~(-9)~1×10~(-8),标准气体样品6次测定结果的RSD为1.9%~19.1%,环境空气样品的加标回收率为66.2%~116%。在实际现场监测固定污染源中VOCs时,使用速查(Survey)功能可初步判断样品浓度,确定稀释倍数。比对试验结果表明,气袋和玻璃注射器采样法对VOCs测定结果无显著性差异。     

固定污染源废气中氟化物监测的探讨

废气固定污染源氟化物监测已有方法标准,但在实际工作中仍会遇到一些现有标准未具体规定但又严重影响监测结果的问题。文章主要针对固定污染源废气中氟化物监测时采样管的选择以及在高湿烟气中的测试进行了一些探讨,对实际工作具有指导作用。     

甲烷对非分散红外吸收法测定固定污染源废气中二氧化硫的干扰

二氧化硫是中国重点管控的废气污染物。固定污染源废气二氧化硫测定有定电位电解法、非分散红外吸收法、碘量法等，其中非分散红外吸收法具有选择性好、寿命长、灵敏度高等优势，是固定污染源废气二氧化硫测定的常见方法。在波长为7.3 μm附近的红外吸收波段，甲烷和二氧化硫的特征吸收峰有明显重叠，造成交叉干扰。实验研究表明：甲烷将对二氧化硫的测定引入5%左右的正干扰。现场验证表明：对于含有高浓度甲烷的焦化废气，非分散红外吸收法测定二氧化硫结果显著偏高，经过数学修正后与其他方法可比。在应用非分散红外吸收法测定二氧化硫时，应确认烟气中不含甲烷或其浓度很低，否则应当采取有效手段消除或减小甲烷的干扰。     

固定污染源废气中硝酸雾测定方法研究

通过国内外文献调研和硝酸雾采样方法比对实验研究，提出了固定污染源废气中的硝酸雾包括硝酸气体、硝酸液滴及颗粒物中的硝酸盐。建立了固定污染源废气中硝酸雾的分析方法：使用经1 mol/L Na₂CO₃溶液浸渍的石英滤膜捕集固定污染源废气中的硝酸雾，离子色谱法进行分析。实验结果表明：当采样体积为0.4 m³时，方法检出限为0.04 mg/m³;低、中、高浓度空白加标样品相对标准偏差均在9.2%以内，加标回收率为89.9%～117%。选取4种典型硝酸雾固定污染源废气进行实际样品采集与分析，硝酸雾质量浓度分别为1.62、1.86、1.63、19.8 mg/m³。对电子元件电镀车间固定污染源废气进行不同浓度的实际样品加标回收实验，加标回收率分别为86.0%和104%。     

顶空-气相色谱法(氮磷检测器)测定固定污染源废气中三甲胺

建立了顶空-气相色谱法测定固定污染源废气中三甲胺的分析方法。弱酸性吸收液采集固定污染源废气中的三甲胺,碱液中和后顶空进样气相色谱仪氮磷检测器分析。并对平衡温度、平衡时间、盐析效应、氨水和氢氧化钠条件实验进行优化,在最佳实验条件下,三甲胺的方法检出限为0. 46μg/m~3(以采集20 L空气样品计),加标回收率为97%～107%,相对标准偏差在9. 26%以下。利用该方法对垃圾焚烧发电厂厂界空气及鱼粉厂有组织废气中三甲胺进行检测分析,该方法能够满足国家标准及上海地方标准中三甲胺排放限值的要求。     

低浓度SO2和NOx 自动监测系统性能评价方法

通过对7种废气自动监测系统的比较研究和现场测试，提出了非分散红外法、紫外差分法、紫外荧光法、化学发光法等多种 SO2和 NO x 自动监测技术在低浓度范围实现准确定量监测的性能评价方法，定义了 CEMS 的系统检出限及其主要影响因素。建议采用系统检出限、线性误差等关键参数作为低浓度 CEMS 的性能评价方法，提出将全系统多点标准气体校准或加标回收率作为验收和质控监督的基本方法。     

EDTA容量法测定硫酸根离子的误差分析

系统分析了ＥＤＴＡ容量法测定硫酸根离子的误差产生环节,并对各个环节提出了相应的误差控制办法。文中着重分析了由移液过程和滴定过程所产生的误差,最后指出,作为测定硫酸根离子的方法标准,ＥＤＴＡ容量法无法保证应有的精度,应由离子色谱法取代之     

石家庄市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子污染特征研究

用超声萃取－离子色谱法分析了石家庄市大气颗粒物中8种水溶性无机离子。结果表明，NO3－、SO2－4、NH4＋及 Ca2＋为主要组分；各个离子的质量浓度均有季节及空间变化差异；不同粒径颗粒物中 SO2－4和 NO3－相关性均很好，NH4＋与 SO2－4、NO3－在细颗粒物中具有良好的相关性，Ca2＋在粗粒子中与 NO3－和 SO2－4的相关性也较好。SO2－4／NO3－质量比季节变化表明，春、夏季固定源与流动源对大气颗粒物贡献相当，秋季流动源贡献较大，冬季固定源贡献较大。PM2．5中SO2与SO2－4、NO2与 NO3－转化率表明，SO2－4、NO3－主要是由二次转化而来。     

Inventory of emissions of primary air pollutants in the city of Kocaeli, Turkey

This study aims to obtain a reliable inventory of the emission rates of the principal air pollutants including PM, SO2, NOx) and CO in Kocaeli, Turkey. In the first stage, the pollutant sources classified as point, area and line sources are determined in the area. Then the annual emission rates of the pollutants released from these sources are estimated by the emission factors given by USEPA and CORINAIR. Results show that the annual emission rates for PM, SO2, NOx) and CO are 2195 tons, 5342 tons, 14632 tons and 23095 tons, respectively. On the other hand, the pollutant group with the highest contribution to total emission rate is determined as the point sources for NOx, which is responsible for 73% of total NOx emission, while it is the area sources for PM, SO2 and CO with the contribution percentages of 75, 76 and 69, respectively.     

