广西土壤环境背景值应用开发初探

1.背景值与污染评价为了查清广西某锡矿矿山开采对周围土壤环境污染的程度,曾进行了矿区土壤背景值的调查(表1).     

淡水环境沉积物中微塑料的密度分离方法研究

微塑料污染已广泛覆盖了全球海洋和淡水环境的表层水体、深层水体以及沉积物,沉积物中的泥沙和其他杂质颗粒会严重影响对沉积物中微塑料的实验分析.因此,将微塑料从沉积物中分离出来至关重要,而目前我国微塑料分离方法暂无统一的系统程序和检测标准.该研究在岷江成都段选取4个采样点采集沉积物样品,通过对比研究基于密度分离法的3种分离方...     

不同水体沉积物中磷的形态分析

磷是生态系统中必不可少的营养元素,其含量与水体的营养程度密切相关,过剩的磷会导致水体富营养化,使生态平衡遭到破坏.就不同水体沉积物中磷的形态进行了分类综述,归纳总结了不同水体沉积物中磷的形态以及分布特征,并且进一步概述了影响沉积物中磷向水体释放的因素.     

厦门水库水体颗粒物分布特征及其与环境因子的关系研究

研究了厦门湖边水库、石兜-坂头水库水体颗粒物的分布特征及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)水体颗粒物平均含量以坂头库区最高,石兜库区次之,湖边水库最低,平均含量分别为31.9、27.7和23.1mg/L;在空间分布上,不同水库或库区、不同采样站位间,由于水体颗粒物的来源成因不同,其分布规律呈现出明显的差异。(2)从水体颗粒物与环境因子的关联度分析,湖边水库及石兜-坂头水库两个库区的水体颗粒物与总氮和总磷都有较大关联性。(3)利用Pearson积矩相关系数(两尾)进行检验,湖边水库及石兜-坂头水库两个库区的水体颗粒物均与总氮呈显著或极显著相关,与透明度呈显著负相关,与叶绿素a均呈负相关,与其它因子的相关规律性不明显。(4)水体颗粒物与环境因子的逐步回归分析表明,在不同的水库或库区,对水体颗粒物有显著影响的环境因子各不相同,湖边水库是高锰酸盐指数和总氮,石兜库区是高锰酸盐指数、总氮和总磷,坂头库区是pH、溶解氧和总磷。     

环境中多环芳烃前处理和分析方法

多环芳烃(PAHa)是一类广泛存在于大气、水体、土壤、沉积物中的持久性有机污染物,对环境和生物体存在较大危害.介绍了国内外部分水体中PAHs的污染状况,对液态和固体PAHs的主要前处理方法和分析方法进行了比较和归纳,展望了环境样品中PAHs的前处理和分析方法的发展方向.     

环境水体中三氟乙酸的存在现状及分析方法的研究

三氟乙酸是一种氟里昂替代品的大气降解产物 ,雨水会将其从空气中去除转移到水体中。三氟乙酸化学性质稳定 ,在自然环境中三氟乙酸易于积累在水体中 ,环境地表水中三氟乙酸浓度可达到 1 0～ 4 0 90 0 ng/L,雨水中 30～ 2 80 ng/L。目前 ,环境水体中关于三氟乙酸的分析方法有 :气相色谱法 ,离子色谱法 ,气相色谱质谱联用。根据各种灵敏度的要求 ,再结合各种不同的前处理方法 ,可对环境水体中三氟乙酸进行分析     

某铀矿山废石场及尾砂库氡污染调查

通过对某退役铀矿山的 14个废石堆放场及 3个尾砂库氡析出率的测量及内照射剂量的估算 ,表明 ,只有一个废石场的氡析出率超过国家规定的管理限值水平 ;尾砂库的氡析出率较高 ,个别测点的氡析出率超出管理限值水平近 7倍 ;因氡析出而使当地居民额外所受的年最大有效剂量当量为 0 0 5 8mSv。指出在尾砂库表面覆盖黄土 ,可以有效降低氡析出水平 ,当覆盖厚度达 0 5m时 ,可将氡析出水平降低 84%以上。     

浅谈铀矿山的环境污染及治理对策

阐述了铀矿山开采过程中产生的废水、废气、废渣对矿区周围环境造成的污染，提出了相应的治理对策和措施．     

淡水发光菌对工业废水的生物毒性研究

发光菌作为指示生物用于污染源水体的生物毒性测定具有快速、灵敏、低廉等优点,现已广泛用于环境毒物综合急性毒性测定、筛查、监测及特异毒物监测中.文章利用淡水发光菌Q67对东北地区各行业典型企业的出水口进行急性毒性试验,同时结合化学指标进行了综合评估,试验结果表明:急性毒性试验和化学指标并非在任何水体都相关,但急性毒性试验是化学试验的必要补充.     

