包头市“十二五”能源现状及碳排放影响因素分析——基于灰色关联度分析法

基于能源消费规模、产业结构和能源结构,对"十二五"期间能源消费现状和包头市经济和环境之间的矛盾进行了分析。依据IPCC推荐的碳排放核算方法,对包头市"十二五"期间的碳排放量进行估算,并利用灰色关联度分析法对影响碳排放的各因素重要程度进行识别。结果表明,能源消费结构、产业结构和单位GDP能耗是包头市能源消费碳排放量的主要影响因素。由于经济结构及历史原因等的制约,包头市以煤炭为主的能源形式短期内较难改变。从优化能源结构、产业结构调整和提高能源利用率、协调经济与环境发展关系等角度探索包头市"十三五"节能减排目标的实现路径。     

美国碳排放降至1994年以来最低水平

美国能源情报署发布的一份新报告显示,2012年美国能源消费导致的CO2排放量下降至了1994年以来的最低水平。据美国环保网站mongabay.com报道,评估结果显示去年有53亿t CO2排放来自煤炭、天然气和石油消费,相比2011年下降了3.7%,同时相比排放量创下60亿t高峰值的2007年则下降了12.1%。     

佛山市交通CO2排放及低碳出行对策

以佛山市2012年数据为基础,结合COPERT模型,分析了车型种类、排气量、燃油类型、排放水平等对CO2排放因子的影响规律,探讨了不同车型组成与排放水平下的CO2排放分担率,讨论并评估了佛山市的低碳交通出行对策。结果表明:排放水平对CO2排放因子的影响不明显,除重型客车与公交车,燃油类型对CO2排放因子的影响亦不明显,各车型的CO2排放因子随着排气量的增加而增加;当佛山市机动车平均行驶速度提高至55 km/h时,每辆车CO2综合排放因子可达最小值125.73 g/km;轻型客车和摩托车的CO2排放量最大,分别为1469 493 t/a和394 174.3 t/a,分担率分别为52.1%和14.0%;不同排放水平的载客车CO2排放分担率从大到小排序依次为:国I国0国Ⅱ国Ⅲ国Ⅳ,分别为34.7%、22.0%、21.2%、17.5%及4.6%。     

基于STIRPAT模型的闵行区工业能源碳排放分析

对2006—2020年上海闵行区工业能源碳排放量进行估算，采用可拓展的随机性的环境影响评估模型（STIRPAT）分析了工业能源碳排放的影响因素。结果表明：2006—2020年闵行区工业能源碳排放总量、碳排放强度与工业能源消耗量均呈逐步下降的趋势；煤炭所占工业能源消费比重、人均工业产值、工业化率和工业能源强度与闵行区工业能源碳排放呈正相关关系，其中煤炭所占工业能源消费比重对闵行区工业碳排放影响最大，工业增加值、电力所占工业能源消费比重对闵行区工业能源碳排放影响不显著。基于因素分析结果，提出闵行区可通过调整工业能源消费结构、优化产业结构、提高工业能源利用效率等措施降低工业碳排放。     

适用于城市碳排放反演的CO2格点化排放清单编制——以杭州市为例

基于碳监测网络测算城市人为碳排放通量，需要二氧化碳（CO₂）格点化排放清单作为反演计算的先验信息。现有格点化清单大多针对全球或全国尺度编制，排放源的空间位置不确定性高，不足以支撑城市碳监测工作。以杭州市为例，构建了高空间分辨率（1 km）、分部门（工业能源、工业过程、交通等6类排放部门）的城市CO₂格点化排放清单，并对其不确定性进行了表征。该格点化清单基于中国城市温室气体工作组编制的《中国城市二氧化碳排放数据集（2020）》，依据848个点源的精确位置信息和一系列空间代理数据，对各部门的城市CO₂排放量进行格点化分配，得到杭州市高分辨率排放清单模型。与现有清单，如欧洲开发的全球大气研究排放数据库（EDGAR）、清华大学开发的中国多尺度排放清单模型（MEIC）等相比，本研究编制的格点化清单能合理地反映杭州市CO₂排放的空间格局，包括人口、路网密集的市中心，萧山区和钱塘区的工业园区，钱塘江中上游沿岸的水泥企业等高排放热点，可以作为杭州市CO₂反演的人为源先验清单。     

