实验室内废弃氯仿的回收再用

氯仿是实验室内常用的有机萃取剂,它不但有毒,而且用量很大。用过的废氯仿如弃之,不仅是浪费,而且会造成环境污染,如果回收后交生产厂家处理,经济效益不显著,因此在实验室内它是长期困扰的一个问题。本文介绍一种在实验室内对废弃氯仿进行回收再用的方法。 1.原理 根据氯仿与被萃取物质物理和化学性质的不同,首先用浓硫酸将回收氯仿中的有机杂质碳化或氧化后,再用碱把其酸性物质转化成盐类,最后根据所生成的盐类物质与氯仿沸点的差异,通过蒸馏将氯仿与盐类物质和其它杂质分离,即得到实验室内可使用的氯仿。     

索氏抽提法测定高吸油树脂的凝胶含量

介绍了索氏抽提法的工作原理及测定方法。确定了抽提时间及烘烤条件。通过与浸泡法的对比实验，得出用索氏抽提法测定凝胶含量更为有效、准确。     

大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的索氏提取研究

通过对大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的索氏提取过程中的不同阶段的提取液中多环芳烃的分析 ,绘制了索氏提取曲线 ,发现提取效率主要取决于提取循环次数 ,而与提取浸泡时间关系不大。通过比较 1 1种提取液对加标参考物和实验参考物的索氏提取效率 ,发现常用的环己烷、苯等提取液提取效率很低。提取能力的序列为喹啉 乙醇 >吡啶 乙醇 >丙酮>乙醇 >二氯甲烷 >苯 >环己烷 >石油醚 >丙酮 乙醇 环己烷 >氯仿 >四氢呋喃。     

江苏省废矿物油回收利用行业现状分析

废矿物油回收利用行业可以从废矿物油中回收蕴藏的可再生资源,是实现可持续发展的重要组成。通过调研发现,2014年江苏省废矿物油产生量最多的3个城市依次为南京、无锡和苏州,而产生量最多的4个行业分别是石油加工业、金属制品业、运输设备制造业及化学原料和化学制品业。江苏省废矿物油回收利用工艺大致可分为简易预处理法、常压蒸馏法和减压精馏法3类,通过对比采用这3类工艺的企业处置规模,发现小型企业全部采用简易预处理法,采用常压蒸馏法的中型企业超过80%,大型企业大部分采用减压精馏工艺。通过分析回收利用单位的经营状况,发现采用简易预处理工艺的企业许可量利用率最高,在目前的市场环境下生存能力较强。     

用蒸馏法回收实验废水中三氯甲烷

1方法 :将蒸馏瓶置于事先预热至 75± 1℃的恒温水浴锅中 ,连接好冷凝管及弯接管。将50 0 ml三氯甲烷废液经长颈漏斗倒入蒸馏瓶中 ,安装好温度计 (由瓶塞处插入 )。开启冷凝水 ,收集61～ 62℃沸点的蒸馏液。 2效果 :回收 50 0 ml废液约需 1 .5小时 ,三氯甲烷回收率在 70 %以上 ;三氯甲烷馏出液在 652 nm处的吸光度不随时间而改变且皆为零 ,其透光率与分析纯三氯甲烷一致。回收后的三氯甲烷作为水中阴离子洗涤剂的萃取剂其萃取效率与分析纯三氯甲烷一致用蒸馏法回收实验废水中三氯甲烷@张爱东$上海市闸北区环境监测站!上海200072 @李可群$…     

萃取法测定水中挥发酚后氯仿的回收和应用

利用氯仿低沸点的性质,用分馏回收的方法处理废氯仿并再用于酚的分析,同时以标准样品进行保证检验,得到较满意的结果。 一、废氯仿的前处理:测定挥发酚后留下的废氯仿液中含有少量的氧化剂铁氰化钾以及微量的显色剂4-氨基安替比林。此时加入一定量的还原剂亚硫酸钠消除废液中的氧化性物质。每400ml废氯仿可加20％亚硫酸钠水液1ml,充分摇匀,稍放置片刻,即可分馏提取。     

挥发酚测定中三氯甲烷萃取废液的回收和显著性实验

1回收 :将三氯甲烷废液静置 ,分层 ,弃去水层 ,将三氯甲烷层放入蒸馏烧瓶 ,在通风橱内 ,放于电炉加热。保持电炉微热 ,加热蒸馏 ,弃去最初的几毫升馏出液 ,收集 61～ 63℃的馏分 ,待烧瓶内剩下 2 0～ 30毫升残液时 ,停止蒸馏。回收过程结束 ,得到经回收的三氯甲烷。2采用回收的和分析纯的两种三氯甲烷分别测定酚时 ,在酚的空白试验值和萃取吸光值上存在着显著性差异 ,故两种三氯甲烷不能混用 ;而校正吸光度之间不存在显著性差异 ,故当采用两种三氯甲烷分别测定时 ,对酚的校准曲线和酚的测定结果没有影响挥发酚测定中三氯甲烷萃取废液的回收…     

