气相色谱法检测废气中甲烷、非甲烷总烃的问题研究

气相色谱法检测废气中甲烷、非甲烷总烃的方法存在诸多问题。针对标准参考气体的选择、采样方式、样品保存、配气方式、仪器配置等方面做了重点研究。结果表明,使用甲烷作为标准参考气体最佳,根据污染源的实际状况,可选择动力采样或玻璃注射器手动采样。样品气保存在惰性气袋中比玻璃注射器更好,实验分析更推荐双柱配置的气相色谱,手工配制标准气系列、使用填充柱也可很好的满足检测的质量要求。     

非甲烷总烃样品保存时限探讨

非甲烷总烃在监测过程中,废气样品保存容器的选择和保存时间的长短对分析结果有重要影响。研究结果表明:使用玻璃注射器保存样品,应在8 h内完成分析;使用泰德拉惰性气袋保存样品,保存时间可延长至48 h,如废气中主要组分为沸点高于150℃的高沸点化合物,则应在8 h内完成非甲烷总烃的测定。     

废气样品中甲烷的保存条件研究

气相色谱法检测废气中甲烷,样品保存容器可选择玻璃注射器、惰性气袋、真空瓶、苏码罐等,实验室对此做了比较研究。结果表明:玻璃注射器气密性较差,样品须在8 h内完成分析;真空瓶携带不方便,苏码罐价格昂贵,两者使用较少;使用玻璃注射器采集,然后注入惰性气袋保存的方法最佳,样品至少可稳定保存7d。     

挥发性有机物气体污染源监测中直接采样法的评价

挥发性有机物气体污染源监测中 ,采样与样品的保存是极其关键的环节 ,文中评价了两种材质的塑料采样袋对样品保存的影响 ,并与玻璃针筒进行比较 ,讨论了塑料袋和玻璃针筒采样中导致样品浓度衰减的主要因素     

便携式GC-MS法快速测定固定污染源废气中的VOCs

采用便携式GC-MS法快速测定固定污染源废气中VOCs,32种VOCs在2×10~(-7)~1×10~(-6)范围内线性良好,方法检出限为2×10~(-9)~1×10~(-8),标准气体样品6次测定结果的RSD为1.9%~19.1%,环境空气样品的加标回收率为66.2%~116%。在实际现场监测固定污染源中VOCs时,使用速查(Survey)功能可初步判断样品浓度,确定稀释倍数。比对试验结果表明,气袋和玻璃注射器采样法对VOCs测定结果无显著性差异。     

气相色谱法测定非甲烷总烃

本文采用《空气和废气监测分析方法(第四版)》P585~P587总烃和非甲烷总烃测定方法一(B)利用六通阀定量环进样来测定环境空气以及废气中的非甲烷总烃浓度,对仪器条件进行优化,方法的检出限为0.13 mg/m3,标样总烃相对标准偏差为0.4%,甲烷的相对标准偏差为1.2%,总烃的加标回收率为100.9%~101.6%,甲烷的加标回收率为102.4%~102.6%,该方法操作简单,分析速度快,实验结果满意。     

罐采样-加压进样-气相色谱法测定环境空气中非甲烷总烃研究

建立了罐采样-气相色谱法测定环境空气中非甲烷总烃的分析方法。用罐采集环境空气样品至微负压状态，经除烃空气加压后，用气相色谱仪进行分析。并对氮气空白、除烃空气、样品保存期限、不同压力进样、不同正压压力进样、不同湿度、不同种类物质对总烃的贡献等进行了研究，在最佳实验条件下，非甲烷总烃的方法检出限为0.04μmol/mol,标准曲线相关系数均大于0.999 5,低、中、高浓度水平测定结果相对标准偏差均小于2.0%,低、中、高浓度的质控样品相对误差均小于2.0%。利用该方法对环境空气样品进行了检测分析，该法完全满足国家标准质控的要求，适用于环境空气和污染源无组织废气中非甲烷总烃的准确测定。     

气相色谱法测定废气中非甲烷总烃的标准气体选择

气相色谱法测定废气中非甲烷总烃,国内外相关标准选用的标准气体各不相同,通过试验考察各标准气体对测定的影响,并比对相关文献信息。结果表明:甲烷和丙烷(浓度以碳计)在填充柱气相色谱仪和毛细管柱气相色谱仪FID检测器上的响应无明显差异,而采用甲烷作为标准气体,分析时间短,工作效率高。     

直接进样-气相色谱质谱法同时测定固定污染源排气中的含氟温室气体

建立了一种直接进样-气相色谱质谱法同时分离和测定固定污染源排气中三氟甲烷、四氟甲烷、六氟乙烷和六氟化硫等含氟温室气体的方法。使用CP-Sillica PLOT毛细管填充柱可使上述4种目标化合物实现基线分离。分别用全扫描模式和选择离子扫描模式进行定量分析,方法检出限分别为0.12,0.19,0.10,0.08 mg/m~3和2.8,3.4,1.7,3.1μg/m~3。探讨了样品保存容器与保存时间对样品浓度衰减的影响,指出Tedlar采样袋或铝塑复合膜采样袋可以较长时间保存样品,在常温下,样品可保存至少7 d。实际样品测定结果表明方法快速、简便,适用于固定污染源排气中含氟温室气体的测定。     

环境空气中13种醛酮类化合物与2,4-二硝基苯肼采样管反应效率研究

应用13种醛酮类气体标准物质绘制工作曲线,采用超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(DAD)测定环境空气中13种醛酮类化合物的含量。使用13种醛酮类气体标准物质作为采样对象模拟大气采样,对2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)采样管反应时间、气体环境温度、采样流量等条件进行优化。以气体标准物质为样本,采样体积设定为5 L,在采样温度为25℃、采样流量为0.5 L/min的条件下进行样品采集。采集完毕后,将采样管密封避光保存150 min,随后进行前处理。实验结果显示,大部分化合物的衍生化反应效率可以达到70%以上。该实验条件下,在25～500 nmol/mol浓度范围内绘制工作曲线,所得曲线线性关系良好,相关系数(r)大于0.995。该工作曲线定量方式适用于环境空气中醛酮类化合物的分析。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...