三峡库区柑橘对土壤重金属吸收富集特征研究

研究区域柑橘果实重金属含量符合NY/T 426-2000<绿色食品柑橘>标准,果实品质达到一级产品.土壤中重金属的含量越高,柑橘叶片、果皮、果肉的重金属含量也越高.柑橘叶片对土壤重金属铜、锌、铅、镉、镍、汞、砷、铬的吸收富集能力显著大于果皮与果肉,果皮对土壤重金属铜、锌、铅、镉、汞的吸收富集能力显著大于果肉,果肉对土壤重金属铬的吸收富集能力显著大于果皮.柑橘同一部位对土壤中不同重金属元素的吸收富集能力也存在很大的差异,柑橘叶片对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Hg＞Pb＞Cd＞Cu＞Zn＞Cr＞As＞Ni,柑橘果皮对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞Zn＞Pb＞Cr＞Ni＞As,柑橘果肉对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Hg＞Cu＞Cr＞Zn＞Cd＞Ni＞Pb＞As.     

图们市区大气PM10中7种重金属的监测与分析

2007年6月至2008年3月分4个季节在图们市区利用大气综合采样器采集4个监测点位的大气PM₁₀样品,用硝酸-双氧水湿法消解,火焰原子吸收分光光度法检测样品中铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、镉、铅7种重金属含量,并对7种重金属元素的时空变化规律进行研究。结果表明:图们市大气PM₁₀中重金属含量由高到低的顺序是铁>锌>锰>铅>铬>铜>镉,铁的含量明显高于其他重金属含量。铅的年平均值为1.436 μg/m³,超出现行《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—1996)规定的浓度限值。重金属的季节性变化规律比较明显,冬季Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的含量明显高于其他3个季节。区域性功能则不明显,在4个监测点位中7种重金属含量的变化不是很大。7种重金属含量年平均值的日变化规律也不是很明显,说明重金属来源除了天然源外,主要来自于煤和汽油燃烧过程中排放的飘尘。     

典型城市工业区TSP中重金属污染研究

以徐州市北郊工业区作为研究对象,探讨工业型城市大气总悬浮颗粒物中重金属元素的时空分布特征。监测结果表明,该区大气TSP中重金属污染较为严重,单个样品中重金属铅、锌、镉、铬、铜和锰的最高含量分别达350.9、1037.9、5.5、16.3、17.8、238.5mg/kg;元素浓度呈秋冬季偏高,夏秋季偏低的趋势;空间分布充分体现了与污染源地域分布的一致性。     

便携式XRF在污染地块土壤金属元素调查中的应用

研究了便携式X荧光光谱仪（PXRF）测定土壤中砷、铅、铬、铜、锌和镍的性能，评估其检出限、精密度和准确度，探索了土壤水分和粒径对测定结果的影响程度，并与常规实验室分析方法测定结果进行比对。结果表明，PXRF测定土壤中砷、铅、铬、铜、锌和镍的检出限为5~15mg/kg，标准物质测定结果的相对标准偏差（RSD）≤8.6%，相对误差在±15%以内。随着土壤水分含量的增加，各金属元素测定结果均呈下降趋势，而RSD有上升趋势。土壤粒径对测定结果的影响较小，随着土壤粒径减少，各金属元素测定结果的RSD略有下降趋势。PXRF可以简单、快速地测定多种重金属元素，适用于污染地块重金属元素的现场实时监测。     

土壤中7种重金属和砷测定的精密度控制指标研究

通过对浙江省近700组实际土壤样品进行分析,研究了土壤中铜、铅、锌、铬、镍、镉、砷、汞7种重金属和砷测定的精密度控制指标(实验室内相对偏差和实验室间相对偏差),并与行业标准分析方法和文献进行了比较,旨在为环境监测质量控制与质量保证工作提供参考。经统计分析,建议实验室内相对偏差控制指标如下:铜,≤15%;铅,≤15%;锌,≤15%;铬,≤15%;镍,≤15%;镉,≤20%;砷,≤15%;汞,≤50%。建议实验室间相对偏差控制指标如下:铜,≤25%;铅,≤25%;锌,≤20%;铬,≤20%;镍,≤25%;镉,≤35%;砷,≤25%;汞,≤55%。     

南通市某钢丝绳行业集中区降尘中重金属污染状况评价

针对南通市钢丝绳行业集中区重金属污染问题,分析降尘中的铅、镉、铬、铜、镍、铁、锌、锰等重金属含量,并采用污染指数法和地累积指数法对降尘中重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,该集中区降尘中重金属污染程度依次为Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu>Fe>Mn>Ni>Cr,铅、锌为主要污染因子,铅、锌污染级别均处于重污染级别。     

