陆地气溶胶细模态比的有效反演算法

提出了基于卫星气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和恩格指数反演气溶胶细模态比(FMF)的新算法，该算法采用更准确的气溶胶模型，构建了以AOD和FMF为变量的二维查找表。将该算法用于北京和Jaipur两个地区FMF反演，并与AERONET和MODIS的FMF作比较。结果表明，新算法反演的FMF与AERONET的FMF的相关系数为0.656,而MODIS C6与AERONET的FMF相关系数为0.436;以AERONET的FMF为标准，新算法的均方根误差为0.156,低于MODIS C6的均方根误差(0.318);新算法的反演结果中有90%处于±0.4的误差范围内，而MODIS C6的FMF只有57.4%处于该误差范围内。     

基于MODIS数据产品的桂林市气溶胶时空分布及变化特征分析

利用MODIS 3 km AOD原始数据,借助ENVI、Arc GIS等软件对桂林市AOD进行提取和插值,模拟该市AOD的空间分布特征,综合分析区域地形、NDVI与AOD分布的相关关系。结果表明:桂林市AOD空间分布受到地形的影响,AOD高值区出现在近乎封闭的桂林中部盆地和其他区域的谷地,地势高的区域AOD值较低;利用NCEP分析资料的风场数据,对比春节期间桂林市的AOD相对高值中心的变化,得出气溶胶的迁移和扩散方向与风向一致,静风时AOD相对高值中心更容易集中在中部盆地的城区。     

常州市国控站PM_(2.5)监测的代表范围研究

为评价常州市国家大气自动监测站(国控站)细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))监测的代表范围,通过1 km×1 km的多角度大气校正算法(MAIAC)的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)等相关数据,采用随机森林方法进行PM_(2.5)估算反演,考虑变异函数和最优分割模型等统计学模型,开展国控站PM_(2.5)监测代表范围的评价。结果表明:(1)估算反演的PM_(2.5)浓度空间分布显示,常州市区东部区域浓度相对较高,西南部区域浓度相对较低;(2)变异函数分析中,PM_(2.5)浓度在5 km范围内具有相对显著的空间相关性,但超过5 km范围后空间自相关性不显著,差异性增大到最大;(3)最优分割法分析中,常州市各个国控站PM_(2.5)监测均存在各自的代表范围,2019年的代表范围为3~5 km,其中“经开区”站点范围最大(5 km),“市监测站”和“武进监测站”站点范围最小(均为3 km),且逐年分析显示,各个站点PM_(2.5)监测的代表范围呈上升趋势。     

2000—2019年常州市MODIS气溶胶光学厚度时空变化特征研究

利用2000—2019年TERRA和AQUA相结合的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品数据，从时间和空间角度分析了常州市AOD的变化特征。结果显示：(1)2012—2019年常州市PM_2.5与AOD年均值的相关系数为0.898,表明AOD产品适用于常州市气溶胶污染年际变化研究。(2)2000—2019年常州市AOD年均值范围为0.463～0.688,平均值为0.627。其中，2000—2007年常州市AOD年均值整体呈上升趋势，2011—2019年呈下降趋势。常州市AOD的月变化趋势呈倒“U”形，特征最高值出现在6月，最低值出现在12月。常州市AOD有明显的季节变化特征，夏季最高，冬季最低。(3)常州市AOD高值主要分布在西部的溧阳市金坛区，北部的新北区也存在少量高值分布。(4)通过Moran指数发现，常州市Moran指数均大于零，表明各年份AOD均呈集聚状态。2000—2010年常州市AOD的空间集聚程度较高，2010年以后的空间集聚效应逐渐减弱。空间热点分析表明，2011—2019年常州市AOD高值集聚区域相比2000—2010年有所减少，冷点集聚区域有所增加，AO...     

长三角卫星气溶胶光学厚度的空间插值研究

以长三角为研究区域，从数据采样密度、实测数据和空间分布等方面探讨空间插值方法插补气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的适用性。研究结果表明，随着采样密度降低，AOD空间插值结果与原始影像的拟合优度R²呈幂函数递增，拐点在5%附近，自然邻域插值法表现最好；插值后卫星AOD有效数据天数比例提高到约70%,相关系数R>0.8,年均值由0.48升高到0.66,从西北往东南逐渐减低。标准差由0.27升高到0.38,从北往南逐渐降低；有效数据天数比例随降水量由南到北递减呈现相反递增趋势，水面和山地有效数据天数比例低。数据采样密度为5%时，插值结果与原始影像的空间自相关、标准差和均值的相关系数分别为0.74、0.73和0.69。     

