吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱法测定地表水中12种氯苯类有机物

采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱联用法测定地表水中的12种氯苯类有机污染物,特别是一些半挥发性的多氯苯化合物如五氯苯、六氯苯等。在室温下分析时,当进样体积为25.0 mL,吹扫时间为11 min,解析时间为3 min,采用全扫描方式定量分析时,方法检出限为0.02~1.50μg/L。不同浓度水平的加标回收率为86.0%~113%,相对标准偏差为1.3%~17.5%;实际样品加标回收率为84.4%~119%,相对标准偏差为2.2%~18.9%。该法具有简便高效、灵敏度高、有机溶剂用量少等优点,适用于饮用水和地表水中氯苯类化合物的测定,并为突发性环境污染事件氯苯类有机物的快速响应提供了一种快速有效的检测方法。     

上海市饮用水源地优先控制有机污染物筛选

综合考虑国外优先控制污染物筛选的方法,根据上海市集中式生活饮用水源地特定80项和地表水控制的109项以外项目、全市挥发性和半挥发性有机项目、水源地突发性应急事故有机污染物等实际监测数据和历年来微量有机污染物研究成果,制定饮用水源地优先控制有机污染物筛选的原则、程序和过程,对出现频率高、超标几率高、浓度高,可能对人体健康产生影响的有机污染物进行筛选,提出包括多环芳烃、酞酸酯、卤代烃和其他共4类7种上海市饮用水源地优先控制有机污染物名单.     

吹扫—捕集/气相色谱法测定水中挥发性卤代烃

建立了吹扫—捕集 /气相色谱 /电子捕获检测器联用测定水中 5种挥发性卤代烃分析方法 ,且按国家水质分析标准方法 (GB/T 1 71 3 0 -1 997)所确定的三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、三溴甲烷 5种挥发性卤代烃进行实验 ,采用 Supelcoport担体层析柱对去离子水处理 ,所获得的纯水无色谱干扰峰 ,本法按国家水质分析标准方法列出的 5种挥发性卤代烃进行测定在国内尚未见报导。当纯水的进样体积为 5 .0 ml时 ,其最低检出浓度为 1× 1 0 - 2～ 6× 1 0 - 4(μg/L)之间 ;相对误差在 1 .1 %～ 2 .4%之间 ;加标回收率在 82 .5 %～ 1 0 8%之间 ;相关系数在 0 .9980～ 0 .9999之间。可快速、高灵敏度、简便、准确、精密地测定水中 5种挥发性卤代烃 ,本法适用于饮用水和地表水中挥发性卤代烃的测定     

区域土壤中氯苯类化合物测定及分布研究

以区域内16个土壤样品为研究对象，采用超声波萃取法对样品中的氯苯类污染物进行提取，并用气相色谱仪分类和测定，以保留时间定性，外标法定量。结果表明，利用超声波提取土壤中氯苯类是可行的，并能够进行分类检出；预处理中提取的最佳、合理的溶剂为正己烷；实验还得出了11种氯苯类化合物在18min内全部流出的最佳色谱条件。检测数据显示区域土壤内主要氯苯类污染物为二氯苯、四氯苯和六氯苯。     

气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用在我国环境监测中的应用

从系统分析和有机污染分析等方面出发 ,概述了气相色谱 质谱 (GC MS)联用在我国大气、水质、土壤等环境监测中所取得的重要成果 ,例如可测定多环芳烃、硝基多环芳烃、多氯二苯并二、多氯二苯并呋喃、农药、酚类、多氯联苯、恶臭、有机酸、有机硫化合物和苯系物、卤代烃、氯苯类等挥发性化合物 ,以及多组分有机污染物。     

吹扫捕集与气相色谱-质谱联用测定饮用水和地表水中挥发性有机污染物

报道了Trap I(VOCARB 4000)柱捕集水中挥发性有机污染物的性能和条件,建立了吹扫捕集和气相色谱-质谱联用测定饮用水和地表水样中25种挥发性有机污染物的分析方法.水样的加标回收率在90%～110%之间,最低检测限在0.04～0.85μg/L之间,20μg/L的挥发性有机物标准溶液经重复6次测定,其相对标准偏差基本小于5.0%.该方法已成功地运用于饮用水和地表水中挥发性有机污染物的测定,结果令人满意.     

