拉林河流域生态完整性评价

拉林河为松花江干流右岸的一级支流,本研究从景观生态学的视角,选择自然植被净第一生产力、自然系统稳定性、景观优势度及景观多样性等指标,综合评估拉林河流域的生态系统完整性,研究表明由于人为活动干扰,拉林河流域天然植被生产力较本底值有所降低,流域景观以林地和耕地为主,上游以林地为主,下游以耕地为主,流域景观多样性处于适中水平,虽人为活动对流域生态系统产生一定干扰,自然生态系统仍具有一定的阻抗干扰的能力。     

新疆生态可持续发展的主要制约因子及脆弱区域分析

自然生态系统的可持续发展是社会一经济系统可持续发展的基本保证，明确区域生态可持续发展的主要制约因子和生态脆弱区域是评价区域生态系统发展的可持续性、制定可持续发展战略及实施综合措施的关键步骤。本文分析了新疆生态可持续发展的主要制约因子和生态脆弱区域。结果表明，水资源危机、土地荒漠化、耕地资源危机及森林减少等是限制新疆生态可持续发展的主要制约因子；干旱绿洲-沙漠过渡地区和内陆河（湖）流域为重点生态脆弱区域。在此基础上，提出了新疆生态系统可持续发展的对策建议。     

塔里木河下游土地利用格局的景观生态学评价

利用 1 988— 2 0 0 0年新疆塔里木河下游TM影像解译的土地覆盖 (土地利用图 )和景观多样性指数、斑块重要值、破碎度、分维数等景观生态学指标 ,进行了塔里木河下游土地利用格局的空间分布和时间动态分析。     

塔里木河下游植被指数的遥感监测

为了了解塔里木河下游9次应急输水的生态环境效益，利用MODIS—NDVI最大合成法、差值法，分析了塔里木河下游植被指数的年际变化情况，结果表明：（1）塔里木河下游地区植被覆盖度变化中增加区面积呈增加趋势。（2）2002年与输水初期相比，植被覆盖度增加区主要分布于上段和中段的老塔里木河及其文阔尔河河道两侧，下段河道覆盖度增加区仅零星分布于距河道0．3km左右的地势低洼区域。2003年以后，下段植被覆盖度增加区面积已达84．30km^2，是2002年的3．16倍，主要分布在距离河道0．5km左右的河道两侧。至2007年塔里木河下游河道两侧植被覆盖度增加区的变化是比较显著的，特别是下段植被覆盖增加区呈带状分布于距河道1．5km左右的范围内。植被指数遥感监测说明塔里木河下游地区的生态环境得到明显改善。     

阿克苏境内塔里木河水质状况存在的问题及对策

塔里木河由发源于天山山脉的阿克苏河、发源于喀喇昆仑山的叶尔羌河以及和田河汇流而成。流域总面积102×104km2,流域总人口约830×104人。阿克苏境内塔里木河流域是新疆农产品主产区,国家重点生态功能区,塔河水资源保护非常重要,保护塔里木河,事关人民群众福祉,事关沿岸各民族长远发展,是实现可持续发展的重要基石。通过利用塔河源流阿克苏河及塔里木干流5个国控监测断面实测数据,全面对塔里木河水质现状分析,结合塔里木河目前水资源利用与消耗情况,找出在塔里木河生态环境保护中存在的环境问题,分别从建立保护塔河管理机制,减轻对塔河水质污染,建立塔河水污染防治工程,生态修复工程等方面,提出了针对性很强的生态环境保护有效对策和措施。     

伊犁河流域的水电开发与环境保护

当前,新疆正处于水电资源开发大发展时期,做好生态环境保护工作对于水电可持续发展至关重要。伊犁河流域是新疆第一大河,水电资源丰富,同时也是新疆生态环境极其重要的地区,本文针对目前伊犁河流域水电开发的现状,分析了存在的问题,并提出意见建议,可为新疆水电资源的可持续绿色发展提供参考。     