Evaluating a Canadian regional air quality model using ground-based observations in north-eastern Canada and United States

The simulated concentrations from a numerical 3-dimensional regional air quality model (MC2AQ) are compared to those of ground-based observations in north-eastern Canada and the United States. The model has oxidant chemistry for both inorganic and organic species and deposition routines driven online by a mesoscale compressible community meteorological model (MC2). A standard emission inventory of anthropogenic, natural and biogenic sources for the year 1990 for 21 atmospheric trace species was used in the simulation. The model was run for July 1999, because of the occurrence of a high ozone episode and the availability of the monitoring data for surface O3, SO2, NO, NO2 and NOx. The comparisons during the episode show that the model performs quite well for predicting concentrations and diurnal variations of the surface ozone. The predictions for other gaseous species show some discrepancies with observations, but they are consistent with the results from other models evaluated in the literature. The uncertainties in the emission inventory for these species might be the main causes of the discrepancies. Further studies are needed to improve the predictability of SO and NOx, especially as the model is developed to include particulate matter formation as a result of these gaseous precursors.     

长三角城市群污染输送相互影响的敏感性试验

利用WRF-Chem模式,对2013年11月29日至12月11日长江三角洲地区的严重空气污染事件进行数值模拟,研究长三角核心区不同污染物本地源和外来输送所占比重。分析长三角核心区排放源对本地不同污染物浓度的污染贡献。结果表明,在2013年12月的这一次污染事件中,颗粒物平均本地贡献与外来输送基本比重相当;而SO_2、CO、NH_3、NO_x这4种气体污染物则以本地贡献为主,本地贡献的差异与气体的化学反应活性有关,活性越强本地贡献比重越大。污染过程中12月7日至12月9日00:00为污染最严重的时段,污染物的本地贡献有明显上升。区域间输送的方向和强度与地面风向、风速有紧密的联系。在边界层高度范围内,大部分污染物越往高空本地排放源的贡献越弱,外来输送主导作用增强,而硝酸盐在地面、1 km和1.5 km的本地贡献差异远小于其他污染物。     

集合数值预报系统在上海市空气质量预测预报中的应用研究

介绍了上海市世博环境空气质量集合数值预报系统的框架,分析了各模式在上海市空气质量预报及排放源污染贡献测算中的应用情况,提出开发多种预报手段、实施集合预报是提高城市空气质量预报准确率的发展方向。     

Determination of O3, NO2, SO2, CO and PM10 measured in Belgrade urban area

O(3), NO(2), SO(2), CO and PM(10) concentrations, simultaneously determined for the first time in Belgrade urban area in the autumnal period of 2005, are presented. The obtained results display similar behaviour of SO(2), NO(2), CO, PM(10) opposite from that of O(3). The weekend effect was also investigated showing diminution of average daily concentrations of SO(2), NO(2), PM(10) and CO for 72, 40, 37 and 42% respectively, and increase of the average daily concentration of O(3) for 56%. Influence of meteorological conditions on observed concentration levels was studied, too. The observed influence of wind speed on the O(3) nightly concentration levels was analyzed pointing to the phenomena of O(3) transport during episodic measurements. To make an identification of possible pollution sources and analyse the influence of meteorological parameters on pollution levels, air back trajectories for high level concentrations episodes were calculated and analysed. A multivariate receptor modelling (Principal Component Analysis, Cluster Analysis) has been applied to a set of data in order to determine the contribution of different sources. It was found that the main principal components, extracted from the air pollution data, were related to gasoline combustion, oil combustion and ozone transport.     

固定污染源废气中磷酸雾测定方法研究

目前,对固定污染源废气中磷酸雾的检测并无统一的方法,相关含磷污染物的控制指标主要是磷化氢、单质磷以及五氧化二磷。在调研国内外分析方法及相关文献的基础上,通过对几种典型含磷污染源的实样测试,提出了固定污染源废气中磷酸雾的检测方法。结果表明,使用石英滤筒捕集固定污染源废气中的磷酸雾,采样效率可达98%以上。捕集到的总磷酸雾不仅包含磷酸,还包含磷酸盐以及含磷氧化物等,是一项综合指标。该指标能够反映含磷污染物的排放特征,可为未来此类污染物的排放控制提供依据。     

Assessment of Urban Air Quality in South Estonia by Simple Measures

In countries having limited resources, it is difficult to assess urban air quality on contemporaneously, due to the absence of on-line information about air pollution levels and emission rates. An alternative approach is recommended for smaller cities with lower demands of resources. The applied scheme consists of a database of air pollution sources (NO _x and CO from industry, traffic, and domestic heating), the simple Gaussian-plume model AEROPOL and a series of measurements by passive monitors. This method was used in Tartu, a small city situated in the valley of the river Emajõgi, within a landscape with noteworthy topographical variations. Simulations of annual average and maximal concentrations were performed, and a fair agreement obtained with NO₂ monitoring results from passive Palmes monitors. Inventories of pollution sources in 1998 revealed that official statistics of stationary sources covered 64% of SO₂,36% of CO, 37% of NO _x and 32% of total particulate matter emissions. Recommendations for measures for reducing air pollution levels and for further investigations towards improving air quality assessment and management, are given.