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1.
随着农业现代化的不断发展,地膜覆盖是一项成熟的农业栽培技术,可以起到保水保肥、保持湿度,有效地增加和延长作物生长期,显著提高农作物产量的作用。使用地膜已成为确保农业高产稳产的重要手段。但是随着地膜覆盖栽培年限的延长,残留地膜回收率低,土壤中残膜量逐年增加,极易造成地膜污染。残留地膜若得不到及时回收,必然对农业可持续发展构成严重威胁。  相似文献   

2.
中国农业面源污染现状及改善对策   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
农业面源污染是当前农业可持续发展的主要障碍之一。由于我国农村过量和不合理地使用农药化肥、地膜等,造成了农业面源不同程度的污染,给农业生产和农民生活带来了隐患,直接关系到农业可持续发展,必须引起高度重视,采取有效措施加以解决。本文阐述了农业面源污染的主要来源及危害,并提高了改善措施。  相似文献   

3.
王斌 《干旱环境监测》2005,19(4):243-245
随着地膜在农村的广泛使用,在增加了农民收入的同时也给农村带来了污染,这种“白色污染”逐年加剧了对农村生态环境的破坏.本文在对库尔勒市农村“白色污染”开展调查的基础上,提出了治理农村“白色污染”的相关措施.  相似文献   

4.
农村环境质量综合评价方法及典型区应用   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
以农村环境质量和生态系统结构为核心,以县域为农村环境质量综合评价单元,筛选了农村环境状况指数和农村生态状况指数,构建了农村环境质量综合评价方法,确定了评价因子、权重系数、计算方法及评价级别。在此基础上,在全国范围内选择了尚志市、祁连县、保德县、定南县、夷陵区、永定区、乐东县、威宁县和平利县等9个典型县域,开展了案例研究和方法验证。结果表明,该方法可用于中国农村环境质量综合评价。  相似文献   

5.
“新环保法”对环境监测职责定位的研究思考   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
研究了新修订的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,深入思考了法定环境监测的定义范畴、属性定位、统一监督管理的新内涵和新要求,分析了监管主体职责、行为主体定位,梳理了环境监测的任务和面临的问题,提出了环境监测监督管理需要深入研究的重点领域和方向。  相似文献   

6.
区域生态系统适应性管理概念、理论框架及其应用研究   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
论述了生态系统适应性管理基本概念与生态系统适应循环,着重分析了生态系统恢复力范围、抗性、不稳定性与跨尺度影响。生态系统适应循环通常经历入侵、保持、破坏、调整四个阶段,前两个阶段的生态系统演替是可以预测的,而后两个阶段是复杂、难以预测的。文章提出了适应性区域生态系统管理的基本概念,并构建了其理论框架,并以三峡库区小江流域为例,对小江流域景观生态特征、区域生态胁迫进行了详细分析。在此基础上,提出要以水生生态安全为总目标,并围绕这一目标,进行流域各生态系统的恢复力辨识、生态系统适应性循环过程研究,从各系统恢复力属性特征出发,提出了具体的适应性管理方法与模式。  相似文献   

7.
简述了《江苏省生态环境监测条例》(以下简称《条例》)出台的重要意义,对《条例》的主要内容和特点进行了解读。《条例》于2020年5月1日正式实施,是我国首部生态环境监测地方性法规,也是落实党中央、国务院深化生态环境监测体制改革的具体举措,弥补了生态环境监测立法的空白。《条例》共分6章47条,重点建立了生态环境监测质量管理、监测机构监督管理、网络管理、污染源监测、监测信息公开与共享等制度,明确了统一监督管理、严厉打击监测数据造假等内容。提出,加快补齐监测网络建设、基层监测能力、污染源执法监测、社会监测机构监管等方面的短板,确保监测数据的真实准确,推动监测事业依法、科学、规范开展。  相似文献   

8.
综述了欧美发达国家工业企业搬迁中环境管理的方法,重点介绍了德国、英国、美国在管理工业场地拆迁方面的主要法规、工作规范和危险防控规程等内容,并在此基础上总结了其管理经验。分析了我国工业场地拆迁管理面临的问题,借鉴国外经验,提出了建立工业企业拆迁场地环境管理法律法规框架、制定详细的操作流程和规范、建立工业搬迁场地信息系统等建议。  相似文献   

9.
上海世博会长三角区域空气质量预警联动系统开发与应用   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
陆涛 《中国环境监测》2013,29(1):141-146
围绕2010年上海世博会空气质量保障目标,开发了长三角区域空气质量预警联动系统.系统主要由区域数据共享、预报预警、信息发布和应急联动等4个子系统构成,运用了自动质量控制检查、多模式集合预报、秸秆焚烧火点判定、预警联动机制研究、GIS自动化处理和表达等关键技术.在世博会期间,实时监控了长三角区域空气质量状况,科学预测了空气质量未来变化趋势,成功发布了5次大气污染预警,启动了应急联动措施,为世博空气质量保障提供了坚实的技术基础.同时,该系统也是一次跨行政区解决区域性空气污染问题的有益实践,具有十分重要的示范意义.  相似文献   