中国北方农牧交错带2000—2010年生态环境状况分析

北方农牧交错带是中国生态环境的一条过渡带,也是中国重要的生态安全屏障带,生态环境脆弱,具有明显的不稳定性和敏感性。以中国北方农牧交错带为研究对象,构建了反映区域生态生产力、功能支撑力、制约因子和胁迫因子的农牧交错带生态环境状况评估体系,利用多源遥感数据、土地生态数据、环境数据、气象数据等多源信息综合评估2000—2010年间该地区生态质量状况及变化趋势。根据Linear Regression和K-means cluster分析表明,该区域生态环境质量以"一般"为主,10年间生态环境质量呈现整体"稳中变好"的特征,"良"和"一般"呈增加趋势,16个县生态功能改善,18个县生态生产力呈恢复状态,16个县土地退化程度降低。水分条件和环境负荷是影响农牧交错带的主要限制和胁迫因子,局部地区存在显著生态风险。     

湟水流域土地资源环境承载力分析

以湟水流域为研究区，从生态敏感性、土地利用生态适宜性角度分析流域土地资源利用合理性，以生态用地为约束评价土地资源环境承载能力。结果表明：流域内中度敏感区占比最高，为4170%，主要处于以高、中覆盖度草地、林地、水域及未利用土地为主的浅山区和脑山区的相交区域；高度敏感区占比1513%，集中分布于以林地为主的脑山区。9887%的城乡工矿居民用地处于非敏感区和一般敏感区内，流域内城乡建设用地类型空间布局总体上与生态环境相适应，布局合理；水域、高覆盖度草地和林地的改变会对生态环境造成很大影响，不适宜开发利用。     

安宁河流域土地生态安全动态评价与预测

基于GIS空间分析技术结合CA Markov预测模型,对安宁河流域2000—2018年的土地生态安全进行动态评价及预测。结果表明：安宁河流域土地生态安全指数由北向南递增,垂直差异显著;研究期内预警和风险总占比由27.72%下降至23.84%,良好和安全面积总占比由46.11%上升至51.49%;2000—2018年安宁河流域土地生态安全综合指数呈上升趋势,土地生态发展态势良好;预测结果显示,流域土地生态安全状况将持续好转。安宁河流域土地生态安全虽然总体水平有较大提高,但仍须加强对生态环境的治理力度,推进土地生态安全的可持续发展。     

兴山香溪河流域农业面源污染问题及防治对策研究

通过对1955-2007年湖北宜昌兴山香溪河流域农业面源污染问题相关统计资料的分析，结果表明：引起湖北兴山香溪河流域水环境恶化的农业面源污染因子，主要包括化肥、农药、畜禽养殖、生活污水等；并提出了香溪河农业面源污染的防治对策，主要有：完善农业立法、强化经营管理措施，积极推广高产高效生态耕作技术，加强农药化肥物质投入最小化技术，开展畜禽粪便多用途综合利用，加强农村生活污水处理的研究．     

A method to the impact assessment of the returning grazing land to grassland project on regional eco-environmental vulnerability

The Chinese government has conducted the Returning Grazing Land to Grassland Project (RGLGP) across large portions of grasslands from western China since 2003. In order to explore and understand the impact in the grassland's eco-environment during the RGLGP, we utilized Projection Pursuit Model (PPM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) to develop a spatial assessment model to examine the ecological vulnerability of the grassland. Our results include five indications: (1) it is practical to apply the spatial PPM on ecological vulnerability assessment for the grassland. This methodology avoids creating an artificial hypothesis, thereby providing objective results that successfully execute a multi-index assessment process and analysis under non-linear systems in eco-environments; (2) the spatial PPM is not only capable of evaluating regional eco-environmental vulnerability in a quantitative way, but also can quantitatively demonstrate the degree of effect in each evaluation index for regional eco-environmental vulnerability; (3) the eco-environment of the Xianshui River Basin falls into the medium range level. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land use cover and change (LUCC) crucially influence the Xianshui River Basin's eco-environmental vulnerability. Generally, in the Xianshui River Basin, regional eco-environmental conditions improved during 2000 and 2010. The RGLGP positively affected NDVI and LUCC structure, thereby promoting the enhancement of the regional eco-environment; (4) the Xianshui River Basin divides its ecological vulnerability across different levels; therefore our study investigates three ecological regions and proposes specific suggestions for each in order to assist in eco-environmental protection and rehabilitation; and lastly that (5) the spatial PPM established by this study has the potential to be applied on all types of grassland eco-environmental vulnerability assessments under the RGLGP and under the similar conditions in the Returning Agriculture Land to Forest Project (RALFP). However, when establishing an eco-environmental vulnerability assessment model, it is necessary to choose suitable evaluation indexes in accordance with regional eco-environmental characteristics.     

