不同绿地类型在城市中的滞尘作用研究

通过对在城市各种适宜的不同绿地类型对空气尘的阻滞作用研究，从而提供在城市绿化中不同功能区所采有各种不同绿地搭配，使之发挥出更好的作用。     

空气污染物采样精度统计分析

我国将在一定时期内对大气环境中二氧化硫(SO_2)及氮氧化物(NO_x)污染监测采用三种不同监测方法共存的方针,即采用间断采样实验室分析法、24小时连续采样实验室分析法及连续自动监测法。由于这三种监测方法所采用的采样方法及分析方法各不相同,因此监测结果必然存在着不同程度的差异。监测结果的准确性、可靠性及代表性不仅依赖于分析方法,而且在很大程度上依赖于采样方法。而采样精度表示样品的代表性,它受污染物排放特征、扩散机理、采样频数、采样时段及置信水平等因素的影响。本文以大量实地监测数据依据,用统计分析的方法,对不同监测点所采用的不同监测方法的采样精度进行了比较。推荐一种估计采样精度的方法。     

基于燃煤电厂超低排放的汞分布特性研究

为掌握超低排放改造后烟气处理装置对汞分布的影响,选择6台有代表性的超低排放火电机组进行现场测试。通过对火电机组入炉煤、炉渣、飞灰、脱硫石膏、末端烟气等样品的测试,得出不同燃烧产物中汞的分布:底渣和湿除出水的汞含量极微;电除尘底灰中的汞所占比重相对较大,平均汞含量占燃烧产物中总汞的比例可达57.97%。依据质量平衡原理,计算出不同超低排放改造工艺路线对汞的协同脱除效率为87.26%~95.60%,并分析了不同污染控制设备对汞排放的影响。     

废水总量控制监测中的流量测定与排污口规范化

针对废水总量控制监测对流量测定的要求，分析了不同类型的废水排污口所适用的流量测量方法和测流仪器，并对排污口的规范化整治提出了相应的要求。     

完全氧化法测定高氯废水的COD_(Cr)

从热力学的角度出发,导出了在ＣＯＤ测定过程中Ｃｌ－ 的完全氧化条件。通过不同浓度的含氯邻苯二甲酸氢钾标准溶液和含氯乙醇标准水样的测定表明, 在所提出的完全氧化条件下,由所测得的表观ＣＯＤ减去Ｃｌ－ 的理论ＣＯＤ便得到水样的真实ＣＯＤ,测定结果与实际吻合较好。最后,对测定过程中的有关问题进行了讨论。     

紫外分光光度法测定水和废水中硫化物的适宜波长选择

对紫外分光光度法测定水和废水中硫化物的方法做了较为深入的研究和分析,并通过对实际样品的测定,对比和论述了在不同相关波长处空白值及方法灵敏度所受到的影响,进而选择出在紫外光区域测定水和废水中硫化物的适宜波长。     

721分光光度计的数字显示

721分光光度计在环境监测及科研单位进行定量分析中得到广泛应用。该仪器的光学部分和电子部分的设计是较满意的。但传统的电表显示读数精度却不够高,读数时也不方便,同一显示值往往不同人员读出数值不同,同一人员处在不同位置所读数值亦不相同。为克服这一缺点,我们选用了WG755C,CH7116分别实现对数、模数转换,再将测量结果直接用LCD     

空气质量监测中标准状态对测定结果的影响及建议

环境空气质量标准中各种污染物的浓度限值是评价、考核空气质量状况的基本依据。为了保证在不同时空、不同环境状况下监测数据的可比性,各个国家或组织在制定的空气质量标准中对标准状态(温度和压力)进行了定义。但是,由于标准状态定义不同,即使是同一环境状况下的同一实测结果进行标化计算后的污染物浓度也不相同,达不到可比性的基本原则。因此,建议中国在未来修订空气质量标准所采用的标准状态,进一步与国际接轨。     

排污许可证管理中监测工作浅析与讨论

当前,排污许可证制度正逐步由点向面推广,系统认识监测工作,特别是监督监测在许可证管理中的作用、地位与运行,更好地为环境管理高效服务,是环保同行们普遍关注的问题。 一、监测工作的分类 在许可证制度实施的不同阶段,由于目的不同,对监测的要求及其所起的作用是不同的,大致可分为三类监测:申报监测、核实监测、监督监测。     