AgDDC光度法测定水中砷的相关问题

1在过滤前必须将滤纸用小毛刷轻轻刷一遍 ,再用蒸馏水冲洗干净后晾干备用 ,以免纤维进入吸收液。2氯化亚锡溶液应临用现配 ,以免被氧化失去还原作用。3使用 1 4～ 2 0目或 1 6个 /克规格的无砷锌粒以保证分析结果准确。 4为控制反应速度 ,可当砷化氢发生瓶加完试剂放置 1 5min后放入盛有冰水的托盘中 ,取 5.0 ml吸收液于干燥的吸收管中 ,插入导气管 ,再将 4g( 1 4～ 2 0目 )锌粒迅速倾入砷化氢发生瓶中 ,立即将导气管与发生瓶连接 ,保证不漏气 ,在室温下反应 1小时。5可用蒸馏法回收氯仿 ,温度不可过高 ,微沸即可 ,初馏液可加少量无水氯化钙…     

超声波-气相色谱法测定鱼肉样品中硝基苯类化合物

以鱼肉样品为研究对象,采用超声波法提取鱼肉中的硝基苯类化合物,并通过凝胶色谱进行净化、浓缩,最后用气相色谱定量分析,得到生物样品中硝基苯类化合物的检出限,同时与传统的索氏提取法进行加标回收试验比较。结果表明:用超声波提取鱼肉样品中的硝基苯类化合物方法可行,回收率稳定,并且得到检出限为0.13~2.72 ng/g,加标回收率在60%~78%,RSD在0.04%~3.2%。     

一次蒸馏分别比色测定水中酚和氰的方法探讨

水中挥发酚的测定,目前主要采用4—氨基安替比林氯仿萃取比色法,该法选择性高、稳定性好;氰化物的测定常用异烟酸—吡唑啉酮比色法、吡啶—巴比妥酸比色法(CN~-小于1mg/1时)。但由于水样中干扰物质的存在,常需用预蒸馏的方法分别对水样进行预分离文献中介绍的挥发酚和氰化物水样的预蒸馏,操作都较烦琐,仪器占用空间大,耗时耗电耗水,劳动强度高,工作效率低,不利于批量分析。本文用磷酸酸化水样,一次将酚和氰同时蒸馏出来,用氢氧化钠溶液吸收,然后取馏出液分别比色测定酚和氰。该法不但避免了上述缺点,而且有较高的精密度和准确度,符合AQC试验要求。     

The extraction of aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues from a clay soil using sonication and a Soxhlet procedure: a comparative study

A sonication method was compared with Soxhlet extraction for recovering polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from a clay soil that had been contaminated with tar materials for several decades. Using sonication over an 8 h extraction period, maximum extraction of the 16 US EPA priority PAH was obtained with dichloromethane (DCM)-acetone (1 + 1). The same procedure using hexane-acetone (1 + 1) recovered 86% of that obtained using DCM-acetone (1 + 1). PAH recovery was dependent on time of extraction up to a period of 8 h. The sonication procedure showed that individual PAH are extracted at differing rates depending on the number of fused rings in the molecule. Soxhlet extraction [with DCM-acetone (1 + 1)] over an 8 h period recovered 95% of the PAH removed by the sonication procedure using DCM-acetone (1 + 1), indicating that rigorous sonication can achieve PAH recoveries similar to those obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The lower recovery with the Soxhlet extraction was explained by the observed losses of the volatile PAH components after 1-4 h of extraction. The type of solvent used, the length of time of extraction and extraction method influenced the quantification of PAH in the soil. Therefore, the study has implications for PAH analyses in soils and sediments, and particularly for contaminated site assessments where the data from commercial laboratories are being used. The study emphasizes the importance of establishing (and being consistent in the application of) a vigorous extraction, particularly for commercial laboratories that handle samples of soil in batches (at different times) from a single site investigation or remediation process. The strong binding of PAH to soil, forming aged residues, has significant implications for extraction efficiency. This paper illustrates the problem of the underestimation of PAH using the US EPA method 3550, specifically where a surrogate spike is routinely employed and the efficiency of the extraction procedure for aged residues is unknown. The implications of this study for environmental monitoring, particularly where numerous batches of samples from a single site assessment or remediation program are submitted to commercial laboratories, is that it would be advisable for these laboratories to check their existing method's extraction efficiencies by conducting a time course sonication extraction on their particular soil to determine the optimum extraction time.     

Determination of petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sludge from wastewater treatment basins

Screening by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been carried out on sludge extracts of wastewater treatment basins. Soxhlet extraction with trichlorotrifluoroethane was applied. The yields for petroleum hydrocarbons and PAH recovery were high, usually in excess of 90%. The proposed investigations permit a quick assessment of petroleum pollutants in the environment.     