新疆头屯河河道生态基流的分析研究

头屯河流域在主要河道上修建2处拦河水库及多处引水工程,虽然每年不同程度,周期性向拦河控制性工程以下河段下泄河道生态水量,但是尚未分析论证下泄的河道生态水量及下泄周期是否满足全年河道生态需求。尤其在枯水季节头屯河水库下游往往干涸断流,洪水季节易发污染事故,河道生态达不到预期保护效果。河道生态基流分析计算及提出头屯河流域生态保护的保障措施已经到了非解决不可的地步,河道生态基流分析计算成果作为流域水行政主管部门提出头屯河流域生态保护的保障措施的重要技术支撑,从水资源合理利用与节约,河道两库联合调度、合理利用,维护水生态、保障河道基流量等方面进行工程、调度及制度建设。     

Using the analytical hierarchy process to assess the environmental vulnerabilities of basins in Taiwan

Every year, Taiwan endures typhoons and earthquakes; these natural hazards often induce landslides and debris flows. Therefore, watershed management strategies must consider the environmental vulnerabilities of local basins. Because many factors affect basin ecosystems, this study applied multiple criteria analysis and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to evaluate seven criteria in three phases (geographic phase, hydrologic phase, and societal phase). This study focused on five major basins in Taiwan: the Tan-Shui River Basin, the Ta-Chia River Basin, the Cho-Shui River Basin, the Tseng-Wen River Basin, and the Kao-Ping River Basin. The objectives were a comprehensive examination of the environmental characteristics of these basins and a comprehensive assessment of their environmental vulnerabilities. The results of a survey and AHP analysis showed that landslide area is the most important factor for basin environmental vulnerability. Of all these basins, the Cho-Shui River Basin in central Taiwan has the greatest environmental vulnerability.     

水生态监测方法研究进展及在黄河流域的应用实践

水生态监测能够为水生态环境监督、管理和保护提供重要的数据和技术支撑。加强黄河水生态监测,维护流域水生态系统健康,对促进黄河流域高质量发展具有重要意义。从常规水质监测、生境监测和生物监测3个方面,分析了中国水生态监测方法的研究进展及在黄河流域的应用实践。结合黄河流域水生态监测尤其是生物监测相对滞后的现状,探讨了流域水生态监测的发展方向。建议加快黄河流域水生态监测能力建设,建立适用于黄河流域的水生态监测与评价标准体系,探索新兴监测技术与传统技术的有机结合。     

Northern Rivers Ecosystem Initiative: Context and Prevailing Legacy

The Northern River Ecosystem Initiative (NREI), 1997–2004, has provided new scientific knowledge in response to specific recommendations from its predecessor, the Northern River Basins Study (NRBS), 1990–1996. The two initiatives together provide a remarkable body of science which is, and will continue to be, used by resource managers responsible for economic and environmental sustainability in the northern watersheds of Alberta. The NREI focused its investigative efforts on improving our understanding related to ecological considerations of changes in river flow, effect of climate change on flow, ecological responses to pollution and cumulative effects, vulnerability of drinking water quality, and to a lesser degree, wildlife (birds) response to large scale changes within the watersheds. Key findings are briefly presented in this paper and discussed in greater detail in the other NREI papers included in this. Commensurate with the undertakings of NREI, provincial and territorial governments, First Nation and Métis communities, and other administrative organizations such as the Mackenzie River Basin Board, undertook policy, regulatory, and watershed initiatives towards achieving sustainability and providing reliable drinking water quality.     

水生态环境质量评价方法及在黄河流域的应用进展

开展水生态环境质量评价方法研究，建立合适的河流健康评价体系是解决河流健康问题的前提和实现河流健康管理的重要手段。黄河自上而下生态环境现状迥异，水生态环境脆弱，寻求一种或多种适合黄河流域水生态环境质量的评价方法具有重要意义。该文介绍了国内外水生态环境质量评价方法及在黄河流域的应用进展，总结了鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)、底栖无脊椎动物完整指数(B-IBI)、着生藻类生物完整性指数(P-IBI)及水生态环境质量综合评价法的主要指标，以及黄河流域不同区域生物种类的评价指标，分析了各评价方法优缺点及应用范围，并根据目前研究基础评述了黄河流域水生态环境质量评价存在的问题，对黄河流域水生态环境质量评价方法、指示生物的选择及水生态环境质量综合评价法的研究等提出了具体建议。     

