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1.
以南京市为例,依托机动车环保监管数据库,根据国家机动车排放模型CVEM计算出黄标车主要污染物一氧化碳、碳氢化合物、氮氧化物及颗粒物的年排放量,并系统回顾了近年来为控制黄标车污染所采取的区域限行、淘汰奖补和治理改造等针对性管理措施,分析了政策实施的进展及成效,进一步明确了黄标车治理的必要性。  相似文献   

2.
南京市机动车排气污染现状分析   总被引:8,自引:4,他引:8  
阐述了南京市机动车发展现状、道路交通现状和机动车污染监测情况,对机动车排放因子、机动车污染、交通干线的污染物日排放特征、机动车源排放污染物的分担率以及机动车尾气污染物排放进行了分析和预测。指出南京市机动车污染状况必须采取有效措施加以控制,并提出了贯彻机动车尾气控制标准,完善污染控制管理机制;重点控制公交、出租和专业物流的机动车污染;严格控制车用油品质量;建立车辆污染数据库;加快道路建设,运用交通综合管理制度削减污染;实施保护区和控制区管理以及实施机动车标志管理等合理化建议。  相似文献   

3.
农产品产地土壤重金属外源污染来源解析及防控策略研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
分析了工业生产排放、污水灌溉、矿产资源开发、农业投入品施用、大气颗粒物降尘及固体废弃物堆放等农产品产地土壤重金属主要外源污染来源,在此基础上构建了包括工业过程源、固定燃烧源、灌溉水源、废弃物堆放源、流动源和农业投入品源的来源清单,并从建立健全源头预防和强化过程控制2个方面,提出了加强农产品产地土壤重金属污染监管的相关建议。  相似文献   

4.
分析了汽车及零部件行业VOCs的主要来源和危害,阐述了我国现阶段汽车及零部件行业VOCs的污染现状。建议采取以源头削减和过程控制为重点、兼顾末端治理的全过程综合防治措施,控制汽车及零部件行业的VOCs排放。  相似文献   

5.
南京亚青会环境空气质量状况及原因分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
利用南京市空气质量监测结果,对2013年8月及亚青会期间空气质量状况进行评价与分析,并结合采取的临时管控措施及气象条件状况,分析空气质量变化的相关原因。结果表明,8月份南京市空气质量均达到良的等级,亚青会期间空气质量进一步改善,多项污染物浓度达到一级标准,且同比上年明显下降,这一方面与针对工业点源、机动车流动源及扬尘面源采取了临时管控措施,一定程度降低污染排放有关;另一方面与亚青会期间的气象条件有利于污染物扩散有关。  相似文献   

6.
利用南京市空气质量监测结果,对2013年8月及亚青会期间空气质量状况进行评价与分析,并结合采取的临时管控措施及气象条件状况,分析空气质量变化的相关原因。结果表明,8月份南京市空气质量均达到良的等级,亚青会期间空气质量进一步改善,多项污染物浓度达到一级标准,且同比上年明显下降,这一方面与针对工业点源、机动车流动源及扬尘面源采取了临时管控措施,一定程度降低污染排放有关;另一方面与亚青会期间的气象条件有利于污染物扩散有关。  相似文献   

7.
建立深圳市机动车氮氧化物排放因子初探   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
针对国内机动车排放因子研究处于起步阶段的实际情况,因地制宜地确定了深圳市当地的机动车氮氧化物排放因子研究技术路线,通过大量的调研、实测建立深圳市道路和联片建成区机动车氮氧化物排放因子,为深圳市机动车排气污染研究和控制提供了参数.  相似文献   

8.
固定源废气现场监测的质量控制及工况监督是一项重要的质量保证措施。文中论述了实施现场监测质量控制及工况监督的重要意义,叙述了实施现场监测质量控制及工况监督的技术要求,同时指出了做好现场监测及工况监督工作需要采取的具体措施。  相似文献   

9.
通过对1992-1994年甘肃省重点污染物废气中主要污染物的排放情况进行对比分析,并用等标污染负荷法评价出废气排放的主要污染源和主要污染物。提出了控制环境污染,加强环境管理,提高环境质量的建议和防治措施。  相似文献   

10.
石家庄市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子污染特征研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
用超声萃取-离子色谱法分析了石家庄市大气颗粒物中8种水溶性无机离子。结果表明,NO3-、SO2-4、NH4+及 Ca2+为主要组分;各个离子的质量浓度均有季节及空间变化差异;不同粒径颗粒物中 SO2-4和 NO3-相关性均很好,NH4+与 SO2-4、NO3-在细颗粒物中具有良好的相关性,Ca2+在粗粒子中与 NO3-和 SO2-4的相关性也较好。SO2-4/NO3-质量比季节变化表明,春、夏季固定源与流动源对大气颗粒物贡献相当,秋季流动源贡献较大,冬季固定源贡献较大。PM2.5中SO2与SO2-4、NO2与 NO3-转化率表明,SO2-4、NO3-主要是由二次转化而来。  相似文献   