北江底泥中重金属污染特征及生态危害评价

测定了北江五个监测断面的底泥中重金属镉、铬、铜、铅、锌的含量,镉含量在11.7-76.0mg/ks之间,铬含量在46.5-112.3mg/kg之间,铜含量在62.0～173.7mg/kg之间,铅含量在148.7-491.0mg/kg之间,锌含量在303.3-1453.0mg/kg之间,这五种重金属含量均超出广东省土壤背景值和我国湖泊底泥中重金属的平均值.经计算,北江底泥中这五种重金属具有较强的相关性(相关系数在0.89～0.99之间),表明其具有同源性.采用瑞典学者Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法对北江五个底泥监测断面的镉、铬、铜、铅、锌进行了潜在生态危害评价,其潜在生态危害指数均大于600,表明北江五个底泥采样断面的重金属潜在生态危害均为很强.     

不同地域人发中重金属污染特征与来源解析

以某高校新生发样为研究样本,将生源地分为东北、西北、西南、华北、华南、华中、华东7个地域,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法对发样中所含铬、铜、镍、铅、锌进行测定,通过非参数检验及偏相关性检验分析不同地区发样中重金属含量与性别、身体质量指数(BMI)的关系。结果显示,所采集发样中铬、铜、镍、铅、锌的含量变化范围依次为0.22~101.84、0.36~112.24、0.70~128.75、1.39~136.13、1.12~719.50μg/g;发样中重金属浓度的地区排序为东北>华东>华北>西北>华中>西南>华南。聚类分析和主成分分析结果显示,不同地区发样中重金属的来源有所差异:东北、西北、华北地区发样中重金属可能主要来源于燃煤、工业生产过程、机动车排放,方差贡献率分别为39.47%、25.78%、22.89%;华中、华东、西南、华南地区发样中重金属可能主要来源于工业生产过程、机动车排放、冶金化工过程,贡献率分别为47.76%、27.51%、18.24%。相关性检验显示,男性发样内铬、铜、镍、铅含量高于女性。其中,偏胖或偏瘦女性存在较高的铅暴露风险;40.2%的男性发锌含量低于正常值下限,24.4%的女性发锌含量低于正常值下限,且偏瘦女性发内缺锌现象显著;男、女发铜含量高于正常值上限的比例分别为91.8%、85.6%,存在不同程度的铜暴露风险。     

奎屯市北郊蔬菜污灌区土壤重金属污染调查

通过对奎屯市北郊污灌区菜地土壤中重金属含量的分析表明，所调查的污灌菜地土壤中铅、锌、镉、砷和汞均未超标，部分地块铜超标，说明多年来因工业废水的浇灌，已造成铜对局部区域土壤的污染。     

图们市大气颗粒物中重金属含量及分布特征

采集了图们市2006年秋、冬两季的TSP和PM10样品,采用湿法消解-原子吸收分光光度法测定了其中的铅、镉、饲、锌、铬、铁、锰7种重金属.结果表明,图们市大气颗粒物中重金属含量由高到低的顺序是Fe>Cr>Zn>Pb>Mn>Cu>Cd.多数重金属元素含量冬季高于秋季,在一天之内早晨的重金属浓度也往往高于晚上争中午,说明大气颗粒物的来源包括天然源和人为源.     

会泽某铅锌矿周边农田土壤重金属风险评价研究

采用现场采样与室内测试方法测定了会泽某铅锌矿周边农田土壤中Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的含量,利用地积累指数法、潜在生态指数法对其土壤环境质量进行了评价,并应用US EPA推荐的健康风险评价法对重金属的健康风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,7种重金属均存在不同程度的富集或污染。多种重金属潜在生态风险指数属于中等及以上的风险状态,重金属潜在生态风险指数排序为CdPbAsCuNiZnCr。7种重金属在3种暴露途径下对儿童的非致癌健康风险均大于成人,但对成人、儿童均不存在显著的非致癌健康影响、非致癌健康总风险。As、Ni、Cr、Cd重金属的致癌风险值与4种元素总致癌风险值均未超出10-6~10-4的范围,尚不具备致癌风险。     

长江南京段近岸沉积物和土壤中重金属分布特征分析

通过测定沉积物和土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、Ni 6种重金属元素的平均含量,计算其富集因子,分析长江南京段近岸沉积物和土壤中重金属的空间分布特征,结果表明,几种重金属在沉积物中的富集次序为:CdPbCr1NiCuZn,在土壤中为:CdZnCu1CrPbNi,除Zn和Cu外,其他几种金属在沉积物中的富集程度高于土壤,同时Cd的含量超过土壤环境质量三级标准。以Cd和Pb为例分析了重金属含量与沉积物粒级之间的关系,回归分析显示,Cd、Pb的含量与颗粒物的粒级呈显著的相关性,与细颗粒物的含量有密切关系,细颗粒携带的重金属,在长江水力分选作用下到达下游,成为沉积物中重金属的主要来源。     

某铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

为能够定量评价铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属污染程度及其潜在生态危害性,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对土壤中重金属进行综合污染评价。结果表明,铀尾矿库周围部分农田土壤中重金属Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Hg、Zn含量存在积累和超标情况,尤以Cd的污染最严重,Ni、As次之;Pb、Cr含量能够满足标准限值要求。潜在生态风险评价结果显示,铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属潜在生态风险较高,主要潜在生态风险因子为Cd,其次是Hg、As,Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn并不构成潜在生态风险。铀尾矿库周围农田土壤中较高水平的Cd在构成环境污染的同时,也构成了较严重的生态危害,应加强对重金属Cd、Hg的生态风险防治。     

Copper and Zinc in a paddy field and their potential ecological impacts affected by wastewater from a lead/zinc mine, P. R. China

As well known, at normal levels, copper and zinc are essential micronutrients for plants, animals, and humans. However, excessive Cu and Zn are toxic and disturb a wide range of biochemical and physiological processes. Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS; Perkin-Elmer 3030, USA), soil and rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) samples collected from a paddy field in Lechang lead-zinc mine area, Guangdong Province, China were analyzed and their potential ecological impacts to local human and livestock were evaluated. The results showed that the paddy soils were contaminated with Cu and Zn. Both metals in soils had low bio-available fractions for paddy plants, animal and human by three chemically analytical techniques. Generally, were concentrations of copper and zinc root > straw > stalk > grain with hull > grain without hull (i.e. unpolished rice) and in the normal ranges indicating no ecological risk for local livestock and residents. All positive correlation coefficients, however, between heavy metals in rice plant and total, exchangeable (step 1 in Tessier's method established in 1979) and DTPA-extractable fractions in soils were found in this study indicating that elevated heavy metal in soils would increase long-term exposition and possible consequence of ecological hazard through food chains.     

Pollution in the urban soils of Lianyungang,China, evaluated using a pollution index,mobility of heavy metals,and enzymatic activities

Soil samples from 16 urban sites in Lianyungang, China were collected and analyzed. A pollution index was used to assess the potential ecological risk of heavy metals and a sequential extraction procedure was used to evaluate the relative distribution of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As in exchangeable, carbonate, Fe/Mn oxide, organic/sulfide, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals and urease (URE) activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and invertase (INV) activity of soils was determined. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As in Lianyungang soils were much higher than those in the coastal city soil background values of Jiangsu and China. Among the five studied regions (utilities, commercial, industrial, tourism, and roadside), the industrial region had the highest metal concentrations demonstrating that land use had a significant impact on the accumulation of heavy metals in Lianyungang soils. Compared to the other metals, Cd showed the highest ecological risk. According to chemical partitioning, Cu was associated with the organic/sulfides and Pb and Zn were mainly in the carbonate and the Fe/Mn oxide phase. The greatest amounts of Cd were found in exchangeable and carbonate fractions, while Cr and As were mainly in the residual fraction. Cd had the highest mobility of all metals, and the order of mobility (highest to lowest) of heavy metals in Lianyungang soils was Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > As > Cr. Soil urease activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and invertase activity varied considerably in different pollution degree sites. Soil enzyme activities had the lowest levels in roadside and industrial regions. Across all the soil data in the five regions, the total Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As level was negatively correlated with urease activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and invertase activity, but the relationship was not significant. In the industrial region, alkaline phosphatase activity had significant negative correlations with total Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cd, and heavy metal fractions. This showed that alkaline phosphatase activity was sensitive to heavy metals in heavily contaminated regions, whereas urease and invertase were less affected. The combination of the various methods may offer a powerful analytical technique in the study of heavy metal pollution in street soil.     

Pollution, fractionation, and mobility of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in garden and paddy soils from a Pb/Zn mining area

This study was conducted to investigate the pollution load index, fraction distributions, and mobility of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in garden and paddy soils collected from a Pb/Zn mine in Chenzhou City, China. The samples were analyzed using Leleyter and Probst’s sequential extraction procedures. Total metal concentrations including Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn exceeded the maximum permissible limits for soils set by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, and the order of the pollution index was Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu, indicating that the soils from both sites seriously suffered from heavy metal pollution, especially Cd. The sums of metal fractions were in agreement with the total contents of heavy metals. However, there were significant differences in fraction distributions of heavy metals in garden and paddy soils. The residual fractions of heavy metals were the predominant form with 43.0% for Pb, 32.3% for Cd, 33.5% for Cu, and 44.2% for Zn in garden soil, while 51.6% for Pb, 40.4% for Cd, 40.3% for Cu, and 40.9% for Zn in paddy soil. Furthermore, the proportions of water-soluble and exchangeable fractions extracted by the selected analytical methods were the lowest among all fractions. On the basis of the speciation of heavy metals, the mobility factor values of heavy metals have the following order: Cd (25.2–19.8%) > Cu (22.6–6.3%) > Zn (9.6–6.0%) > Pb (6.7–2.5%) in both contaminated soils.     

