来稿摘登

来稿摘登大气中硫化氢测定方法研究沈菁黄建（四川绵阳市环境监测站，６２１０００）本文对用亚甲基蓝分光光度法测定大气中硫化氢的标准溶液、样品稳定性、温度对试剂空白的影响进行了研究。①Ｈ２Ｓ标准贮备液以硫化锌胶体溶液为好。浓度稳定，冰箱保存可稳定一个月以上...     

氰化物分析中显色后稀释测定方法

氰化物分析中显色后稀释测定方法陈勤，厉莲（江苏扬州市环境监测站，扬州２２５００２）用异烟酸－吡唑啉酮光度法测定水中氰化物，对显色后才知其浓度已超出标准曲线线性范围的样品，无须重新取样测定，只须用零浓度空白管内显色后的试液作为稀释液对显色后样品进行稀释...     

显色条件对纳氏试剂分光光度法测定水中氨氮的影响

氨氮是水质监测和评价的重要指标之一。本文探讨了纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮时显色温度和显色时间对测定结果的影响,并从空白测定、显色速率及校准曲线等方面进行了分析,提出了对测定方法的改进建议。     

乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定水中甲醛时影响空白值的因素

针对水质中甲醛测定时试剂水、pH值、乙酰丙酮试剂、加热温度和显色时间等影响因素进行了讨论,并提出了减小空白值的对策.     

用1.3.5—三硝基苯比色法测定大气中微量二氧化硫

盐酸副玫瑰苯胺比色法是目前测定大气中二氧化硫的常用方法,该方法灵敏,选择性强,但吸收液毒性较大,使用时,对温度、pH和试剂纯度要求比较严格。钍试剂比色法所用吸收液无毒,但灵敏度较低,采样体积较大,不适宜大气中微量二氧化硫的测定。 本文根据二氧化硫与水形成亚硫酸根后能与1.3.5—三硝基苯(TNB)形成TNB—SO_3~-加成络合物,提出了用TNB比色测定大气中微量二氧化硫的方法。该方法的特点是显色迅速、稳定、空白低、灵敏准确,不仅适宜大     

比色法测定水中微量三氯杀螨醇

使用比色法测定水中微量三氯杀螨醇的浓度。首先用正己烷萃取浓缩水中的三氯杀螨醇,比较了加入不同量的去离子水,不同浓度、不同量的NaOH,不同的反应显色温度和反应时间以及吡啶用量等对体系吸光度的影响。得出最佳的显色条件:0.2ml去离子水,0.1ml质量浓度为45%的NaOH溶液,与2.0ml吡啶混合,于100℃水浴中反应3.0min,反应液在4000r/min离心2.0min,取出反应液在530nm处测定吸光度值。此方法的标准工作曲线相关系数为0.9914,方法的绝对检出限为0.2μg三氯杀螨醇。样品加标回收率为83.7%~114.1%,相对标准偏差小于10%。     

异烟酸——吡唑啉酮光度法测定高浓度总氰化物的初探

用零浓度空白管经显色后的试液作稀释液，对高浓度总氰化物显色后的样品进行稀释分析测定，这样可提高高浓度总氰化物测定结果的淮确度和精密度，与直接稀释法测定的结果等效。     

苯胺类标准曲线线性影响因素的探讨

温度和pH值对苯胺类测定中标准曲线的线性关系产生影响，在室温较低的条件下，只有通过改变温度条件，同时以酸度计作为调节pH的测试手段，方可产生良好的线性关系；显色所生成的紫红色物质稳定性良好，充分显色后的溶液，比色时间不会影响测定结果。     

还原-偶氮光度法测定硝基苯的影响因素

在还原 -偶氮光度法测定废水硝基苯的操作中 ,由于诸多因素的影响常会出现空白值高、精密度和准确度差等问题。现将工作中的一些经验和处理方法作一介绍 ,供参考。(1 )试剂 :盐酸萘乙二胺的质量会影响到空白值 ,它对温度和光敏感。变质后 ,空白值增高 ,正常试剂配制溶液的空白值为 0 0 0 5Ａ左右 ,而变质试剂溶液的空白值高达 0 0 1 6Ａ。因此 ,该试剂一定要密封、避光 ,置冰箱保存。所配溶液颜色加深或出现沉淀时 ,需重新配制。(2 )还原程度 :标准系列还原不充分 ,曲线的斜率会偏低 ,结果产生正误差。而样品还原不充分 ,则可出现负误差。…     

实验室测定二氧化硫影响因素的探讨

空气中二氧化硫的测定对实验室测定条件比较敏感。通过实验表明显色时间、显色温度、PRA纯度、蒸馏水质量等实验条件均对其校准曲线的斜率和空白值有影响，所以在实验分析过程中，必须严格把握操作条件，严格遵循操作步骤。     

Characteristics and origin of the hydrogen sulphide spring water from the Split spa (Southern Croatia)