11.
系统研究建立高原典型城市拉萨市开放源(土壤风沙尘、道路扬尘、施工扬尘、采矿扬尘),移动源(机动车尾气尘),固定源(工业烟粉尘、生物质燃烧尘及餐饮油烟)共3类8种大气颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))污染源化学成分谱。研究结果表明:开放源以地壳类元素为主,自然背景特征明显;移动源源成分谱中元素碳含量明显高于其他城市,在PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)源谱中分别占60.15%、51.86%,有机碳含量也相对较高,均超过20%;固定源中,牛粪和松柏枝两类生物质燃烧污染源的有机碳含量显著高于其他组分,工业烟粉尘中Ca远高于其他组分,在PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)源谱中分别占21.32%、21.21%。移动源、固定源源成分谱均显示出高原城市的独特特征。  相似文献   

12.
阐述了加强环境空气监测点位管理的重要性,指出了目前环境空气监测点位管理中存在的问题,提出设置监测点位时,既要考虑监测点的位置和数量,又要考虑监测点周围的人为活动、流动污染源、固定污染源和面源的影响。  相似文献   

13.
Non-point source water pollution is a major problem in most parts of the world, but is also very difficult to quantify and control since it is not easily separated from point sources and can theoretically originate from the whole watershed. In this article, we evaluate the relationship between land use and land cover and four water pollution parameters in a watershed in Southeast Brazil. The four parameters are nitrate, total ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorous, and dissolved oxygen. To help concentrate on non-point source pollution, only data from the wet seasons of the time period (2001–2013) were analysed, based on the fact that precipitation causes runoff which is the main cause of diffuse pollution. The parameters measured were transformed into loads, which were in turn associated with an exclusive contribution area, so that every measuring station could be considered independent. Analyses were also performed on riparian zones of different widths to verify if the effect of the land cover on the water quality of the stream decreases with the increased distance. Pearson correlation coefficients indicate that urban areas and agriculture/pasture tend to worsen water quality (source). Conversely, forest and riparian areas have a reducing effect on pollution (sink). The best results were obtained for total ammonia nitrogen and dissolved oxygen using the whole exclusive contribution areas with determination coefficients better than R2≈0.8. Nitrate and total phosphorous did not produce valid models. We suspect that the transformation delay from total ammonia nitrogen to nitrate might be an important factor for the poor result for this parameter. For phosphorous, we think that the phosphorous sink in the bottom sediment might be the most limiting factor explaining the failure of our models.  相似文献   

14.
应用化学质量平衡模型解析西宁大气PM2.5的来源   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
为研究影响西宁市大气环境PM_(2.5)污染水平的主要来源,于2014年采暖季、风沙季和非采暖季依托西宁市大气地面观测网络在11个监测点采集大气PM_(2.5)样品,对其化学组分(元素、离子和碳)进行分析。研究同步采集了4类固定源、14类移动源和4类开放源的PM_(2.5)样品,并构建源排放成分谱。应用化学质量平衡受体模型(CMB)开展源解析研究。源解析结果表明,观测期间西宁市PM_(2.5)主要来源包括城市扬尘(分担率为26.4%)、燃煤尘(14.5%)、机动车尾气(12.8%)、二次硫酸盐(9.0%)、生物质燃烧(6.6%)、二次硝酸盐(5.7%)、钢铁尘(4.7%)、锌冶炼尘(3.4%)、建筑尘(4.4%)、土壤尘(4.4%)、餐饮排放(2.9%)和其他未识别的来源(5.2%)。大力开展城市扬尘为主的开放源污染控制,严格控制本地燃煤、机动车等污染源的PM_(2.5)排放,是改善西宁市空气质量的重要途径。  相似文献   

15.
Nonpoint source pollution loading from an undistributed tropic forest area   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Water quality and unit nonpoint sources (NPS) pollution load from a forest area were studied in a mountainous watershed in Taiwan. The flow rates were measured with rectangular weirs and samples taken for water quality analysis in both non-rainy and rainy days for 2 years. The subroutine of the Hydrological Simulation Program--FORTRAN was used to simulate runoff for additional 3 years. Total annual loads of various water quality parameters were then estimated by a regression model. Most of the parameter concentrations are higher during the rainy days; their values are typically higher as compared to data from other undisturbed forest areas. Nevertheless, the concentration ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to TN or PO4(3-) -P to TP shows TN or TP no correlations with the flow rates, whereas the concentrations of SS and TP are positively correlated with the flow rate. The fluctuation of annual load from this watershed is significant. For example, six major events of the entire year, for which the total duration is merely 6.4 days, contribute 42% of the annual precipitation and at least 40% of the annual NPS loads. The management for controlling the NPS pollution from this forest watershed is discussed.  相似文献   