固相微萃取-毛细管气相色谱法快速同步分析水中硝基苯类及氯苯类化合物

固相微萃取是一种快速、简便、集萃取浓缩进样于一体的样品前处理技术,具有分析时间短、灵敏度高、无需有机溶剂的优点。文章用固相微萃取富集水中9种硝基苯类及5种氯苯类化合物,毛细管气相色谱ECD检测器分离分析,整个分析过程只需25min,检出限可达0.0002~0.02μg/L,已用于地表水、海水与工厂废水中硝基苯类及氯苯类化合物含量的测定。     

液-液萃取-气相色谱法同时测定地表水中17种硝基苯类和氯苯类化合物

建立了液-液萃取-气相色谱法同时测定地表水中17种硝基苯类和氯苯类化合物的方法.水中的硝基苯类和氯苯美化合物用乙酸乙酯/正己烷(2:1,体积比)混合溶剂提取,经DB-35ms色谱柱分离后用ECD检测.方法灵敏度高,萃取定容后即可进样分析,无需进行高倍浓缩,17种化合物分离良好,检测灵敏度高,水中检出限为0.03～0.08μg/L,比饮用水源地限值低1～4个数量级.本法在40.0～400 μg/L浓度范围内线性相关性良好,方法相对标准偏差为1.4％～5.2％,实际样品加标回收率为96.3％～106％.     

大同市地表水及工业废水中氯苯和酚类化合物的监测

对流经大同市的主要河流和重点工业污染源所排放废水中的氯苯和酚类化合物做了分析测定.对酚类化合物的测定方法进行了改进.研究表明,大同市污染源对御河氯苯类污染物贡献较小,焦化厂酚类化合物排放量较高.     

气相色谱质谱联用技术在饮用水源地挥发性有机物特定项目中的应用研究

地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)中规定的集中式生活饮用水地表水源地特定项目中有20多项属于挥发性有机污染物,研究了吹扫捕集气相色谱质谱方法测定这些挥发性有机物特定项目.优化了色谱条件,测定结果线性良好,目标化合物加标回收率、检出限等指标均符合地表水环境质量标准的要求.     

地表水环境遥感监测关键技术与系统

介绍了地表水环境遥感监测的关键技术与系统及其典型应用,其代表性机理模型和应用示范成果主要来自于中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所的高光谱遥感团队在最近几年中取得的一些研究进展,主要包括建立了基于改进双峰法的水体分布自动化遥感提取方法,实现了简单、高效和高精度的水体提取；提出了大型湖泊长时序水量估算方法,并以青藏高原湖区为例,重建了典型湖泊面积、水位和水量序列；发展了基于“软分类”的典型内陆水体叶绿素a浓度反演方法,构建了基于生物光学模型的高度浑浊水体悬浮物浓度遥感反演半解析方法,提高了反演方法的区域和季节适用性；构建了基于水色指数的大范围湖库营养状态和透明度遥感监测方法,实现了全球大型湖库营养状态遥感监测,以及全国大型湖库透明度遥感监测；在此基础上,开发了地表水环境遥感监测系统,提高了水环境遥感监测效率,促进了卫星遥感在水环境监测中的高精度业务化应用。     

河流生态环境健康评价技术体系构建及应用

科学合理的河流生态环境健康评价体系不仅能够客观真实地反映河流的生态环境状况，还能为河流管理者提供决策依据，指明管理方向。基于国内外河流健康评价经验，构建了以水环境、水生态和水资源“三水”为系统层，包含水质、富营养化、水生生物、生境状况和水资源5个指标层的河流生态环境健康评价体系。将层次分析法和综合评估方法相结合，计算河流健康得分。以大运河(天津段)为例，评价结果显示，大运河(天津段)总体评价结果为中等水平。该评价体系考虑了多项影响河流生态功能的指标，能够客观真实地反映河流生态健康状况，同时能够为河流管理提供基础数据和决策依据。     

Organochlorine insecticide residues in drinking and ground water in and around Delhi

A multiresidue method was developed for the estimation of 15organochlorine pesticides in water. 50 samples of drinking watersupplied by the Municipal Corporation to the residential areasof Delhi and 20 ground water samples from nearby villages usedfor irrigation were monitored for the presence of organochlorineinsecticides by the method developed. Although, organochlorinepesticides were detected in the ground water and irrigationwater samples, the levels of pesticides were below the MaximumContaminant Level as prescribed by WHO. No organochlorineinsecticides were detected in any of the drinking water samples.     

紫外分光光度法测定水和废水中硫化物

对紫外分光光度法测定水和废话中硫化物的方法进行了研究，试验了稳定时间、干扰物质、碱溶液浓度对测定的影响，提出了最佳测定条件。该方法检测限为０．０４ｍｇ／Ｌ，相对标准偏为１．４％，加标回收率在９１．６％～１０１．９％之间。     

Quality of Shallow Groundwater and Drainage Water in Irrigated Agricultural Lands in A Mediterranean Coastal Region of Turkey