The objective of this paper is to study the hydrological characteristics and origin of the hydrogen sulphide spring water from the Split spa in Southern Croatia in 1987, 1988 and 2003. This paper presents the results of monitoring the content of chlorides and hydrogen sulphide as well as the temperature of the hydrogen sulphide spring water. Since the hydrogen sulphide content during the dry periods significantly differs from the hydrogen sulphide content during rainy periods, this paper also compares the results obtained for those two periods. Under the influence of great quantities of rainfall during cold periods (winter and the beginning of spring) the ratio between seawater and surface water changes and thus the reduction of chlorides and other minerals occurs. The lowered temperature also reduces hydrogen sulphide which can disappear completely. The concentration of 12‰ chlorides (76–94.4% days/year) and 12 mg/L hydrogen sulphide (66.7–88.9% days/year) has been taken as a limit value between water with a normal typical content and water in cold rainy periods. According to the monitoring results it can be concluded that hydrogen sulphide spring water consists of seawater and hydrogencarbonate surface water with a fairly constant content during dry periods while the hydrogencarbonate content increases during rainy periods.     

Accident Due to Release of Hydrogen Sulphide in a Manufacturing Process of Cobalt Sulphide – Case Study

An accident occurs during the manufacture of cobalt sulphide unit due to liberation of hydrogen sulphide. Problems associated with the hydrogen sulphide and the recommended preventives measured have been discussed.     

Modelling the contribution of different sources of sulphur to atmospheric deposition in the United Kingdom

In order to understand relationships between sources and receptors of atmospheric deposition, computer models must be used. This paper describes a Lagrangian acid deposition model that represents emissions of trace species across Northern Europe. The chemistry of sulphur dioxide, dimethyl sulphide and hydrogen sulphide is represented and the model tested against estimates of UK wet and dry deposition. Mean UK wet and dry deposition for the period 1992–1994 was 206 and 145 ktonne S yr^-1, respectively. The model predicted wet and dry deposition of 222 and 166 ktonne S yr^-1, in good agreement with measurements. The model has been used to examine the sources of deposited S to the UK. For a base year of 1992, 86% of the UK's SO₂ emissions are exported. The S deposition attributable from mainland European sources was 36% of the UK total S deposition, in good agreement with other UK models but this differs substantially from the calculations of the EMEP model. Natural sources of S deposition from planktonic emissions of dimethyl sulphide, biological emissions of hydrogen sulphide and non-eruptive volcanic emissions of sulphur dioxide contributed approximately 1% of the modelled UK S deposition, of which 95% originated from dimethyl sulphide. The explicit chemical scheme for dimethyl sulphide incorporated into the model showed that 24% of the resultant deposited S was methane sulphonic acid. Boundary conditions of the model were tested and it was found that initialisation of sulphur dioxide and sulphate concentrations to representative ambient conditions had a very small effect. The modelled contribution of UK and European sources to UK S deposition was approximately 40 and 60%, respectively, showing the dramatic change arising from projected UK SO₂ emissions in 2010. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

硫化学发光检测器-气相色谱法测定废气中挥发性硫化物

采用硫化学发光检测-宽口径石英毛细管柱气相色谱法,建立了废气中羰基硫、硫化氢、二硫化碳、甲硫醇、乙硫醇、甲硫醚、乙硫醚、丙硫醇、异丙硫醇、噻吩及二甲二硫等11种挥发性硫化物的分析方法。硫化学发光检测器的灵敏度、选择性及线性范围均优于传统的火焰光度检测器。进样体积为0.2 ml时,硫化物的检出限为0.03～0.1 mg/m3。实际样品5次测定的相对标准偏差小于5.1%,加标回收率为83.7%～108.8%。测定了某炼油厂酸性水罐尾气、污油罐尾气及瓦斯气中挥发性硫化物,为其恶臭控制与治理提供检测手段和基础数据。     

浅议现代垃圾填埋场的大气污染及监测分析方法

造成垃圾填埋场大气污染的两大类污染物,其对环境、人体、动植物、器物和材料都有一定的危害,文章针对现代垃圾填埋场的大气环境污染,以硫化氢、氨、甲硫醇等重点大气污染因子为监测对象,结合实践总结了一部分垃圾填埋场的大气污染监测方案,包括布点原则、采样频率和时间、采样方法和分析技术,该监测方案可为现代垃圾填埋场的大气污染监测提供参考.     

Radioactivity, Physical and Chemical Parameters of Underground and Surface Waters in Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria

Radioactivity, physical and chemical parameters of underground boreholes and surface waters in the region of Qua Iboe River Estuary involved in oil production activities were measured. The physical and chemical parameters measured included pH, temperature, turbidity, and concentrations of total dissolved and suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, oils and grease, salinity, hardness (carbonates and bicarbonates), chlorine, sulphide, and metal ions. The work reveals that the radioactivity, physical and chemical parameters determined for both the underground and surface waters are safely below the international permissible limits except that of carbonate (68.6 mg/d – 228.7 mg/l) and bicarbonate (22.9 mg/l – 76.3mg/l) which renders both sources of water hard. The exceedingly high concentration range of hydrogen sulphide (40 mg/l–440 mg/l) in both sources is also beyond the international limit of 0.05mg/l. The ammonium ion concentration (1.40–2.80mg/l) was determined to be slightly higher in both the underground and surface waters than the international limit of 0.5mg/l.     