16.
In countries having limited resources, it is difficult to assess urban air quality on contemporaneously, due to the absence of on-line information about air pollution levels and emission rates. An alternative approach is recommended for smaller cities with lower demands of resources. The applied scheme consists of a database of air pollution sources (NO x and CO from industry, traffic, and domestic heating), the simple Gaussian-plume model AEROPOL and a series of measurements by passive monitors. This method was used in Tartu, a small city situated in the valley of the river Emajõgi, within a landscape with noteworthy topographical variations. Simulations of annual average and maximal concentrations were performed, and a fair agreement obtained with NO2 monitoring results from passive Palmes monitors. Inventories of pollution sources in 1998 revealed that official statistics of stationary sources covered 64% of SO2,36% of CO, 37% of NO x and 32% of total particulate matter emissions. Recommendations for measures for reducing air pollution levels and for further investigations towards improving air quality assessment and management, are given.  相似文献   

17.
目前,对固定污染源废气中磷酸雾的检测并无统一的方法,相关含磷污染物的控制指标主要是磷化氢、单质磷以及五氧化二磷。在调研国内外分析方法及相关文献的基础上,通过对几种典型含磷污染源的实样测试,提出了固定污染源废气中磷酸雾的检测方法。结果表明,使用石英滤筒捕集固定污染源废气中的磷酸雾,采样效率可达98%以上。捕集到的总磷酸雾不仅包含磷酸,还包含磷酸盐以及含磷氧化物等,是一项综合指标。该指标能够反映含磷污染物的排放特征,可为未来此类污染物的排放控制提供依据。  相似文献   

18.
The nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is difficult to manage and control due to its complicated generation and formation. Load estimation and source apportionment are an important and necessary process for efficient NPS control. Here, an integrated application of semi-distributed land use-based runoff process (SLURP) model, export coefficients model (ECM), and revise universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) for the load estimation and source apportionment of nitrogen and phosphorus was proposed. The Jinjiang River (China) was chosen for the evaluation of the method proposed here. The chosen watershed was divided into 27 subbasins. After which, the SLURP model was used to calculate land use runoff and to estimate loads of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus, and ECM was applied to estimate dissolved loads from livestock and rural domestic sewage. Next, the RUSLE was employed for load estimation of adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus. The results showed that the 12,029.06 t?a?1 pollution loads of total NPS nitrogen (TN) mainly originated from dissolved nitrogen (96.24 %). The major sources of TN were land use runoff, which accounted for 45.97 % of the total, followed by livestock (32.43 %) and rural domestic sewage (17.83 %). For total NPS phosphorous (TP), its pollution loads were 570.82 t?a?1 and made up of dissolved and adsorbed phosphorous with 66.29 and 33.71 % respectively. Soil erosion, land use runoff, rural domestic sewage, and livestock were the main sources of phosphorus with contribution ratios of 33.71, 45.73, 14.32, and 6.24 % respectively. Therefore, land use runoff, livestock, and soil erosion were identified as the main pollution sources to influence loads of NPS nitrogen and phosphorus in the Jinjiang River and should be controlled first. The method developed here provided a helpful guideline for conducting NPS pollution management in similar watershed.  相似文献   

19.
Modelling can be a useful management tool because models allow the understanding of water body response to different pollution pressure scenarios which may help on the decision-making process and in prosecuting the Water Framework Directive objectives. This study aims to evaluate the usage of simple water quality models (Qual2Kw) applied to small river basins in order to better understand the response of a river to different loads of nitrogen and phosphorus. Qual2Kw model was applied to Cértima River (Portugal), a small river that ends in a shallow lake called Pateira Fermentelos and represents a very important ecosystem to the local community. Along its pathway, Cértima River has a significant enrichment in nutrients due to agriculture, livestock, domestic sewage and industrial effluents discharged into the river. In case of nitrogen, the highest loads are from domestic (44%) and diffuse (35%) sources. The main sources of phosphorous are domestic (46%), livestock (24%) and diffuse sources (20%). Cértima River is strongly enriched with nutrients, and neither nitrogen nor phosphorous is limiting the algal growth. According to the criterion of Dodds et al. (Water Res, 32(5):1455-1462, 1998), the river is classified as eutrophic. By comparing in stream measurements with Qual2Kw simulations, it can be concluded that it would be necessary to decrease the actual pollutants loads of nitrogen and phosphorous 5 and 10 times, respectively, in order to change Cértima River classification from eutrophic to mesotrophic.  相似文献   

20.
随着环境空气质量精细化管理要求的提高,在应对重污染天气过程中,对大气污染源排放清单的时间分辨率提出了更高的要求。文章从固定源、移动源、油气储运源等方面探讨了大气污染源动态排放清单编制技术方法,并选取某城市进行了应用计算。结果表明,通过获取动态更新的数据,移动源的船舶、机动车、飞机可以逐时分析污染物排放量变化;固定源和油气储运源可以逐日分析。同时与相关指南算法进行定量比较,探讨了精细化改进方法及可能存在的问题,为建立更精细化动态排放清单提供有益参考。  相似文献   

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