荒漠化监测中生态环境与社会经济评价指标体系及评价方法的研究

在对荒漠化地区生态环境与社会经济评介基础分析的基础上，提出了荒漠化监测中生态环境与社会经济综合评价指标体系及评价标准，建立了初步的评价模型。并以宁夏自治区作为试点区域，对评价指标体系及其评价方法进行了验证。     

荒漠化监测指标体系初探

随着荒漠化过程的不断加剧，荒漠化的监测已引起了全社会的广泛关注，然而由于缺乏一个科学可行的监测指标体系，以致荒漠化监测不规范，难以从整体上把握荒漠化的发展动态和趋势．本文论述了国内外荒漠化指标体系及其研究现状，指出了我国现有荒漠化监测指标存在的主要问题，提出了荒漠化监测指标的基本特征，建立荒漠化监测指标的基本思路并提出了一个量化监测指标体系。     

利用GE Plus快速解译土地利用类型和辅助制图

GE Plus超强版比GE普通版具有更强的空间编辑功能。本文介绍了一种利用GE Plus超强版软件,无需使用ArcGIS等专用地理信息软件和无需购买高分辨率遥感影像实现区域土地利用类型快速解译和辅助制图的方法。该方法主要使用GE中工具菜单、添加菜单和标尺工具栏完成区域土地利用类型快速解译和辅助制图。本文以乌鲁木齐市某社区为例,成功完成了案例区基于高分辨率遥感影像的土地利用类型信息提取和快速制图,并附经纬度和比例尺,可为开展建设项目工业场地类环境影响评价和建设项目竣工环保验收监测(调查)工作提供基础数据和背景资料。     

工业温室气体CO2排放监测技术前期研究

介绍了国内外二氧化碳（ CO2）气体检测方法，选取红外传感器、非分散红外和气相色谱3种方法监测工业燃煤废气中的CO2。试验结果表明，3种方法的精密度和准确度均满足要求；单一燃煤废气中CO2的体积分数范围为6．70％～15．10％，同一排气筒中CO2体积分数5 min的波动范围为0～22．4％；同一排气筒（单一燃煤废气）中CO2和O2的体积分数有一定的关联性，二者之和基本稳定在19％～21％范围；非分散红外法和气相色谱法测定同一样品的相对偏差为0．9％～3．4％；红外传感器适用于有组织排放的现场监测，另2种方法适用于无组织废气和环境空气监测。     

南水北调东线水源区的生态监测

分析了南水北调东线水源区近期的生态监测工作重点、生态类型划分、监测指标确定及监测报告的编制，提出水源区近期生态监测应以监测区域生态质量状况和地面监测各生态系统信息指标为主，水源区的湿地生态系统、农村生态系统、农田生态系统、森林生态系统4种生态类型应按照综合性、独立性、可测性、数据可获得性和长期性的原则，分别确定其监测指标和监测频次。对生态监测报告的形式、内容提出了具体要求。     

地表水水质时空变化及其与土地利用响应研究

基于全国水质监测站点数据和Landsat 8 OLI数据，分析各个站点pH值、高锰酸盐指数、溶解氧和氨氮 4项水质参数的时空变化特征，采用冗余分析方法研究不同尺度缓冲区内土地利用类型对水质参数变异的解释能力。结果表明，大部分监测站点水质参数变异程度较小，水质状况良好；不同尺度缓冲区内土地利用类型对水质参数的影响不同，在1 200 m缓冲区内土地利用对水质参数的解释率最大；农业用地在300 m缓冲区内会使水质恶化，可在较大尺度上对水质有净化作用，林地和水域在一定程度上可以起到改善水质的作用，建设用地对水质有较大的负面影响。     

省控河流水质监测断面优化布设研究

本文提出一个适合省级管理的诸多河流的断面优化方法,它解决了纯粹数学方法或者简单人为判定的弊端,在两者结合上作出了成功的尝试,适用于优化布设省控河流水质监测断面。     

石油化工工业区区域废水中COD_（Cr）和COD_（Mn）的相关性研究

连续同时监测天津市大港石化发展规划区区域废水中的ＣＯＤＣｒ和ＣＯＤＭｎ，并考查其线性相关性后得出ＣＯＤＣｒ＝４．９６ＣＯＤＭｎ＋１１６．３，相关系数为０．７５０。该回归方程适用于类似石油化工工业区区域废水中ＣＯＤＣｒ和ＣＯＤＭｎ间的换算     