蠡湖综合整治十年来水环境变化的研究

对蠡湖2002-2012年湖体水质、富营养化状况和浮游植物种群进行了研究.结果表明,经过十年蠡湖综合整治工程,蠡湖水环境有了显著改善.TN、TP、NH3-N、CODMn和Chl-a浓度分别下降85.2％、70.4％、96.2％、55.3％和81.6％;TLI由70.9降至52.0,水体由中度富营养好转为轻度富营养;浮游植物种群结构有所演变,近二年种群结构呈现明显季节性差异,夏季蓝藻中的微囊藻成优势种,约占整个水体藻类密度的90％以上.蠡湖水质显著改善的同时,藻类水华情况未得到本质好转,在适宜的水文气象条件下易发生藻类水华.建议提高水体透明度,增加水体流动性,为进一步改善蠡湖水环境,乃至改善湖河小流域水环境起积极作用.     

论北方森林、农业、矿业开发生态环境监测指标

黑龙江省地处“东北亚”环境敏感区 ,具有独特的北方生态环境。它的针叶林生态系统 ,针阔叶混交林生态系统 ,温带草原生态系统 ,以及湿地生态系统等 ,都是我国代表性的植被生态系统。这些生态系统的生物多样性 ,以及生物种群和数量也是我国最丰富的地区之一。探索北方生态环境监测指标 ,开展生态环境监测 ,为主管部门和各级政府及时提供决策依据 ,对加快生态环境状况的改善 ,减少自然资源的退化 ,促进地方经济持续稳定的发展具有十分重要的意义。论述了生态环境监测指标的确定原则 ,探讨了农业和矿业开发生态环境监测指标     

Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dibenzothiophenes in wetland sediments and aquatic insects in the oil sands area of Northeastern Alberta, Canada

An immense volume of tailings and tailings water is accumulating in tailings ponds located on mine leases in the oil sands area of Alberta, Canada. Oil sands mining companies have proposed to use tailings- and tailings water-amended lakes and wetlands as part of their mine remediation plans. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are substances of concern in oil sands tailings and tailings water. In this study, we determined concentrations of PAHs in sediments, insect larvae and adult insects collected in or adjacent to three groups of wetlands: experimental wetlands to which tailings or tailings water had been purposely added, oil sands wetlands that were located on the mine leases but which had not been experimentally manipulated and reference wetlands located near the mine leases. Alkylated PAHs dominated the PAH profile in all types of samples in the three categories of wetlands. Median and maximum PAH concentrations, especially alkylated PAH concentrations, tended to be higher in sediments and insect larvae in experimental wetlands than in the other types of wetlands. Such was not the case for adult insects, which contained higher than expected levels of PAHs in the three types of ponds. Overlap in PAH concentrations in larvae among pond types suggests that any increase in PAH levels resulting from the addition of tailings and tailings water to wetlands would be modest. Biota-sediment accumulation factors were higher for alkylated PAHs than for their parent counterparts and were lower in experimental wetlands than in oil sands and reference wetlands. Research is needed to examine factors that affect the bioavailability of PAHs in oil sands tailings- or tailings water-amended wetlands.     