基于Landsat-8数据和劈窗算法的地表温度反演及城市热岛效应研究

陆地表面温度(Land Surface Temperature,LST)是地表能量平衡组分中的一个重要参数。随着卫星遥感技术的快速发展,遥感反演成为获取区域LST的一个重要手段。目前已有学者提出多种基于遥感数据反演LST的算法,其中劈窗算法被证明是一种精度较高的算法。基于Landsat-8卫星30 m空间分辨率的陆地成像仪(OLI)数据和100 m分辨率的热红外传感器(TIRS)数据,采用劈窗算法计算了无锡地区的LST,并采用地面实测水温数据和同步的MODIS温度产品对Landsat-8的计算结果进行了验证和对比分析。结果表明:基于Landsat-8数据和劈窗算法获取的LST精度较高,误差1K。在计算的LST结果基础上,进一步提取了热场变异指数来分析城市热岛空间分布特征,给出了城市热岛效应的定量化描述,并就不同地表覆盖类型对热岛效应的影响进行了分析。     

湖泊重要入湖河流稳定水像元提取技术

利用2010年ALOS影像研究了归一化水体指数(NDWI)在两种极端情况下,即像元四边与河岸线最小夹角分别为0°和45°,与离岸距离之间的关系,提出了获得稳定水像元的最小河宽,并以太湖6条重要入湖河流(西苕溪、望虞河、太浦河、乌溪港、梁溪-东清河、武进港)为例,研究了稳定水像元的分布。结果表明,NDWI与离岸距离之间的关系可用Logistic方程进行拟合,两种极端情况的p值均小于0.01;最小夹角为0°和45°的情况下,获得稳定水像元的最小河宽分别为96 m和88 m,即当河宽大于96 m时,可在ALOS影像上获得稳定的水像元;6条入湖河流可获得稳定水像元的长度占总长的4.59%~100%,难以获取稳定水像元的最长距离为0~18.55 km。     

江苏省霾污染遥感监测业务化运行研究

从霾污染遥感监测业务化流程出发,选取EOS/MODIS为主要数据源,MODIS气溶胶产品及气象数据为辅,在数据预处理的基础上,利用LM-BP人工神经网络模型算法反演区域大气颗粒物浓度,分析了可获取的遥感监测指标及气象指标对霾污染的贡献率,筛选出可业务化的霾污染遥感评价指标。对2013年1月江苏省2次典型的霾污染进行了星地同步分析,从分析结果来看,霾污染遥感监测结果与地面实测结果基本一致,霾污染遥感监测可以作为地面监测的有效补充,宏观反映区域霾污染空间分布,为大气污染防治提供有力的技术支撑。     

COD测定中空白试验值的控制

在ＣＯＤ测定中 ,空白试验值直接关系到最后测定结果 ,而影响空白试验值的大小主要源于试剂和水中还原性杂质的多少 ,以及玻璃器皿的洁净程度。在不同时期按规定方法进行空白试验 ,共积累2 0个数据 ,以硫酸亚铁铵溶液浓度乘以滴定数(ｍＬ)为空白试验值 ,求得其均值为 2 471 ,相对标准差为 0 1 3% ,所有空白试验值都在 2 466以上。当 1 0 0 0ｍＬ的 0 2 5 0 0ｍｏｌ/Ｌ重铬酸钾溶液不被还原时 ,空白试验值应为 2 5 0 0 ,实际测定值均小于此值 ,以控制在 2 466～ 2 5 0 0之间较为理想。在此范围 ,可作为ＣＯＤ测定时对空白试验值的质…     

基于卫星数据的灰霾污染遥感监测方法及系统设计

以中分辨率成像光谱仪为例,建立了卫星遥感参数和空气污染指标之间的联系,提出了基于卫星遥感的气溶胶光学厚度数据获得灰霾指数和灰霾污染时空气质量指数(AQI)等级的方法和相关的监测系统设计。结合在华北地区的监测结果,可以看出卫星遥感可以较好地反映灰霾污染程度的变化,有助于发现可能的传输通道,获得宏观的灰霾空间分布状况。在研究时段内,与地面空气质量监测站相比,88%的卫星遥感监测结果误差不大于1个AQI等级,平均的AQI等级偏差为0.7级,并分析了卫星遥感与地面监测之间差异的原因。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。