吹脱捕集GC/FID法测定海河水中挥发性有机物

采用吹脱捕集GC/FID法对海河干流水中挥发性有机物进行定性、定量分析。共检测出 39种挥发性有机物 ,不同化合物的回收率为 84 2 %～ 143 2 % ,相对偏差为 1 5 %～ 9 6 %。当水样体积为 2 5mL时 ,方法检测限为 0 0 0 1μg/L～ 0 4μg/L。     

水质中多种挥发性有机物的同时测定

在采用双柱双检测器的基础上，对水中24种挥发性有机物进行了同时测定。当进样体积为5ml时，最低检测限为0．5俐L，线性范围及测定范围为0．5～50倒L，1μg/L和20μg/L浓度水平的加标回收率在80．0％-110％之间，变异系数为0．6％～9．2％，实验结果令人满意。     

长江饮用水源地18种挥发性有机物的自动监测应用研究

采用全自动监测系统测定长江饮用水源地中18种挥发性有机物，通过动态吹扫捕集气相色谱法快速分析水中的挥发性有机物（VOCs），18种有机物的方法检出限为0．07～0．50μg／L，在0～20μg／L范围内线性良好，混合标准溶液平行测定的 RSD＜10％，饮用水样品的加标回收率为72．1％～119．4％。同时，探索了4种监测数据质量控制及质量保证的方法，建立了数据评价体系。     

吹扫—捕集／气相色谱法测定水中挥发性有机物

为提高样品分析效率，研究并建立了吹扫-捕集／气相色谱／氢火焰检测器联用同时测定水中1，2-二氯乙烷、苯、甲苯、氯苯、乙苯、对-二甲苯、间-二甲苯、苯乙烯、邻-二甲苯、异丙苯、1，4-二氯苯、1，2-二氯苯、硝基苯、1，3，5-三氯苯、1，2，4-三氯苯、1，2，3-三氯苯、六氯丁二烯17种挥发性有机物的分析方法。结果表明，当进样体积为25．0ml时，最低检出限为0．0034-0．1088μg/L，相对标准偏差为1．8％～6．4％，加标平均回收率为97．6％-105．8％。该方法可快速、简便、准确、高灵敏度的测定水中17种挥发性有机物，并适用于饮用水和地表水中挥发性有机物的测定。     

吹扫捕集与气相色谱-质谱联用测定饮用水和地表水中挥发性有机污染物

报道了Trap I(VOCARB 4000)柱捕集水中挥发性有机污染物的性能和条件,建立了吹扫捕集和气相色谱-质谱联用测定饮用水和地表水样中25种挥发性有机污染物的分析方法.水样的加标回收率在90%～110%之间,最低检测限在0.04～0.85μg/L之间,20μg/L的挥发性有机物标准溶液经重复6次测定,其相对标准偏差基本小于5.0%.该方法已成功地运用于饮用水和地表水中挥发性有机污染物的测定,结果令人满意.     

加压流体萃取-GC/MS法测定土壤中半挥发性有机物

采用加压流体萃取〖CD*2〗气相色谱/质谱联用法（ASE GC/MS）测定土壤中9种半挥发性有机物,分别考察萃取条件、氮吹浓缩、硅酸镁小柱净化和浓缩定容等前处理条件对半挥发性有机物测定的影响。通过优化试验条件,使方法在100 μg/L～1 000 μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.01 mg/kg～0.04 mg/kg。土壤样品加标回收率为72.4%～954%,4次测定结果的RSD为2.1%～6.0%。将该方法应用于测定某重点行业企业用地周边土壤,除苯并（a）芘外其余8种半挥发性有机物均为未检出。     

挥发性有机物在线监测系统在饮用水源地水体监测中的应用

水中挥发性有机物(VOCs)在线监测系统,实现了超声雾化法气液分离,并结合冷阱捕集解析技术,利用气相色谱质谱法监测水中VOCs。该法在25种VOCs质量浓度0.5~20μg/L范围内线性良好,线性相关系数均0.990,检出限为0.10~0.51μg/L,测定下限为0.40~2.04μg/L。通过与实验室法的比对,说明该法可达实验室监测仪器同等水平。     

便携式傅里叶红外分析仪测定水中挥发性有机污染物

发明了一种利用GASMET FTIR Dx4020便携式傅里叶红外分析仪测定水中挥发性有机物的实用方法,该方法可以定性定量25个水中挥发性有机物.该方法具有简便快捷、灵敏度高等特点,以苯系物中各单组分物质为例,方法检测限为11 ～45μg/L,相对标准偏差为3.4％ ～ 6.6％,加标回收率为98％ ～ 109％,在浓度范围内具有良好的线性.但对苯系物混合物定量准确性还需进一步研究提高.     

搅拌棒萃取-热脱附/气质联用法测定水中2-MIB和土臭素

采用搅拌棒萃取-热脱附/气质联用法测定水中2-甲基异莰醇和土臭素，优化了搅拌棒萃取和热脱附进样的条件。试验表明：两种目标化合物在1．00 ng/L～200 ng/L范围内线性良好，2-甲基异莰醇的相关系数为0．9993，土臭素的相关系数为0．9997，方法检出限分别为0．31 ng/L和0．15 ng/L；空白和实际样品的加标回收率为82．4％～116％，测定结果的RSD＜10％。     

液液萃取-气质联用法测定饮用水源地水中SVOCs

采用乙酸乙酯-正己烷混合溶剂（体积比为2∶1）对饮用水源地水中阿特拉津、林丹、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）和滴滴涕（含4种）等8种半挥发性有机物进行1次水样萃取，用气质联用法同时测定。试验表明，方法在25．0μg/L～500μg/L范围内线性良好；检出限在0．006μg/L ～0．028μg/L 之间；空白水样3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为87．6％～109％，平行测定6次的 RSD＜5．1％；测定集中式生活饮用水源地的实际水样，未检出目标化合物，加标回收率为98．6％～109％。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。