城市生态环境安全评价研究

城市作为一种典型的复合生态系统。其生态环境具有相当的脆弱性，因此如何改善生态质量和维护生态安全已成为城市发展要解决的主要问题之一。本文从生态环境状况和生态安全2个方面对张家港市生态环境安全进行评价和研究，计算了生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地退化指数、污染负荷指数等5个指标，计权确定该市生态环境质量指数为48．7，评价等级为一般；同时选择了资源安全评价、环境安全评价、生物安全评价和灾害安全评价等4个要素，确定该市生态系统安全指数为0．44。     

Pollutant monitoring in the Olympic National Park Biosphere Reserve

Interest in global contamination has been instrumental in the establishment of over 33 Biosphere Reserves in the United States. These reserves include pristine areas that have been protected from industrial development. They serve as areas in which present and future environmental pollution can be assessed.Pollutant monitoring studies are being conducted in the Olympic National Park Biosphere Reserve by the U.S. Park Service and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Studies are designed to identify levels of trace element and organic contaminants in physical and biological media. Ten remote sites were selected for intensive sampling. These areas were located in the Hoh, Quinault, and Dosewallips River drainages; at Anderson and Grand Pass; near Ozette Lake and, at the northern edge of Blue Glacier. Their proximity to vehicle-traveled roads varied from 3 to 20 kilometers.Samples were taken in air, water, soil, litter and vegetation. Samples will be analyzed for organic and heavy metal contaminants. Airborne particulate size and chemical characterization is being investigated.     

Environmental impact of coal mining and coal seam gas production on surface water quality in the Sydney basin,Australia

The extraction of coal and coal seam gas (CSG) will generate produced water that, if not adequately treated, will pollute surface and groundwater systems. In Australia, the discharge of produced water from coal mining and related activities is regulated by the state environment agency through a pollution licence. This licence sets the discharge limits for a range of analytes to protect the environment into which the produced water is discharged. This study reports on the impact of produced water from coal mine activities located within or discharging into high conservation environments, such as National Parks, in the outer region of Sydney, Australia. The water samples upstream and downstream from the discharge points from six mines were taken, and 110 parameters were tested. The results were assessed against a water quality index (WQI) which accounts for pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, total phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen and E .coli. The water quality assessment based on the trace metal contents against various national maximum admissible concentration (MAC) and their corresponding environmental impacts was also included in the study which also established a base value of water quality for further study. The study revealed that impacted water downstream of the mine discharge points contained higher metal content than the upstream reference locations. In many cases, the downstream water was above the Australia and New Zealand Environment Conservation Council and international water quality guidelines for freshwater stream. The major outliers to the guidelines were aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn). The WQI of surface water at and downstream of the discharge point was lower when compared to upstream or reference conditions in the majority of cases. Toxicology indices of metals present in industrial discharges were used as an additional tool to assess water quality, and the newly proposed environmental water quality index (EWQI) lead to better trend in the impact of coal and coal seam gas mining activities on surface water quality when compared to the upstream reference water samples. Metal content limits were based on the impact points assigned by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, USA. For environmental and health impact assessment, the approach used in this study can be applied as a model to provide a basis to assess the anthropogenic contribution from the industrial and mining activities on the environment.     

Groundwater contamination evolution in the Guadiamar and Agrio aquifers after the Aznalcóllar spill: assessment and environmental implications

In 1998, the Agrio and Guadiamar rivers underwent an enormous environmental disaster caused by the rupture of the Aznalcóllar tailings dam and the release of 6 hm³ of pyrite sludge and acidic water. Both rivers run over recent alluvial materials which form a small-sized aquifer which is however important because underground water feeds the flow of the rivers. This work analyzes the state of groundwater 10 years after the spill. Before the dam failure, this aquifer was already contaminated in the zone nearest to the mine, to which the impact of the spill was added. Contamination levels in the alluvial aquifer of the Agrio River have decreased remarkably. However, they are still important, with acidic pH values and high concentrations of toxic elements (maximum values of 16 mg/L of Zn and 15 mg/L of Al). There are also important levels of contamination in the Guadiamar alluvial area closest to the mine, as well as in specific zones located further south. The concentration of toxic elements is mainly controlled by pH. The evolution of contaminant levels show a sharp decrease after the first years following the spill, followed by a subsequent stabilization. It is necessary to take measures for the recovery of the aquifer because, otherwise, groundwater will continue contributing contaminants into the Agrio and Guadiamar rivers.     