10.
基于Web-GIS的饮用水水质监控系统利用Intemet/Intranet技术、GIS技术、数据库技术和环境保护技术,建立了完善的水污染监测与管理网络体系,实现了水源地污染空间信息、属性信息的综合管理.首先介绍了此系统的需求目标,在此基础上阐述了系统的体系结构、数据库设计和主要功能.  相似文献   

11.
Virgin plastic pellets and plastic fragments are reported as ubiquitous beach contaminants in the peer-reviewed literature. A surface density of 0.3 virgin plastic pellets and plastic fragments per square centimeter of the strandline area was registered on an urban beach of the northeast of Brazil. This beach is presently not affected by petrochemical facilities or pellet processing plants. The main source of fragments (96.7%) was attributed to the breaking down of larger plastic items deposited on the beach. In the case of virgin plastic pellets (3.3%), the main sources were the marine environment and possibly nearby port facilities. This category of plastic pollutant offers particular threats to the marine environment and to beach users.  相似文献   

12.
Overwhelmed plastic waste has been gradually appreciated as a global problematic issue. Scientific efforts either dedicated to comprehending its distribution and detrimental impacts on the environment or management measures to contain it. However, there is a concern asymmetry between the knowledge of detrimental impacts of plastic waste and corresponding mitigation measures. Microplastics in the marine ecosystem is the foremost research hotspot in terms of plastic waste's detrimental impacts. Recycling plastic waste is the utmost research topic in terms of plastic waste management. Plastic pollutants derived from plastic waste contaminates the environment and ultimately threatens human health. Current measures aimed at reducing the plastic waste ended in the environment via recycling, and emphasised its retention of material value via circular economy. However, these measures did not prioritise taking direct action to mitigate the threats to human health. This review aims to bridge these two research ends of plastic waste that provides a holistic view of this problematic issue.The keywords analysis function in VOSviewer is adopted in this study to map out the state-of-the-art of existing research in plastic waste. Four research mainstreams are highlighted: (1) Environmental concerns of plastic waste in aquatic ecosystems; (2) Potential threats to human health; (3) Plastic waste reduction options and recycling methods; (4) Plastic waste thermochemical treatment. Consequently, a future research agenda is proposed.  相似文献   

13.
Plastic solid waste has become a serious problem when considering the disposal alternatives following the sequential hierarchy of sound solid waste management. This study was undertaken to assess the quantity and composition of household solid waste, especially plastic waste to identify opportunities for waste recycling. A 1-month survey of 130 households was carried out in Can Tho City, the capital city of the Mekong Delta region in southern Vietnam. Household solid waste was collected from each household and classified into ten physical categories; especially plastic waste was sorted into 22 subcategories. The average household solid waste generation rate was 281.27 g/cap/day. The compostable and recyclable shares respectively accounted for high percentage as 80.74% and 11%. Regarding plastic waste, the average plastic waste generation rate was 17.24 g/cap/day; plastic packaging and plastic containers dominated with the high percentage, 95.64% of plastic waste. Plastic shopping bags were especially identified as the major component, accounting for 45.72% of total plastic waste. Relevant factors such as household income and household size were found to have an existing correlation to plastic waste generation in detailed composition. The household habits and behaviors of plastic waste discharge and the aspects of environmental impacts and resource consumption for plastic waste disposal alternatives were also evaluated.  相似文献   

14.
Today, almost every beach on every coastline is threatened by human activities. The inadequate recycling and poor management of waste in developing countries has resulted in considerable quantities of plastic contaminating beaches. Though India has long coastline of 5,420 km along the mainland with 43 % of sandy beaches, data on litter accumulation, particularly the plastics, which are one of the most common and persistent pollutants in marine environment, are scanty. The abundance and distribution of plastic litter was quantitatively assessed in four sandy beaches in Mumbai, India, bimonthly from May 2011 to March 2012. Triplicates of 2?×?2 m (4 m2) quadrats were sampled in each beach with a total of 72 quadrats. Overall, average abundance of 11.6 items m?2 (0.25–282.5 items m?2) and 3.24 g m?2 (0.27–15.53 g m?2) plastic litter was recorded in Mumbai beaches. Plastic litter accumulation significantly varied temporally and spatially at p?=?0.05. Significantly higher plastic litter accumulation was recorded in Juhu beach. Furthermore, the highest abundance by weight was recorded in November and May numerically. More than 80 % of plastic particles were within the size range of 5–100 mm both by number and weight. Moreover, coloured plastics were predominant with 67 % by number of items and 51 % by weight. Probably, the intense use of beaches for recreation, tourism, and religious activities has increased the potential for plastic contamination in urban beaches in Mumbai.  相似文献   