新疆环境监测中心站积极开展生态环境遥感监测工作

新疆独特的地理环境造就了区域典型的大陆性干旱气候 ,加之人类不合理的开发 ,使新疆生态环境极其脆弱。为了及时准确地掌握和了解新疆宏观生态环境的现状 ,自治区环境监测中心站积极开展生态环境遥感监测工作。监测技术人员在获取全区气象卫星 NOAA— 12五个波段影像数据的基础上 ,利用遥感软件完成了全区和有关地、州、市土地荒漠现状程度 (五个级别 )的评价和制图工作 ,并针对荒漠化程度的差异 ,提出了生态环境保护的措施和建议 ,为全区生态环境的动态监测和管理提供了依据。通过此次监测 ,不仅提高了全区生态环境遥感监测的水平 ,也为…     

近岸海域水色异常遥感监测方法研究

水体颜色是判断水体质量的重要依据，利用遥感技术检测水色异常是进行水质评估和水体污染监测的重要技术手法。基于盐城市废黄河入海口处的GF1-WFV影像数据，利用遥感影像自身光谱特征来构建水色异常判断函数，对研究区域的水色异常进行快速提取和定位，并比较分析了基于单景影像特征和多景影像特征设置判断阈值的提取结果。研究结果表明：该方法完全基于遥感影像光谱特征，可有效提取出未知类型的水色异常信息；与基于单景影像设置的判断阈值相比，基于双景影像设置的判断阈值更合理、更适用，提取速度更快，提取范围更精确，Kappa系数为0.80;另外，采用合适窗口大小进行均值滤波处理能有效防止提取结果细碎和斑块化。     

Modeling Desertification Change in Minqin County,China

Monitoring environmental processes is becoming increasingly important wherever there is increasing population and economic development pressure placed on fragile environments. Remote sensing, digital image processing, and spatial analysis have proven to be useful technologies in both assessing and monitoring environmental change. In this study, they were used to assess desertification processes and change in Minqin County, China from 1988 to 1997. The results suggest that wind erosion was the dominant cause of desertification in more than half of the study area. Coupled with this were increases in salinization processes, affecting 33.62% of the land area in 1997. Overall, moderate desertification was found to be the dominant desertification grade (43.64% of total area), followed by extreme/severe desertification (26.15% of total area) in 1997. In addition, examination of landscape pattern changes indicated that desertification processes at the landscape level were becoming evident at increasing levels of fragmentation, complexity in shape, and isolation of patches. Major fluctuations in desertification type and grade were found at the fringes of oases, where an ongoing shift was taking place between cultivation, abandonment, and reclamation.     

A holistic approach towards assessment of severity of land degradation along the Great Wall in northern Shaanxi Province,China

The farming and grazing interlocked transitional zone along theGreat Wall in northern Shaanxi Province is particularly vulnerable to desertification due to its fragile ecosystem and intensive human activity. Studies reveal that desertification isboth a natural and anthropogenic process. Four desertificationindicators (vegetative cover, proportion of drifting sand area, desertification rate, and population pressure) were used to assess the severity of desertification in a GIS. The first threefactors were derived from multitemporal remote sensing and landinventory data. The last factor was calculated from census data.It was found that the overall severity of land degradation in thestudy area has worsened during the last two decades with severely, highly and moderately degraded land accounting for 84.2% of the total area in 1998. While the area affected by desertification has increased, the rate of desertification has also accelerated from 0.74 to 0.87%. Risk of land degradation in the study area has increased, on an average, by 155% since 1985. Incorporation of both natural and anthropogenic factors inthe analysis provides realistic assessment of risk of desertification.     