A Procedure for NEPA Assessment of Selenium Hazards Associated With Mining

This paper gives step-by-step instructions for assessing aquatic selenium hazards associated with mining. The procedure was developed to provide the U.S. Forest Service with a proactive capability for determining the risk of selenium pollution when it reviews mine permit applications in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The procedural framework is constructed in a decision-tree format in order to guide users through the various steps, provide a logical sequence for completing individual tasks, and identify key decision points. There are five major components designed to gather information on operational parameters of the proposed mine as well as key aspects of the physical, chemical, and biological environment surrounding it — geological assessment, mine operation assessment, hydrological assessment, biological assessment, and hazard assessment. Validation tests conducted at three mines where selenium pollution has occurred confirmed that the procedure will accurately predict ecological risks. In each case, it correctly identified and quantified selenium hazard, and indicated the steps needed to reduce this hazard to an acceptable level. By utilizing the procedure, NEPA workers can be confident in their ability to understand the risk of aquatic selenium pollution and take appropriate action. Although the procedure was developed for the Forest Service it should also be useful to other federal land management agencies that conduct NEPA assessments, as well as regulatory agencies responsible for issuing coal mining permits under the authority of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) and associated Section 401 water quality certification under the Clean Water Act. Mining companies will also benefit from the application of this procedure because priority selenium sources can be identified in relation to specific mine operating parameters. The procedure will reveal the point(s) at which there is a need to modify operating conditions to meet environmental quality goals. By recognizing concerns early in the NEPA process, it may be possible for a mining company to match operational parameters with environmental requirements, thereby increasing the likelihood that the permit application will be approved.     

塔里木河下游植被指数的遥感监测

为了了解塔里木河下游9次应急输水的生态环境效益，利用MODIS—NDVI最大合成法、差值法，分析了塔里木河下游植被指数的年际变化情况，结果表明：（1）塔里木河下游地区植被覆盖度变化中增加区面积呈增加趋势。（2）2002年与输水初期相比，植被覆盖度增加区主要分布于上段和中段的老塔里木河及其文阔尔河河道两侧，下段河道覆盖度增加区仅零星分布于距河道0．3km左右的地势低洼区域。2003年以后，下段植被覆盖度增加区面积已达84．30km^2，是2002年的3．16倍，主要分布在距离河道0．5km左右的河道两侧。至2007年塔里木河下游河道两侧植被覆盖度增加区的变化是比较显著的，特别是下段植被覆盖增加区呈带状分布于距河道1．5km左右的范围内。植被指数遥感监测说明塔里木河下游地区的生态环境得到明显改善。     

Assessment of Robinia pseudoacacia cultivations as a restoration strategy for reclaimed mine spoil heaps

Reforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is considered a successful technique that is often used for the reclamation of open-cast mine areas. An alternative reclamation technique could be the natural regeneration of vegetation with spontaneous grass species. In this study, we compared the concentrations of chemical and biochemical variables in soil samples taken under black locust canopy to those from sites covered by spontaneous grass vegetation (control samples) in a time sequence of spoil deposition (0–10 years), in order to assess which of the two reclamation techniques yields higher soil quality. Soil quality refers here to the ability of soils to function ecologically. This has a special interest since the main question for the restored soils is their capacity to perform a range of ecological functions under stress or disturbance. Furthermore, we aimed at identifying the effect of vegetation type on soil ecological succession. The effect of vegetation type on primary succession becomes apparent after 2 years of reclamation. R. pseudoacacia as a nitrogen-fixing plant enriched soil with organic and inorganic nitrogen and organic matter to a greater extent than the natural grasses. It also increased the amount of soil microbial biomass and the activity of alkaline phosphatase. However, the fact that black locust failed to enhance dehydrogenase activity and actually decreased the activity of urease, activities that represent specialized niche functions and therefore, are more vulnerable to stress or disturbance, suggests that the development of an indigenous grass community in combination with organic supplements might often be more appropriate for the reclamation of similar kinds of mine areas.     

绿色屋顶径流水质监测研究进展

概述了国内外绿色屋顶径流水质监测发展状况,并从绿色屋顶径流收集、降雨场次、监测指标、径流水质和污染物传输的影响因子等方面进行了归纳和总结。基于水量和水质管理,从几何尺寸、土壤类型和厚度、植被和维护等方面阐述了绿色屋顶在城市排水系统中的作用和地位。揭示了绿色屋顶需要开展长期的监测和研究,绿色屋顶径流水质监测逐渐向采样自动化和分析自动化方向发展。