基于环境库兹涅茨曲线特征的桂林市大气环境状况研究

根据2006年-2012年桂林市经济发展主要指标和大气环境污染指标的统计资料，分析了该市人均 GDP 与SO2、NO x、烟（粉）尘排放量及 PM10质量浓度和 API优良率等大气环境指标的相关关系，建立了经济发展与大气环境指标之间的模拟曲线。模拟结果表明，桂林市处于工业时期，随着人均GDP增加，SO2和烟（粉）尘排放得到了一定程度的缓解，而NO x 和 PM10排放从长期看还处于上升趋势。建议改善能源结构，调整产业结构和工业布局，制定财税激励政策，开展环境综合整治，加大机动车排污防治力度，进一步控制大气污染。     

地球变暖对生态环境的影响

地球变暖会恶化生态环境，威胁人类和生物的生存环境。地球变暖主要是人类燃烧化石燃料，向空中排放大量CO2所造成的，因此削减燃烧化石燃料量，减少排放CO2温室气体已刻不容缓。     

南通市温室气体排放估算

以2009年南通市主要领域碳排放情况为基数,采用IPCC指南中的计算方法,选取IPCC 指南明确的领域中对南通市而言具有代表性的部分内容,对2009年南通市全市碳排放量进行估算。估算结果表明,能源活动(化石燃料燃烧)为南通市主要温室气体排放源,其比例占据了主导地位。在能源活动中,原煤燃烧排放的CO₂远高于其他化石燃料燃烧的排放量。因此,南通市可在产业结构和能源结构调整、提高能源利用效率及加强能源管理等方面进行努力,以减少南通市温室气体排放量。     

欧盟批准2020年汽车尾气排放新标

人民网消息欧盟日前就汽车CO2排放标准达成一致，到2020年欧盟范围内新车CO2排放必须控制在95 g／km以内。
　　欧盟轮值主席国爱尔兰表示，协议在环境保护与经济发展之间采取了平衡。爱尔兰环境部长菲尔·霍根（ Phil Hogan ）说：“这项协议对于改善气候、造福消费者、鼓励创新、提供就业机会以及创建低碳社会等，能达到多赢的效果。”     

日本弃核代价巨大碳排激增17％

日本全国的核电站相继停止运行后，不仅带来了电力供应的严重紧张，而且造成CO2排放量激增。     

Assessing the impact of environmental regulation on pollution abatement and collaborative emissions reduction: Micro-evidence from Chinese industrial enterprises

Given the rapid industrialization and urbanization of China, environmental problems have gradually become major constraints that hinder its sustainable economic development. Moreover, China's pollution abatement and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions have been severely affected by pressures coming from domestic environmental appeals and international environmental diplomacy. By using integrated data from the Chinese Industrial Enterprise and the Chinese Enterprise Environmental Survey and Reporting databases, this study constructs comprehensive indicators of pollutant discharge intensity and carbon emissions index at the enterprise level and uses the panel fixed effect model, Kaya identity, and mediation effect model to assess the effects of environmental regulations on pollution abatement and collaborative emissions reduction from the micro-perspective. Results show that these regulations can abate the pollution emissions of Chinese industrial enterprises and verify the effectiveness of environmental policies. These regulations can also efficiently reduce the carbon dioxide emissions of enterprises through pollution abatement. In other words, environmental regulations facilitate a collaborative emissions reduction of pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from enterprises. Such collaborative emissions reduction effect is also influenced by the energy structure and consumption of enterprises. This paper presents empirical evidence and policy basis for further improving China's environmental regulation policy system and achieving coordinated progress in China's economic development and environmental governance.     