黄河流域水生生物资源评估及问题诊断

近几十年来,随着全球气候的变化和社会经济的发展,受筑坝建闸、河道断流、水质恶化、酷渔滥捕、人工引种、海水入侵、调水调沙等因素影响,黄河流域水生生物多样性及资源量呈下降趋势。在目前流域内多目标同步推进的要求下,黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展正不断面临新的挑战。通过分析黄河流域水生生物多样性和资源量在时空分布上的演变规律,明确了是水资源短缺、工程建设、水环境恶化等因素的共同作用导致了黄河流域的水生态危机。基于绿色生态、高质量发展的科学管理理念,提出了新时代黄河流域水文-环境-生态协同保护与修复的发展策略,为促进黄河流域水资源保护和生态系统可持续发展提供数据支持与理论参考。     

沙颍河流域抗生素污染特征与生态风险评价

于2018年7月 (丰水期)、11月 (枯水期) 和2019年3月(平水期)对沙颍河流域5种抗生素磺胺吡啶(SPD)、磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)、环丙沙星(CIP)和四环素(TCL)的污染状况和空间分布进行了研究，并对其生态风险进行了评价。结果表明，沙颍河流域5种抗生素在丰水期、枯水期和平水期均有检出，丰水期CIP、枯水期SPD和SDZ以及平水期SCP的检出率均>50%，平水期SCP的检出率最高达到70.97%，CIP在丰水期的检出值最高(655 ng/L)，5种抗生素累积浓度为：丰水期>平水期>枯水期。对比国内其他地区水体环境，沙颍河流域5种抗生素浓度总体处于一般水平，但丰水期CIP检出浓度较高。相关性分析显示抗生素浓度与水质参数硬度、NH₃-N和电导率显著相关。5种抗生素的水生态风险为：丰水期>枯水期>平水期，其中CIP和TCL均为高风险。提出，应加强监测评估与预警管理，有效控制其水生态风险。     

Using multiple-criteria decision-making techniques for eco-environmental vulnerability assessment: a case study on the Chi-Jia-Wan Stream watershed, Taiwan

The Chi-Jia-Wan Stream watershed, located in the area of the upstream Da-Chia River in central Taiwan, is famous for slopeland agriculture and the land-locked salmon. Improper agricultural activities have caused apparent ecosystem vulnerability and sensitivity. In this study, a system that combined three watershed-based environmental indicators with multiple-criteria decision-making techniques, the Analytical Hierarchy Process, and the Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluations was developed to assess eco-environmental vulnerability. The composite evaluation index system was set up including sediment, runoff, and nutrient factors. Supported by geographic information system and K-means clustering and taking the subwatershed as the evaluation unit, the vulnerability is classified into four levels: potential, low, moderate, and high. The evaluated results show that 8.82% of subwatersheds (six subwatersheds) are in the moderately and highly vulnerable zones. These subwatersheds represent vertical-belt distribution, mainly concentrated in the right side of the studied area and near the riparian zone along the Chi-Jia-Wan Stream. The exploited farmland in the moderately and highly vulnerable zones is about 142.21 ha, occupying 75.38% of the total farmland in the studied watershed. These seriously vulnerable zones that have caused degradation in the quality of the eco-environment should be treated with more best management practices for eco-environmental rehabilitation. Additionally, the proposed model can effectively evaluate the eco-environmental vulnerability grade for reference in policy planning and ecological restoration in this area.     

Synthesis evaluation with entire-array-polygon method to ecological economic system of Funing County in Jiangsu Province

Based on the theory of ecological footprint this paper analyzed the ecological economic system in Funing County in the view of demands of economic system to natural resource and supply of ecosystem for natural resources. It was proposed that the concept of ecological deficit (ecological remainder) per ten thousands yuan GDP be used to evaluate development of ecological economic system. With a synthesis appraisement to the ecological economic system using entire-array-polygon method combined with Ulanowicz development ability and with ecological deficit (ecological remainder) per ten thousands yuan GDP, it provids a theoretical base for reconstructing and managing of demonstration eco-region.