Land desertification monitoring and assessment in Yulin of Northwest China using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS)

The objective of this study is to develop techniques for assessing and analysing land desertification in Yulin of Northwest China, as a typical monitoring region through the use of remotely sensed data and geographic information systems (GIS). The methodology included the use of Landsat TM data from 1987, 1996 and 2006, supplemented by aerial photos in 1960, topographic maps, field work and use of other existing data. From this, land cover, the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), farmland, woodland and grassland maps at 1:100,000 were prepared for land desertification monitoring in the area. In the study, all data was entered into a GIS using ILWIS software to perform land desertification monitoring. The results indicate that land desertification in the area has been developing rapidly during the past 40 years. Although land desertification has to some extent been controlled in the area by planting grasses and trees, the issue of land desertification is still serious. The study also demonstrates an example of why the integration of remote sensing with GIS is critical for the monitoring of environmental changes in arid and semi-arid regions, e.g. in land desertification monitoring in the Yulin pilot area. However, land desertification monitoring using remote sensing and GIS still needs to be continued and also refined for the purpose of long-term monitoring and the management of fragile ecosystems in the area.     

Quantitative assessment of desertification in south of Iran using MEDALUS method

The main aim of this study was the quantitative assessment of desertification process in the case study area of the Fidoye-Garmosht plain (Southern Iran). Based on the MEDALUS approach and the characteristics of study area a regional model developed using GIS. Six main factors or indicators of desertification including: soil, climate, erosion, plant cover, groundwater and management were considered for evaluation. Then several sub-indicators affecting the quality of each main indicator were identified. Based on the MEDALUS approach, each sub-indicator was quantified according to its quality and given a weighting of between 1.0 and 2.0. ArcGIS 9 was used to analyze and prepare the layers of quality maps using the geometric mean to integrate the individual sub-indicator maps. In turn the geometric mean of all six quality maps was used to generate a single desertification status map. Results showed that 12% of the area is classified as very severe, 81% as severe and 7% as moderately affected by desertification. In addition the plant cover and groundwater indicators were the most important factors affecting desertification process in the study area. The model developed may be used to assess desertification process and distinguish the areas sensitive to desertification in the study region and in regions with the similar characteristics.     

Monitoring aeolian desertification process in Hulunbir grassland during 1975–2006, Northern China

The Hulunbir grassland experienced aeolian desertification expansion during 1975–2000, but local rehabilitation during 2000–2006. Northern China suffered severe aeolian desertification during the past 50 years. Hulunbir grassland, the best stockbreeding base in Northern China, was also affected by aeolian desertification. To evaluate the evolution and status of aeolian desertification, as well as its causes, satellite images (acquired in 1975, 1984, 2000, and 2006) and meteorological and socioeconomic data were interpreted and analyzed. The results show there was 2,345.7, 2,899.8, 4,053.9, and 3,859.6 km² of aeolian desertified land in 1975, 1984, 2000, and 2006, respectively. The spatial pattern dynamic had three stages: stability during 1975–1984, fast expansion during 1984–2000, and spatial transfer during 2000–2006. The dynamic degree of aeolian desertification is negatively related to its severity. Comprehensive analysis shows that the human factor is the primary cause of aeolian desertification in Hulunbir grassland. Although aeolian desertified land got partly rehabilitated, constant increase of extremely severe aeolian desertified land implied that current measures were not effective enough on aeolian desertification control. Alleviation of grassland pressure may be an effective method.     

Applying the change vector analysis technique to assess the desertification risk in the south-west of Romania in the period 1984–2011

The desertification risk affects around 40% of the agricultural land in various regions of Romania. The purpose of this study is to analyse the risk of desertification in the south-west of Romania in the period 1984–2011 using the change vector analysis (CVA) technique and Landsat thematic mapper (TM) satellite images. CVA was applied to combinations of normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI)-albedo, NDVI-bare soil index (BI) and tasselled cap greenness (TCG)-tasselled cap brightness (TCB). The combination NDVI-albedo proved to be the best in assessing the desertification risk, with an overall accuracy of 87.67%, identifying a desertification risk on 25.16% of the studied period. The classification of the maps was performed for the following classes: desertification risk, re-growing and persistence. Four degrees of desertification risk and re-growing were used: low, medium, high and extreme. Using the combination NDVI-albedo, 0.53% of the analysed surface was assessed as having an extreme degree of desertification risk, 3.93% a high degree, 8.72% a medium degree and 11.98% a low degree. The driving forces behind the risk of desertification are both anthropogenic and climatic causes. The anthropogenic causes include the destruction of the irrigation system, deforestation, the destruction of the forest shelterbelts, the fragmentation of agricultural land and its inefficient management. Climatic causes refer to increase of temperatures, frequent and prolonged droughts and decline of the amount of precipitation.     