Influencing factors of carbon emissions in transportation industry based on CD function and LMDI decomposition model: China as an example

Globally, the transportation industry is one of the leading fields that generate the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions. While undergoing rapid development, countries worldwide aim to solve the problems involved in high energy consumption. Taking China as an example, this paper studies the main factors of carbon emissions in the transport sector and analyses the decoupling states between carbon emission and economic growth, making energy efficiency policies accordingly. In order to better demonstrate the dependence of the economy on the carbon emissions in China's transportation industry comprehensively, combined with the CD production function, this paper develops the decomposition and decoupling technology based on the LMDI approach. Additionally, it quantifies seven effects: energy emission intensity effect, energy structure effect, energy intensity effect, transportation intensity effect, technology state effect, labor input effect and capital input effect. The results show three major points: (1) From 2001 to 2018, the cumulative carbon emissions of China's transportation industry increased by 633.46 million tons, in which the capital input effect is the key factor driving carbon emissions, accounting for 157.70% of the total cumulative increased emissions, followed by energy structure effect at 10.39%. The labor input effect accounted for the smallest proportion at 2.26%. In this case, the technology state effect is the primary factor in restraining carbon emissions. During the study period, it reduced carbon emissions by 292.27 million tons, accounting for 46.14%. To a certain extent, energy intensity effect, transportation intensity effect and energy emission intensity inhibited carbon emissions, representing 16.67%, 5.32% and 2.22%, respectively. (2) During the research period, two decoupling states existed between carbon emissions and economic growth in China's transportation industry, specifically weak decoupling and expansive coupling. (3) The analysis of decomposition and decoupling state of influencing factors of carbon emissions shows that, on the one hand, factors promoting carbon emissions (capital input effect, energy structure effect and labor input effect) hinder the decoupling process. On the other hand, factors restraining carbon emissions (technology state effect, transportation intensity effect, energy intensity effect and energy emission intensity effect) accelerate the decoupling process. The research findings provide a new perspective for achieving carbon emission reduction in the transportation industry and curbing energy consumption growth.     

开拓创新 超前谋划 提前布局碳减排战略

碳减排是当前国际政治、经济和环境保护战略斗争的新领域。昌吉州的碳减排工作在新疆具有一定的示范意义,昌吉州目前所排放的二氧化碳主要来自于燃煤、建筑取暖、农业生产及居民生活等方面。现阶段可通过发展循环经济、走可持续发展道路,加强节能减排和植树造林,提倡节约、减少浪费,发展绿色生态农业,积极开发清洁能源,发展新能源等方式来发展低碳经济,降低昌吉州的二氧化碳排放量,为国家减少碳排放的战略目标做出自己的贡献。     

苏州市十年酸雨变化趋势分析研究

根据对酸雨现状及十年变化趋势分析，苏州市十年间酸雨污染程度总体呈上升趋势，在全省亦处于前列。环境空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮是造成酸雨的主要污染因子。从气象条件、能源消耗、污染源排放、产业结构等影响因素对酸雨污染变化原因及其与经济发展间的关系进行系统分析得出，苏州市酸雨污染总体形势不容乐观。     

Is Globalization Detrimental to CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Emissions in Japan? New Threshold Analysis

Using annual data from 1970 to 2014, this paper examines the effects of globalization on CO₂ emissions in Japan while accounting for economic growth and energy consumption as potential determinants of carbon emissions. The structural breaks and asymmetries arising due to policy shifts require attention, and hence, an asymmetric threshold version of the ARDL model is utilized. The results show the presence of threshold asymmetric cointegration between variables. Threshold-based positive and negative shocks arising from globalization increase carbon emissions, while the impact of the latter is more profound. Energy consumption (economic growth) also has a significant positive effect on carbon emissions. Globalization, economic growth, and energy consumption significantly increase carbon emissions in the short run. We suggest that policy makers in Japan consider globalization and energy consumption as policy tools in formulating their policies regarding protecting sustainable environmental quality in the long run. Otherwise, the Japanese economy may continue to face environmental consequences such as undesirable climate change and massive warming at the micro and macro levels as a result of potential shocks arising from globalization and energy consumption.     