Comparison of different methods for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Sicilian (Italy) coastal area sediments

This paper describes a work aimed at improving the conditions of an extraction method, coupling GC-MS determination, for the analysis without cleanup phase, of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from sediment samples. The automatic Soxhlet extraction in warm mode (using Extraction System B-811 Standard, Büchi) has demonstrated advantages for automation, reduced extraction time, and lower solvent use than for conventional Soxhlet extraction. Under these conditions, the recoveries are very good as they resulted greater than 85 % and, in most of the cases, near 100 %. The repeatability is also satisfactory (relative standard deviation less than 15 %). The detection limits are also acceptable and ranged from 0.001 to0.01 μg/kg dry weight. Fifty-four sediment samples were collected. The total concentration of the 17 compounds investigated, in samples of sediments collected from three Sicilian coastal areas, expressed as the sum of concentrations, varies from 99 to 11,557 μg/kg of dry matrix; concentrations of total PAHs in the sediments of Cala are two to three times higher than the other stations.     

河水中农药分析的三种前处理方法比较

对农药分析的三种前处理方法:固相萃取(SPE)、液液萃取(LLE)及索氏抽提(Soxhlet)进行了比较实验,从回收率藤森一男,吉田光方子(日本兵库县立健康环境科学研究中心,神户)实验及对实际样品的分析结果等方面可看出,三种方法各有优劣.因此在分析过程中,应根据实际情况选择合适的前处理方法.     

微波提取高效液相色谱法测定土壤中15种痕量多环芳烃

采用微波提取结合高效液相色谱技术测定了土壤中15种PAHs的含量.比较了用微波提取、索氏提取和超声萃取3种土壤样品的前处理方法对多环芳烃测定的影响,考察了色谱柱的性能、梯度洗脱条件的优化、荧光检潮波长程序变换及柱温等因素对15种PAHs组分之同分离的影响.经优化后的HPLC方法对15种PAHs的最低检测限为0.10～0.80 μg/kg,相对标准偏差为0.60%～4.60%,方法的回收率为58.1%～97.8%.实验结果表明,该方法兵有高效、快速、灵敏等特点,可以用于环境土壤样品中痕量PAHs的检测.     

土壤和河流沉积物中六六六和滴滴涕残留的测定

采用密闭微波提取、超声波提取、索氏提取对土壤和河流沉积物进行前处理,提取液经弗罗里硅土柱净化或浓硫酸净化.通过回收率实验和精密度实验对三种提取方法和两种净化方法进行比较,建立了微波提取土壤和河流沉积物中六六六和滴滴涕,浓硫酸净化,气相色谱一质谱测定的分析方法,方法回收率在84%～110%之间,精密度(RSD)在2.8%～9.9%之间.采用该方法对阜阳市废弃农药厂周围的土壤和河流沉积物中六六六和滴滴涕进行了监测.     

Determination of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate and vapour phases in Oviedo, Spain, by GC-MS

A GC-MS procedure for the determination of hydrocarbons in air samples from Oviedo, Spain, was developed. Air hydrocarbons were sampled with a high volume sampler equipped with a holder containing a glass fiber filter, to trap the particulate phase, and two polyurethane foams to capture hydrocarbons of the vapour phase. Compounds were extracted with CH2Cl2 by Soxhlet extraction and then fractionated using column chromatography with alumina silica. Analyses of the fractions were performed by GC-MS in the electron ionization mode. PAHs and n-alkanes were the compounds examined in this work. Samples collected in the vicinity of the Faculty of Chemistry (a semi-urban area) were analysed. The total concentration of PAHs in the air samples analysed ranged from 28 to 76 ng m(-3). The total concentration of n-alkanes and PAHs in the vapour phase exceeded the concentration in the particulate phase in the samples analysed.     

Development and application of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) for the extraction of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment samples in Johannesburg area, South Africa

A microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was verified and applied for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment samples. Soxhlet extraction was used as the reference method. The optimum MAE was carried out with 20 mL of hexane/acetone (1:1, v/v) mixture in a 1-g sample at 250 W for 20 min. Soxhlet extraction was carried out with 250 mL of dichloromethane:hexane (1:1, v/v) mixture in a 15-g sample for 24 h in a water bath maintained at 60 °C. The collected extracts were both cleaned up, reduced to 1 mL under nitrogen and then injected into an HPLC fluorescence. To increase the sample throughput, simultaneous MAE was performed. The obtained percentage recoveries ranged from 61 to 93 and 88–98 for MAE and SE, respectively. The optimised MAE method was validated using certified reference material. It was then applied to real sediment samples from in and around the greater Johannesburg area. The sediments from Jukskei River were found to be the most polluted while Hartbeespoort Dam sediments were found to be least polluted. The overall order of concentrations for the studied PAHs per site was as follows: Jukskei River?>?Kempton Park?>?Centurion Dams?>?Natalspruit River (PIT)?>?Hartbeespoort Dam.