2013—2017年间京津冀地区空气质量及影响因素分析

基于统计学和GIS方法对京津冀地区2013—2017年间空气质量指数（AQI）分布情况及影响因素进行分析，探究城市发展对空气质量的影响。结果表明：京津冀地区空气质量大体趋势由北向南逐渐恶化，可宏观对比5年的变化，污染程度逐年减弱；PM10为首要污染物所占的天数比例最高，O3为首要污染物所占的天数比例逐年增加；气温、风速与AQI呈负相关，而相对湿度、气压与AQI不同地区正负关系不同；空气质量与经济增长的环境库兹涅茨曲线为倒N型。     

日本山形降雨中离子成分的研究

分时段对每次降雨连续采样,对pH值、电导率、硫酸根离子、硝酸根离子、氯离子、铵、氟离子、钾离子、钠离子、钙离子、锾离子等共11项进行监测.分析了各种离子的组成、所占比例、时段变化规律和对部分离子的来源进行了探讨.分析结果表明.山形的降雨为硝酸型酸雨,有别于我国大多教城市的硫酸型酸雨类型.     

超临界水氧化技术处理含油污水研究

在间歇式实验装置上对超临界水氧化技术处理含油污水进行了研究，主要考察了COD的脱除率与反应时间、温度和压力的关系。实验结果表明，超临界水中的氧化反应能有效去除污水中COD，反应时间、反应温度是影响COD脱除率的重要因素。     

电镀污泥标准浸出方法的比对

采用3种固体废物浸出毒性标准浸出方法处理电镀污泥,考察浸提剂、样品粒径、液固比、振荡时间、振荡方式等因素对电镀污泥中重金属浸出效果的影响,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定浸出液中铜、锌、镍、铬、铅、镉、钡等元素。试验表明:醋酸缓冲溶液体系浸出液中重金属浓度最高;样品粒径越小,浸出毒性越大;翻转振荡比水平振荡更有利于重金属浸出;液固比增大,重金属浸出量增加;虽然液固比和振荡时间对重金属浸出效果均有影响,但很难确定最佳值。     

工业链条炉燃用型煤与原煤颗粒物排放特征

选取燃烧型煤和原煤的典型链条炉,应用自行设计的固定源烟气颗粒物稀释采样系统,现场测试细颗粒物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和金属元素的排放特征。结果表明,型煤燃烧细颗粒物的排放比例高于原煤,型煤燃烧除尘器进口、出口PM_(2.5)质量比原煤燃烧分别增加715%和708%。燃烧型煤时,As和Pb在各粒径段的质量比均比原煤大。同时,由于型煤燃烧可吸入颗粒物的排放比例增加,包含或附着在烟尘上的金属元素排放比例也相应增加。     

红枫湖水体中碳的时空分布特征分析

基于2013年8月、10月、11月及2014年3月在红枫湖5个表层水样采集点、3个分层水样采集点测定的总碳、无机碳、总有机碳及二氧化碳数据,结合当时的气象数据对碳的时空分布特征讨论分析。结果表明,虽然调查期间同时间相同水层各个水样采集点的上述4个指标差异并不明显,但同一时间不同分层水体及各水样采集点不同季节在碳分布上存在一定差异。温度越高,光照越长,生物活性越强,湖体碳被生物利用的比例越大,总碳、无机碳、总有机碳含量就越低,较强的生物活性也伴随更多的二氧化碳产生。上、下层水体因光与温度差异所导致的碳分布差异会因季节性翻湖而消失。     

Design of a Leaching Test Framework for Coal Fly Ash Accounting for Environmental Conditions

Fly ash from coal combustion contains trace elements which, on disposal or utilisation, may leach out, and therefore be a potential environmental hazard. Environmental conditions have a great impact on the mobility of fly ash constituents as well as the physical and chemical properties of the fly ash. Existing standard leaching methods have been shown to be inadequate by not representing possible disposal or utilisation scenarios. These tests are often criticised on the grounds that the results estimated are not reliable as they are not able to be extrapolated to the application scenario. In order to simulate leaching behaviour of fly ash in different environmental conditions and to reduce deviation between measurements in the fields and the laboratories, it is vital to study sensitivity of the fly ash constituents of interest to major factors controlling leachability. pH, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching time, leachant type and redox potential are parameters affecting stability of elements in the fly ash. Sensitivity of trace elements to pH and liquid to solid ratio (as two major overriding factors) has been examined. Elements have been classified on the basis of their leaching behaviour under different conditions. Results from this study have been used to identify leaching mechanisms. Also the fly ash has been examined under different standard batch leaching tests in order to evaluate and to compare these tests. A Leaching Test Framework has been devised for assessing the stability of trace elements from fly ashes in different environments. This Framework assists in designing more realistic batch leaching tests appropriate to field conditions and can support the development of regulations and protocols for the management and disposal of coal combustion by-products or other solid wastes of environmental concern.     