The impacts of population change on carbon emissions in China during 1978–2008

This study examines the impacts of population size, population structure, and consumption level on carbon emissions in China from 1978 to 2008. To this end, we expanded the stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology model and used the ridge regression method, which overcomes the negative influences of multicollinearity among independent variables under acceptable bias. Results reveal that changes in consumption level and population structure were the major impact factors, not changes in population size. Consumption level and carbon emissions were highly correlated. In terms of population structure, urbanization, population age, and household size had distinct effects on carbon emissions. Urbanization increased carbon emissions, while the effect of age acted primarily through the expansion of the labor force and consequent overall economic growth. Shrinking household size increased residential consumption, resulting in higher carbon emissions. Households, rather than individuals, are a more reasonable explanation for the demographic impact on carbon emissions. Potential social policies for low carbon development are also discussed.     

Estimating the mitigation potential of the Chinese service sector using embodied carbon emissions accounting

It is universally recognized that direct carbon emissions based on energy consumption and industrial production lead to carbon leakage and inequality. This paper employs input–output analysis (IOA) and the hypothetical extraction method (HEM) to establish an embodied carbon analysis framework to resolve the above externalities. As a typical downstream consumption industry, the service sector has had very little work examining its embodied carbon transfer structure and related climate policies. In this paper, carbon flows of China's service sector between 1997 and 2015 are mapped and a scenario analysis is conducted that accounts for the service sector development plan and carbon emissions reduction targets. The results demonstrate that 13–19% of carbon flows in the Chinese economy are caused by the service sector's demand of other sectors. Controlling the industry scale and carbon intensity of its upstream industries effectively mitigates the dramatic growth of embodied carbon emissions in the service sector. The embodied carbon emissions accounting framework might provide new insights for the definition of emissions reduction responsibility on both a regional and sectoral scale. The further exploration of the service industry from this novel perspective will be helpful in realizing China's overall carbon emissions reduction goals.     

Examining the Factors Affecting Air Pollution Emission Growth in China

In this study, a structural decomposition method was applied to research the factors affecting the changes in air pollution emissions in China. Based on 1995–2009 data from the World IO Database, we combine China’s (Import) Noncompetitive IO Table and the Environmental Account Table. The results indicate that emission intensities represent the most important factor for reducing air pollution emissions in China. In contrast, economies of scale and the intermediate input product structure constitute the major causes for acceleration in the growth of air pollution emissions in China. From the perspective of final demand, the economic scale effect caused by investment demand is the main reason for this accelerated growth in China’s air pollution emissions in recent years. Consumption-driven economic growth is cleaner, while investment-driven economic growth is dirtier. This study constructed a structure decomposition model based on the input-output tables, which is suitable for studying the driving forces of various economic indicators, such as energy, carbon dioxide, and economic growth. At the same time, this method is helpful for analyzing the factors that influence changes in economic indicators that result from different economic pull modes, such as the final demand mode. However, the model does have limitations; for example, it does not consider the difference between general trade and processing trade in exports.     

A dynamic analysis of the global warming potential associated with air conditioning at a city scale: an empirical study in Shenzhen,China

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are a major source of energy consumption in buildings, directly and indirectly contributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the urban environment, and depending on local climatic conditions, air conditioning units attribute to these high energy demands. This study analyzes the use of residential air conditioning units and their associated global warming potential (GWP) between 2005 and 2030 for the city of Shenzhen, a fast-growing megacity located in Southern China. A life cycle assessment approach was adopted to quantify the GWP impacts which arise from both direct (refrigerant release) and indirect (energy consumption) sources, in combination with a materials flow analysis approach. The results show that the total GWP (expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents, CO₂ eq.) from residential air conditioning systems increased from 2.2 ± 0.2 to 5.1 ± 0.4 million tonnes (Mt) CO₂ eq. between 2005 and 2017, with energy consumption and refrigerant release contributing to 72.5% and 27.5% of the total demands, respectively. Immediate measures are required to restrict refrigerant release and reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning units, to help mitigate the predicted additional total emissions of 36.4 Mt. CO₂ eq. potentially released between 2018 and 2030. This amount equals to approximately New Zealand's national CO₂ emissions in 2017. The findings proposed in this study targets air conditioning units to reduce the GWP emissions in cities, and provide useful data references and insights for local authorities to incentivise measures for improving building energy efficiency management and performance.