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1.
北京市空气污染指数及其影响因素分析   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1  
以北京市2001—2012年空气污染指数(API)和气象资料为基础,通过描述统计和GLM模型分析了北京市API的变化趋势和影响因素。分析结果表明,从年际变化看,北京空气质量呈逐年好转趋势;空气质量季节差别显著,春季和冬季的空气质量最差,夏季空气质量显著优于冬季和春季;各气象因素对空气质量均有显著影响,气压、气温、降水、日照时间与API呈负相关关系,其升高有利于空气质量改善,而日最高温、湿度、风速与API呈正相关关系。交通限行政策对北京空气质量有显著改善作用,但未发现API存在显著的周末效应。  相似文献   

2.
本文通过对长春市城区6个监测子站2007年1月至12月监测资料的统计,分析了长春市大气污染物季节变化规律,及各功能区间的空气质量差异。结合2001年以来的大气监测数据分析了长春市空气质量的总体变化趋势。结果表明,长春市空气质量季节变化明显,采暖期的大气污染物浓度明显增高,首要污染物是PM10。历年的数据显示PM10变化不明显,但SO2和NO2具有略有升高趋势。  相似文献   

3.
目前测定总悬浮微粒多采用重量法,我站采集总悬浮微粒的方法是用有效直径80mm的滤膜采样头与KB-120抽气泵配套使用。1991年以前采样头增设百页箱,用110(100)L/ min的中流量采样,从1991年元月开始,以新引进的切割器代替百页箱,流量按规定为100L/min. 这种QG-100型TSP切割器结构设计科学,是经北京市环境监测中心和山东省环境监测中心站新研制的仪器,曾经分  相似文献   

4.
天津市空气质量与气象因子相关分析   总被引:15,自引:5,他引:15  
对采暖期间气象因子与空气质量的相关关系进行了系统分析.结果表明,天气形势对空气质量影响显著,两者相关性很好,可以针对不同天气型开展污染源治理.地面风场对空气质量的影响具有双重性,即风速越大,空气质量越好,但当风速达到7m/s时,可吸入颗粒物受开放源影响污染浓度会有所增加.大气稳定度的日变化影响空气质量的日变化;层结越稳定,空气污染越重,稳定层结一般出现在早晨4:00~8:00和晚间19:00~23:00.  相似文献   

5.
长三角与珠三角城市环境空气质量变化对比分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用重点城市环境空气质量日报数据中的空气污染指数(简称API),选择上海市和广州市作为代表性城市,研究了长三角和珠三角自2001年至2008年环境空气质量的变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明,从年际变化看,上海市2002年前空气质量恶化,2002年后空气质量优化;广州市2004年前空气质量恶化,2004年后空气质量优化,较之上海变化趋势转折点存在2年的滞后。从季度变化看,上海市冬季春季秋季夏季,广州市冬季秋季春季夏季。与社会经济发展关系的分析表明,上海市随着社会经济的发展环境空气质量总体呈现好转趋势,广州市随着社会经济的发展环境空气质量总体呈现先恶化再好转的趋势,且经济发展对环境空气质量的影响大于社会发展。  相似文献   

6.
利用2010年成都市城区环境监测资料及同期气象资料,分析了成都市城区空气污染物的变化特征及各污染物浓度与气象条件的关系。结果表明:(1)成都市大气环境中PM10为首要污染物,城区空气质量具有明显的季节特征,最优在夏季,冬季最差;(2)成都市大气稳定度稳定类频率的变化幅度与污染物月均值变化幅度较为一致;(3)成都市城区污染物除本地污染源外,还受到外地源的影响。  相似文献   

7.
利用多方位监测数据和气象资料,分析了2010—2011年春季外来沙尘输送对北京市空气质量指数的影响,提出外来沙尘对北京市空气质量级别影响的预报判据。此外,基于NAQPMS模型的沙尘模块,开展数值预报研究,并对北京市2010年3月一次沙尘天气污染过程进行数值模拟试验,结果表明,模拟的PM10浓度值与实测值有较好的一致性。通过判别预报和数值模拟两种预报技术的开展,可以预报沙尘输送影响的空气质量级别、沙尘分布和演变规律,为进一步开展空气质量预报预警和防控沙尘工作打下了很好的科学基础。  相似文献   

8.
利用2015年10月福州市国控点位空气质量常规6项参数(SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5))、NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日高度场、风场资料、温度场资料(垂直方向为17层,分辨率为2.5°×2.5°),对10月及福州第一届青年运动会(以下简称"青运会")期间空气质量进行分析与评价,并结合采取的相关管控措施和气象条件情况,分析福州市空气质量变化原因。结果表明,2015年10月福州市空气质量达到优良水平,各项污染物指标均达到一级标准,浓度较2014年同期明显下降,同时青运会期间污染物浓度较10月显著降低,这与对重点工业源、流动源、扬尘源等采取的管控措施密不可分,而且青运会前期受台风"巨爵"外围气流影响,福州温度较常年偏高,有利于空气垂直湍流运动,青运会后期的降水清洁过程,易于污染物清除。  相似文献   

9.
呼和浩特市空气颗粒物影响因素研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
选择呼和浩特市城东腾飞路中段为研究地,在内蒙古环境监测中心站实验大楼楼顶设置空气质量自动监测点,于2009年11月至2012年12月连续3年对该区域空气质量进行研究性监测。采用数理统计方法,对实测数据进行分析和研究,利用AQI评价的结果显示,颗粒物已经成为影响当地空气质量的主要污染物;PM2.5/PM10年平均值为0.47,随季节变化明显,春夏季比值偏小(春季为0.361,夏季为0.398),秋冬季比值偏大(秋季为0.499,冬季为0.635);受风速和湿度影响明显,比值与风速在0.01水平上呈现显著负相关,与湿度呈现显著正相关;利用3年污染物数据建立回归方程,经检验所建立的方程有效,说明其他污染物对PM2.5浓度变化有较显著影响。  相似文献   

10.
利用2020年11月—2021年5月泰州市大气颗粒物自动监测数据,结合激光雷达观测资料、气象资料及后向轨迹模式,研究分析不同类型沙尘天气过程对泰州市空气质量的影响。结果表明,研究时段泰州市受到沙尘天气影响共计12次,影响天数21 d,污染天数占比达42.9%;按照影响时长和影响程度将沙尘天气过程分为直接影响型、移速缓慢型、边缘影响型、入海回流型等4种类型;由于天气形势背景和传输路径差异,不同类型沙尘对泰州市空气质量影响程度差异较大,整体而言,移速缓慢型沙尘、入海回流型沙尘对泰州市空气质量影响更为显著。  相似文献   

11.
微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬   总被引:24,自引:5,他引:24       下载免费PDF全文
用微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜,锌,铅,镉,镍和铬。通过硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解,选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸-盐酸-过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验,发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解,后者能将样品消解完全,但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽,否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比,操作简便快速,可提高工作效率。  相似文献   

12.
Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor 3H, 90Sr, total U, 238Pu, 239, 240Pu,241Am, and 137Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10-3 mSv y-1and 1.6 × 10-3 mSv y-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10-4 mGyd-1 and 4.7 × 10-4 mGy d-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.  相似文献   

13.
The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> -1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.  相似文献   

14.
An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO2 emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.   相似文献   

15.
The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.  相似文献   

16.
This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.  相似文献   

17.
A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.  相似文献   

18.
The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.  相似文献   

19.
The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.  相似文献   

20.
The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ 15N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ 15N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ 15N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ 15N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ 15N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R 2 = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ 15N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ 15N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.  相似文献   

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