The relative role of climate change and human activities in the desertification process in Yulin region of northwest China

To overcome the shortcoming of existing studies, this paper put forward a statistical vegetation–climate relationship model with integrated temporal and spatial characteristics. Based on this model, we quantitatively discriminated on the grid scale the relative role of climate change and human activities in the desertification dynamics from 1986 to 2000 in Yulin region. Yulin region’s desertification development occurred mainly in the southern hilly and gully area and its reverse in the northwest sand and marsh area. This spatial pattern was especially evident and has never changed thoroughly. From the first time section (1986–1990) to the second (1991–1995), the desertification was developing as a whole, and either in the desertification development district or in the reverse district human activities’ role was always occupying an overwhelmingly dominant position (they were 98.7% and 101.4%, respectively), the role of climate change was extremely slight. From the second time section (1991–1995) to the third (1996–2000), the desertification process was reaching a state of stability, in the desertification development district the role of climate change was nearly equivalent to that of human activities (they were 46.2% and 53.8% separately), and yet in the desertification reverse district, the role of human activities came up to 119.0%, the role of climate change amounted to ?19.0%. In addition, the relative role of climate change and human activities possessed great spatial heterogeneity. The above conclusion rather coincides with the qualitative analysis in many literatures, which indicates that this method has certain rationality and can be utilized as a reference for the monitoring and studying of desertification in other areas.     

土地沙漠化监测指标体系的探讨

评述国内外的沙漠化监测指标体系,根据我国实际情况分析沙漠化监测的主要内容,提出建立沙漠化监测指标体系的原则并设置了监测指标体系.     

Sandy desertification change and its driving forces in western Jilin Province, North China

This paper investigates the sandy desertification change between 1986 and 2000 in the western Jilin province, North China. Land use and land cover data were obtained from Landsat TM data by using a supervised classification approach. We summarized the total area of desertified land by each county, as well as the area for each of the four categories of desertified land. The changes of different types of land use and land cover between 1986 and 2000 were calculated and analyzed. Taking Tongyu and Qianan as examples, both human and natural driving forces of the sandy desertification were analyzed. Our analyses indicate that the material sources and windy, warm and dry climate are the immanent causes of potential land desertification, while the irrational human activities, such as deforestation, reclaiming and grazing in the grassland, are the external causes of potential land desertification. However, rational human activities, such as planting trees and restoring grassland can reverse the land desertification process. Furthermore, the countermeasures and suggestions for the sustainable development in ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry in North China are put forward.     

Dynamics of aeolian desertification and its driving forces in the Horqin Sandy Land,Northern China

Aeolian desertification is one of the most serious environmental and socioeconomic problems in arid, semi-arid, and dry subhumid zones. Understanding desertification processes and causes is important to provide reasonable and effective control measures for preventing desertification. With satellite remote sensing images as data source to assess the temporal and spatial dynamics of desertification from 1975 to 2010 in the Horqin Sandy Land, dynamic changes of aeolian desertification were detected using the human–machine interactive interpretation method. The driving factors of local desertification were analyzed based on natural and socioeconomic data. The results show that aeolian desertified land in the study area covered 30,199 km² in 2010, accounting for 24.1 % of the study area. The total area of aeolian desertified land obviously expanded from 30,884 km² in 1975 to 32,071 km² in 1990, and gradually decreased to 30,199 km² in 2010; aeolian desertified land represented an increasing trend firstly and then decreased. During the past 35 years, the gravity centers of desertified lands that are classified as extremely severe and severe generally migrated to the northeast, whereas those that are moderate and slight migrated to the northwest. The migration distance of severely desertified land was the largest, which indicated the southern desertified lands were improved during the last few decades. In addition, the climatic variation in the past 35 years has been favorable to desertification in the Horqin Sandy Land. Aeolian desertified land rapidly expanded from 1975 to 1990 under the combined effects of climate changes and unreasonable human activities. After the 1990s, the main driving factors responsible for the decrease in desertification were positive human activities, such as the series of antidesertification and ecological restoration projects.