Biological treatment of textile wastewater using sequencing batch reactor technology

This study was conducted to biologically treat wastewater discharged from the textile industry (textiles made of cotton and/or synthetic fiber) using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology (activated sludge process operating on batch mode). To achieve the objectives of the study, the characteristics of textile wastewater and the biodegradation of its organic constituents under unsteady state conditions were studied. Then, a bench-scale pilot plant was used to study the performance of SBR by monitoring the settleability and change in the constituents (chemical oxygen demand and solids) over time. Results of the study showed that textile wastewater has different types of pollutants: heat, basicity, suspended solids, organic and inorganic matter, and heavy metals. The factors affecting the biodegradation of organic matter were determined as the reaction time and the ratio of initial substrate to sludge concentrations. Also, removal of solids was monitored, and the settling velocity as affected by sludge concentration was graphically presented to enable the determination of settling time. Finally, the outcome of this study was used to suggest a procedure for the design of a full-scale SBR unit for treatment of textile wastewater.     

醛类化合物检测方法中腙类物质的衍生条件

通过对醛类化合物的DNPH衍生化酸度、摩尔比、时间条件的研究和衍生化结果的验证获得了过量DNPH条件下制备15种醛的腙标准溶液制备方法。实验结果表明,其共同衍生化条件为1.0~2.0 mol/L盐酸溶液中DNPH/醛类摩尔比不小于2∶1条件下,醛类物质与DNPH可充分衍生化。     

Comparison of the suitability of two lichen species and one higher plant for monitoring airborne heavy metals

We compared the capacity to accumulate airborne heavy metals of two lichens (Flavoparmelia caperata and Parmotrema chinense) and one higher plant (Nerium oleander) at a very densely populated urban site near Naples. After 15, 45, 75, and 120 days of exposure at four sites with different levels of air pollution, equal portions of thalli and 20 leaves were collected, and four environmentally significant elements, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb, were measured by inductively coupled plasma analysis. To compare the accumulation rates of lichens and the vascular plant, we determined an index of relative accumulation rate of pollutants during time and the ratio between the concentrations of each element in exposed samples to that of control samples (exposed-to-control ratio). Our data indicate F. caperata as being the most suitable bioaccumulator, followed by P. chinense. N. oleander was also found to be a useful heavy metal biomonitor though not suitable as a bioaccumulator.     

Evaluating Controlling Factors to Ali/(Ca + Mg) Molar Ratio in Acidic Soil Water, Southern and Southwestern China: Multivariate Approach

Al_i/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio in soil water has been used as an indicator to the effects of acid deposition on terrestrial ecosystems. However, the main factors controlling this ratio have not been well documented in southern and southwestern China. In this study, we presented the variation in inorganic aluminum (Al_i) and Al_i/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio in different sites and soil horizons based on two to three years monitoring data, and evaluated the main factors controlling Al_i/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio using principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least square (PLS) regression. Monitoring data showed although Al_i/(Ca + Mg) molar ratios in most soil water were lower than assumed critical 1.0, higher molar ratios were found in some soil water at TSP and LXH site. Besides acid loading, both soil properties and soil water chemistry affected the value of Al_i/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio in soil water. Partial least square (PLS) indicated that they had different relative importance in different soil horizons. In A-horizon, soil aluminum saturation (AlS) had higher influence on Al_i/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio than soil water chemistry did; higher soil aluminum saturation (AlS) led to higher Al_i/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio in soil water. In the deeper horizons (i.e., B₁-, B₂- and BC-horizon), inorganic aluminum (Al_i) in soil water had more and more important role in regulating Al_i/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio. On regional scale, soil aluminum saturation (AlS) as well as cation exchange capacity (CEC) was the dominant factor controlling Al_i/(Ca + Mg) molar ratio. This should be paid enough attention on when making regional acid rain control policy in China.