Accumulation of ammonia and other potentially noxious gases on live export shipments from Australia to the Middle East

Noxious gases on ships are irritant pollutants that have potential impacts on the comfort and health of both livestock and humans. Identification of environmental influences on the pollutants will assist live exporters to control them. Ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, as well as wet and dry bulb temperature, dew point, air speed and depth of faeces that the sheep stood in, were measured on two ship voyages in which sheep were transported from Australia to the Middle East. Daily measurements were made at 20 measurement locations over 12 days. At four sites, the mean ammonia concentration for the voyage was above the recommended maximum limit for the live export industry (25 ppm). The mean ammonia concentrations at the remaining 16 sites were below 18 ppm and considered safe. High ammonia concentrations were localised and occurred particularly on closed decks, as well as at the front of the vessel and near the engine block on open decks. Ammonia concentration on the open decks was correlated with cumulative wind during the voyage, air speed, dew point, wet bulb temperature and faecal pad depth, and on the closed decks with dew point, and wet and dry bulb temperature. Hydrogen sulphide (<1.8 ppm) and carbon dioxide (<1900 ppm) concentrations were low and did not pose a risk to animal or human welfare or health. The results suggest that high ammonia concentrations occur in those parts of the ship where there is insufficient ventilation and/or high temperatures and humidity.     

Modelling-tracer study for risk assessment of a proposed sour gas facility

As an integral part of a risk assessment of a sour gas pipeline proposed for a recreational area in the Rocky Mountain foothills, the dispersion of hydrogen sulphide was assessed using meteorological monitoring, tracer gas concentration measurement and a complex terrain diffusion model. Sulphur hexafluoride was released into the nocturnal drainage winds of two valleys in the eastern slopes of the Alberta Rockies southwest of Calgary. The resulting concentrations were measured at several points on transects at various distances from the source. The NUVAL version of the dispersion model IMPACT (Integrated Model for Plumes and Atmospherics in Complex Terrain) was site tuned using the measured concentrations and concurrent meteorological data. Relative mean absolute errors of 24–50% were obtained. The Gaussian model (PLUMES) with modified stability classes gave relative mean absolute errors of 42–64% in predicting transect maxima. Dilution rates were found to be much larger than would be experienced under similar conditions over flat terrain.     

Ambient hydrogen sulphide levels at a wastewater treatment plant

This paper describes a novel technique of measuring ambient hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) concentrations simultaneously at several locations around a wastewater treatment plant. A commercially purchased H₂S monitor is modified to operate in a static mode to enable degree of darkening on pieces of lead acetate tapes to be correlated againts the exposure duration and the ambient H₂S concentration of sewage air. The technique can yield mapped contours of time—average H₂S concentrations as low as 0.2 ppm. The methodology is exemplified for a wastewater treatment plant in Ipswich, Queensland. Isopleths of H₂S concentration obtained at the wastewater site for two different meteorological conditions reveal that high levels of H₂S are detected around the plant's inlet structure and primary clarifiers.     

Simulation of pyrite oxidation in fresh mine tailings under near-neutral conditions

Sulphidic residual products from ore processing may produce acid rock drainage, when exposed to oxygen and water. Predictions of the magnitude of ARD and sulphide oxidation rates are of great importance in mine planning because they can be used to minimize or eliminate ARD and the associated economic and environmental costs. To address the lack of field data of sulphide oxidation rate in fresh sulphide-rich tailings under near-neutral conditions, determination and simulation of the rate was performed in pilot-scale at Kristineberg, northern Sweden. The quality of the drainage water was monitored, along with oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. The chemical composition of the solid tailings was also determined. The field data were compared to predictions from simulations of pyrite oxidation using a 1-D numerical model. The simulations' estimates of the amount of Fe and S released over a seven year period (52 kg and 178 kg, respectively) were in reasonably good agreement with those obtained by analysing the tailings (34 kg and 155 kg, respectively). The discrepancy is probably due to the formation of secondary precipitates such as iron hydroxides and gypsum; which are not accounted for in the model. The observed mass transport of Fe and S (0.05 and 1.0 kg per year, respectively) was much lower than expected on the basis of the simulations and the core data. Neutralization reactions involving carbonates in the tailings result in a near-neutral pH at all depths except at the oxidation front (pH < 5), indicating that the dissolution of carbonates was too slow for the acid to be neutralized, which instead neutralized deeper down in the tailings. This was also indicated by the reduced abundance of solid Ca at greater depths and the high levels of carbon dioxide both of which are consistent with the dissolution of carbonates. It could be concluded that the near-neutral pH in the tailings has no decreasing effect on the rate of sulphide oxidation, but does reduce the concentrations of dissolved elements in the drainage water due to the formation of secondary minerals. This means that sulphide oxidation rates may be underestimated if determined from drainage alone.