15.
挥发性有机物气体污染源监测中直接采样法的评价   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
挥发性有机物气体污染源监测中 ,采样与样品的保存是极其关键的环节 ,文中评价了两种材质的塑料采样袋对样品保存的影响 ,并与玻璃针筒进行比较 ,讨论了塑料袋和玻璃针筒采样中导致样品浓度衰减的主要因素  相似文献   

16.
Floating marine plastic debris was found to function as solid-phase extraction media, adsorbing and concentrating pollutants out of the water column. Plastic debris was collected in the North Pacific Gyre, extracted, and analyzed for 36 individual PCB congeners, 17 organochlorine pesticides, and 16 EPA priority PAHs. Over 50% contained PCBs, 40% contained pesticides, and nearly 80% contained PAHs. The PAHs included 2, 3 and 4 ring congeners. The PCBs were primarily CB-11, 28, 44, 52, 66, and 101. The pesticides detected were primarily p,p-DDTs and its metabolite, o,p-DDD, as well as BHC (a,b,g and d). The concentrations of pollutants found ranged from a few ppb to thousands of ppb. The types of PCBs and PAHs found were similar to those found in marine sediments. However, these plastic particles were mostly polyethylene which is resistant to degradation and although functioning similarly to sediments in accumulating pollutants, these had remained on or near the ocean surface. Particles collected included intact plastic items as well as many pieces less than 5 mm in size.  相似文献   

17.
Atmospheric trace phthalic esters (PAEs) carried by total suspended particulates were systematically investigated. A total of 450 air samples were collected at six typical locations and three specific micro-environmental sites (a stadium with a new plastic track, new cars, and a farming greenhouse with plastic film) in Nanjing metropolitan area of China from April 2009 to January 2010. The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The dominant PAEs are dimethyl phthalate (DMP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which were found in the atmosphere of Nanjing. The average concentrations of DMP, DBP, and DEHP were 10.5?±?1.2, 62.3?±?4.5, and 33.3?±?2.5?ng?m(-3), respectively, constituting 9.9%, 58.7%, and 31.4% of total PAEs (106?±?8.2?ng?m(-3)). (2) The dynamic variations of atmospheric PAEs in the three specific micro-environmental sites showed that the PAE concentrations in the stadium with a new plastic track reduced to normal after 1?month remediation, while new cars need 6?months to remove their effect. The levels of PAEs in a farming greenhouse with plastic film were relatively high, but little PAEs accumulated in vegetables. (3) The vertical profiles from 1.5 to 40?m above ground display some fluctuations in PAE concentration, but no significant height dependence. This information will make a valuable contribution to the examination of the influence of atmospheric PAEs on the environment and human health.  相似文献   

18.
The substitution of a six ounce plastic cup with snap-cap lid as a growth vessel for a standard algal growth potential test 125 ml glass Erlenmeyer flask has been evaluated. Included are a discussion of desired growth vessel characteristics and the relationship of seven day plastic cup algal growth to maximum (twelve to fourteen day) flask.  相似文献   

19.
Cooling towers have the potential to develop infectious concentrations of Legionella pneumophila. Legionella counts increases where biofilm and warm water temperatures are present. In this study, biofilm associated L. pneumophila and heterotrophic bacteria were compared in terms of material dependence. Model cooling tower system was experimentally infected by L. pneumophila standard strain and monthly monitored. Different materials were tested for a period of 180 days. The lowest L. pneumophila and heterotrophic plate counts were measured on plastic polymers, whereas L. pneumophila and heterotrophic bacteria were accumulated rapidly on galvanized steel surfaces. It can be concluded that selection of plastic polymers, as a manufacturing material, are suitable for recirculating water systems.  相似文献   

20.
大量长期地使用农用塑料薄膜,导致邻苯二甲酸酯类的监测结果出现超标。邻苯二甲酸酯类的污染形势不容乐观。结合桂林市农村环境质量试点监测工作,参考全国生态环境监测与评价工作的技术方法,利用高分辨率卫星遥感影像对试点监测村进行了农膜覆盖面积的统计。针对桂林市的丘陵地貌特征,利用高程数据对统计结果进行修正,提高了农膜覆盖面积统计的准确度。同时还对试点监测村周边区域的农膜覆盖情况进行了粗略统计和分析,确定了将来的重点调查目标区域,为将来深入调查邻苯二甲酸酯类污染状况、制定防治方案提供了一定的参考。  相似文献   

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