Spatial and seasonal differences in water quality of drainage water and unconfined shallow groundwater were related to irrigation in Samandağ, a Mediterranean coastal region. Eighteen wells, seven drainage points and Orontes River were monitored bimonthly for one year for analyses of electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), cations (Na, K, Ca + Mg) and anions (CO₃, HCO₃, Cl and SO₄). Agricultural irrigation using saline groundwater decreased water quality of Orontes River during the irrigation season (May to September) more than during the non-irrigation season (October to April). Seasonal fluctuations in water quality of shallow groundwater were greater during the irrigation season than the non-irrigation season in the study area. Excessive use of groundwater resulted in a decline in the water table levels in the irrigation season. Water table level rose up to the soil surface in areas where there was a lack of drainage or poor drainage, due to the impact of precipitation in the winter. SAR and pH values of drainage water increased in the irrigation season, while the other properties of drainage water decreased. Irrigation water quality of Orontes River was classified as C₃S₁ in both seasons. Irrigation water quality of shallow groundwater and drainage water varied from C₂S₁ to C₄S₂ in one year. Drainage and well waters were found to be different on yearly basis in terms of Na, SAR (p<0.01) and Ca + Mg concentrations (p<0.001). Ca + Mg concentrations for both sources were different for all sampling dates (p<0.001).     

Monitoring of Distribution Water Qualities Under Various Source Water Blending

The main goal of this large-scale pilot distribution study was to systematically investigate the impacts of blending different source waters on distribution water qualities. The principal source waters investigated were conventionally treated ground water (G1), surface water processed by enhanced treatment (S1), and desalted seawater by reverse osmosis membranes (RO). Due to the nature of raw water quality and associated treatment processes, G1 water had high alkalinity, while S1 and RO sources were characterized as high sulfate and high chloride waters, respectively. One year of pilot pipe study demonstrated that water quality was significantly deteriorated by increased color when source water blends with characteristics different from historic groundwater were introduced to pipe distribution systems. Elevated color was associated with release of iron corrosion products, mainly from aged unlined cast iron pipes. Iron release increased significantly when exposed to RO and S1 waters: that is, the greater iron release was experienced with alkalinity reduced below the background of G1 water. Lead and copper release to water, on the other hand, enhanced with the application of RO and G1 waters, respectively.     

2007-2013年乌鲁木齐市集中式饮用水源地水质变化趋势分析及对策建议

对2007-2013年乌鲁木齐市集中式饮用水源地水质监测数据进行综合分析，泉水型地下饮用水源地米东区三水厂受储水介质及当地地质化学结构的影响，溶解盐类常年超标，水质较差；湖库型地表水源地五、八水厂总磷浓度在个别年份存在一定程度的超标现象，且地表水源地中挥发性卤代烃类、硝基苯和酞酸酯类等有机项目及镍等重金属类检出率较高，存在一定程度的风险。对此提出了进一步完善水源地环境保护及合理开发优质水资源的对策建议，为首府饮用水源地的保护和相关研究工作提供依据。     

国内外饮用水水质标准的综合评价

在参考国内外饮用水水质标准的基础上,建立了饮用水水质综合评价体系,通过专家咨询法获得判断矩阵,利用层次分析法计算各水质指标的权重,结合国内外饮用水水质标准的指标进行层次总排序,根据总排序结果对国内外饮用水水质标准的特点进行了综合评价。     

Evaluation of water quality of the Qaraaoun Reservoir,Lebanon: suitability for multipurpose usage

The increased demand on water resources in Lebanon as a resultof: progressive urbanization, socio-economic growth, agriculturalactivities and development of industries is, according to the national authorities, a major critical factor by the year 2010.Political difficulties in earlier years imply a dearth of pertinent data. The objective of this study was to evaluate water quality of the Qaraaoun Reservoir of the Litani River andassess its feasibility for multi-purpose usage as one of the solutions to the aggravated water problems in Lebanon. Sampleswere collected from 18 sampling sites at several dates duringthe dry season. Parameters analysed were, pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, turbidity, alkalinity, Ca, Mg, TH, Cl^-, SO₄ ^2-, NH₃, NO₃ ^-,PO₄ ^3-, Fe, Al, Na, Zn, Cr, Cu and As. The reported data were in compliancewith WHO guidelines, USEPA regulation and EEC directives. Statistical analysis of the data defined three distinct environmental zones and water quality in the central, main zone satisfied most criteria. It is concluded that the reservoir water is fit for multipurpose uses, namely, drinking, domestic,recreational activities, irrigation, fisheries, livestock and industrial, and should be properly managed accordingly.     

新疆主要城市集中式饮用水源地水质评价

2007年新疆环保系统的调查和评价结果表明,新疆16个主要城市的31个现役集中式饮用水源地总供水量为4.47×10^8m^3,担负着供应420万常住城市人口的生活饮用水、部分工业用水和城市生态用水的责任;城市饮用水源地总体水质良好,水质达标比例为83.9%,不同地区、不同水源类型间存在差异;由于受原生土壤地质条件和人类活动的影响,目前有5个集中式饮用水源地超过国家规定的水质标准,而且部分饮用水源地中有机污染物有多项检出;受水源保护区划工作滞后、监管力度不够等因素影响,部分城市饮用水源地存在一定的环境安全隐患。