典型外向型经济地区农村固体废弃物污染处置状况与管理对策

外向型经济地区经济发达、城镇化水平高、外来人口众多,使得农村环境问题日益突出。通过对典型外向型经济地区昆山市全部行政村发放调查表并结合经验系数法,调查和统计了外向型经济地区农村固废的产生种类、产生量和处置状况。统计分析结果显示,外向型经济地区农村的主要固体废弃物为生活垃圾、农业固废、禽畜粪便和农村企业固废。根据这些污染状况,提出了农村固废处置的管理对策。     

固体废物浸出液中氰化物测定方法的探讨

用金矿废渣样品进行氰化物的浸提试验,对浸提剂的pH值、浸提次数等条件进行优化。经实际样品验证,确定pH值〉12的碱性水溶液为最佳浸提剂,浸出液中易释放氰化物和总氰化物可用硝酸银滴定法或异烟酸一巴比妥酸分光光度法测定,方法检出限分别为0．25mg／L、0．001mg／L,加标回收率为90．0％～92．0％,测定结果的RSD〈8％。     

The composition, trend and impact of urban solid waste in Beijing

This paper provides an overview of the trend of generation, composition, and management of municipal solid waste, and estimates the carbon emissions arising from municipal solid waste management in Beijing. The correlation analysis conducted shows that the generation of municipal solid waste in Beijing has been growing steadily, showing high correlations (r > 0.9) to the total GDP, per capita income, and the population. Food waste showed an increasing trend since 1990. Compared with the results of an investigation in 1990, ash and woodchips content in 2003 declined from 56% to 17%, while the percentage of paper and plastic increased from 10% to 29% over the same period. The calorific value of the municipal waste also increased, from 2,686 kJ/kg in 1990 to 4,667 kJ/kg in 2003, indicating that the waste is suitable for incineration. Currently, the source separation ratio of municipal waste is approximately 15%. About 94% of all the collected solid waste goes to the landfill while 4% is composted and 2% is incinerated. A moderate garbage collection fee is applied to both permanent and temporary residents in Beijing, but the willingness to pay for solid waste collection and treatment is still low. Under current treatment mode, the total amounts of carbon emission from waste disposal sites and incineration increased with the increase of municipal solid waste, from 29.8 Gg in 1990 to 84.5 Gg in 2003, including 83.3 Gg of CH₄ and 22.0 Gg of CO₂. The data availability and methodological challenges in monitoring the quantity and characteristics of municipal solid waste are discussed.     

日本废弃物的管理制度与研究现状 Ⅰ日本废弃物问题的现状与对策

根据日本废弃物管理的基本原则与存在的问题,介绍了目前日本废弃物的管理制度与现状。     

ICP—AES光谱法同时测定固体废弃物中的多种元素

采用常规酸消化方法分解锑渣和铋渣固体废弃物试样．处理后的消解液直接用ＩＣＰ—ＡＥＳ法同时测定了Ｃｕ、Ｐｈ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、和Ｚｎ等多种重金属元素。方法的精密度和准确度较好，适合于常规固体环境样品的分析。     

Relation of waste generation and composition to socio-economic factors: a case study

To develop an effective waste management strategy for a given region, it is important to know the amount of waste generated and the composition of the waste stream. Past research has shown that the amount of waste generated is proportional to the population and the average mean living standards or the average income of the people. In addition, other factors may affect the amount and composition of waste. These are climate, living habits, level of education, religious and cultural beliefs, and social and public attitudes. This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in a suburban municipal area in Sri Lanka to determine the solid waste generation rate and waste composition based on field surveys and to determine the related socio-economic factors. A database was developed that included information on the quantity and composition of waste generated in a sample of households in the study area over a time period. The collected data was analysed to relate waste generation and composition data to various socio-economic factors. Over 400 sample households were selected for the study using a stratified random sampling methodology based on municipal wards and property values. A technique that considers both the number of households in a particular income group (property value range) and the standard deviation of property values within a given income group was used to determine the appropriate sample size for each municipal ward. Through category and regression analyses, the quantities of waste and waste composition were related to several socio-economic factors. The paper describes the basis for the sample selection, the methodology adopted for data collection, the socio-economic parameters used for the analysis, and the relationships developed from the analysis.     

硝酸体系微波消解-偏钼酸铵分光光度法测定固废中总磷方法的研究

固体废物经硝酸体系微波消解,其中难溶盐和含磷有机物分解形成正磷酸盐进入溶液,在酸性条件下,正磷酸盐与偏钒酸铵和钼酸铵反应,生成黄色的三元杂多酸,于波长420nm处进行比色测定.样品量为0.5g,定容体积50ml,使用3cm比色皿,方法检出限为1.1mg/kg,测定下限为4.4mg/kg,满足固废总磷的监测要求.     

对固体废物中挥发性有机物浸出方法的几点实验探讨

采用零顶空提取器,对陈旧油墨渣和蒽琨渣样品中的挥发性有机物进行了浸出实验和分析测定,浸出液采用静态顶空分流进样、GC/MS法分析。对影响挥发性有机物浸出效率的因素进行了研究,结果表明,浸提剂加入方式、浸出时间和浸出液收集方法等对分析结果准确度有较大影响。     

固相萃取-气质联用法测定固体废物浸出液中的二硝基苯

建立了一种利用固相萃取法对固体废物浸出液(TCLP)中二硝基苯进行萃取,DB-5石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)进行分离,质谱检测器检测二硝基苯的方法。方法在0.002 0~0.020 0 mg/L之间线性关系良好,二硝基苯三种同分异构体的检出限均为0.5μg/L,模拟样品加标回收率为93%~96%,RSD≤2%;实际固体废物样品测定的加标回收率为95%~98%。     

乌昌地区废物资源化现状与规划措施分析

乌昌地区经济总量占全疆的五分之一,财政收入占全疆的三分之一。乌昌经济一体化战略的实施,将在两地经济蓬勃发展的基础上,充分发挥两地优势,把乌昌地区建成全疆最重要的城市集群和最重要的人居生态区。本文通过对乌昌地区废物资源化现状的分析,提出了废物资源化的规划措施,有利于加强两地废物资源化工作,保护城市区域环境,节约资源,发展乌昌地区循环经济。