都江堰市城区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况分析与评价

以都江堰城区周边农耕地为对象,按照国标方法对土壤样本中的Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn五种重金属元素含量进行测定。结果表明,部分样本中的Cd、Cu含量超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准。采用单因子污染指数和土壤综合污染指数评价方法,以国家土壤环境质量二级标准为评价标准,对研究区内Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn重金属的污染状况进行评价,评价结果显示,Cu、Cd为主要污染元素,污染指数处于轻、中度污染,Cr、Pb、Zn对土壤尚未构成污染关系,研究区土壤重金属总体污染程度较轻。     

Effect of the behavior and availability of heavy metals on the characteristics of the coastal soils developed from alluvial deposits

An investigation of the behavior and availability of heavy metals (HMs), i.e., Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr, and Cd, based on the analysis of correlation between HMs and physical and chemical properties of coastal soils developed from alluvial deposits in Shanghai, China, has been conducted, in order to reveal the effect of the soil formation and development and the unsuited human activities on the activities and mobility of HMs in agricultural soils. The results showed that (1) the soils still meet the needs of plant growth due to the moderate fertility with a soil texture of silty loam although the content of organic matters is lower, (2) total heavy metal content had a increase trend from the inland area to the coastal area, indicating the impact of alluvial deposits related to the soil formation on the distribution of HMs; (3) a significant positive correlation was found between HMs and some soil properties (i.e., clay content, cation exchange capacity, organic matters, total Phosphorous content, etc.), indicating that the regulation of these properties could give some great effect on the behavior and availability of HMs; (4) the positive correlation among Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cd, and between Pb and Cr is very significant, suggesting the most similar, if not the same, origins of HMs; These findings are helpful to the soil remediation, fertility adjustment, and plant cultivation.     

乌鲁木齐市米东污灌区农田土壤重金属污染评价

对米东污灌区农田土壤重金属含量进行监测分析,利用不同的评价方法和标准对土壤重金属的环境质量进行评价。结果表明:米东污灌区农田土壤重金属含量分别为Cd(0.12±0.06)mg/kg,Cu(40.43±5.30)mg/kg,Zn(78.38±11.04)mg/kg,Pb(11.66±11.79)mg/kg,Ni(20.24±8.05)mg/kg,Cr(75.81±8.05)mg/kg。以国家土壤环境质量标准(二级)为标准评价,各元素的污染指数排序为Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Cd>Pb,综合污染指数为0.337,污染程度为安全。以食用农产品产地土壤环境质量要求为标准评价,各元素的污染指数排序为Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Cd>Pb,综合污染指数为0.343,污染程度为安全。表明米东污灌区农田土壤重金属含量尚能达到食用农产品产地土壤环境质量要求。Pb、Cu、Zn的平均含量超过乌鲁木齐市土壤背景值,这说明污灌区土壤重金属Pb、Cu、Zn近年来已有所累积,存在一定的污染风险。     

Nematode community structure in the vicinity of a metallurgical factory

Soil nematode communities (taxa composition, trophic structure, ecological indices) in the area of metallurgical factory (Oravské ferozliatinárske závody) in ?iroká, Northern Slovakia were investigated in 2009. The factory belongs to main sources of emissions originated by ferroalloy production in this region. Four sites (meadows) were selected in a downwind direction from the factory: site A was located 0.85 km far from the factory, and the other sites were maintained in approximately 2-km intervals from each other. Chemical analysis of soil samples showed low concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn), with all values being under Slovak limit concentrations of heavy metals in soils. Only the Cd content in the soil sample from site A slightly exceeded the allowable threshold, but it was decreasing with the distance from the factory, similarly as remaining metals except Cr, with slightly increasing trend of concentration. Within 64 identified nematode genera, the Helicotylenchus, Paratylenchus, Pratylenchus, Acrobeloides, Cephalobus and Rhabditis were most common and eudominant. This was clearly reflected on the trophic structure of nematode communities, where plant feeding nematodes and bacteriovorous prevailed. Significant negative correlation (P?相似文献