2011年夏冬两季福州城区黑炭气溶胶污染特征研究

为探讨福州市城区夏冬两季黑炭气溶胶污染特征，2011年7月和12月在福州市紫阳监测站楼顶使用AE-31型黑炭仪监测黑炭气溶胶污染。结果表明：①夏季黑炭浓度为2.3±0.9 μg/m³，冬季黑炭浓度为3.2±1.3μg/m³，冬季黑炭浓度高于夏季。从频数分布图来看夏季黑炭浓度更为集中。②夏季黑炭浓度日变化具有明显的峰值和谷值，冬季黑炭日变化趋势图并没有统一出现峰值和谷值。夏季和冬季日变化趋势的差异是由大气扩散条件、气象因素及污染物来源等的不同导致的。③通过对黑炭浓度与PM_2.5浓度之间相关性分析表明，黑炭与PM_2.5显著正相关，表明黑炭与PM_2.5有着相似的来源。     

淮南市大气颗粒物污染特征研究

2014年7月和2015年1月分别系统监测淮南市6个功能区夏、冬季大气颗粒物(TSP、PM10、PM2.5)质量浓度并分析其时空分布特征。结果表明:采矿区和工业区污染较严重;采矿区主要受采煤、运输等人为活动的影响,工业区受工业排放影响较大,商业区主要以汽车尾气排放为主,居民区和文教区则以燃煤排放为主;夏季颗粒物浓度日变化趋势均呈现两边凸中间凹的特征,峰值分别出现在7:00和18:00,谷值出现在13:00左右,而冬季变化趋势波动较大。     

西安市黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及与气象因素和常规污染物相关性

利用西安市环境监测站超级站2013年9月1日—2015年5月31日黑碳气溶胶(BC)的监测数据,研究空气中BC浓度特征及其与气象因素和常规污染物相关性。结果表明:BC小时平均浓度均值在春季、夏季和冬季的变化趋势呈"W"型,秋季呈"V"型,且冬季的第一个最低值和峰值比春季和夏季的分别延迟1 h和2~3 h,且20:00~次日6:00秋季BC小时平均浓度均值高于当年冬季。BC浓度在秋季和冬季较高,夏季较低。冬季BC/PM_(2.5)基本最低,秋季BC/PM_(2.5)相对最高。BC日平均浓度与气温、降水和风速的日平均值为极负显著相关,且风速小于1.0 m/s时,其与风速呈最显著的负相关。除O_3外,BC日平均浓度与其他常规空气污染物浓度呈显著相关,表明其同源性很强,且受机动车尾气排放的影响更大。     

宝鸡高新区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及其影响因素研究

为研究宝鸡高新区黑碳(BC)气溶胶浓度的变化特征及其影响因素,利用2017年3月1日至2018年2月28日的BC气溶胶浓度、PM_(2.5)质量浓度以及风速风向数据,对该地区BC气溶胶质量浓度特征变化及其影响因子进行分析。结果表明,宝鸡高新区BC和PM_(2.5)质量浓度范围分别为0.35~6.18μg/m~3和8.01~192.20μg/m~3,平均值分别为(1.67±1.22)μg/m~3和(46.96±33.18)μg/m~3。BC气溶胶的背景质量浓度为(0.81±0.76)μg/m~3。BC与PM_(2.5)的相关系数为0.673,呈正相关。观测期间10—12月BC质量浓度较其他月份相对较高,其季节变化由大到小依次为冬季秋季春季夏季,这可能与采暖季用煤及气象条件不同有关。BC气溶胶的日变化有峰谷值,峰值出现在07:00—09:00和20:00—22:00,谷值出现在14:00—16:00。BC和PM_(2.5)质量浓度均随污染等级加重而增加。宝鸡高新区BC污染在西北风向下较为严重,且此时风速较小,BC质量浓度与风速的相关系数分别为-0.438,呈负相关,静风和非静风条件下BC平均质量浓度分别为2.50μg/m~3和1.53μg/m~3,表明静风条件下,污染物容易累积,导致BC质量浓度升高。     

乌鲁木齐冬季气溶胶散射吸收特性

采用积分式浑浊度仪于2012年1月在乌鲁木齐市中区和市北区对气溶胶的散射系数和吸收系数进行连续观测,分析了市中区与市北区气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数的变化特征,结合同期的相关气象资料对变化特征进行了讨论。结果表明,市中区和市北区气溶胶的散射系数、吸收系数具有相同的变化趋势。总体上呈"W"型;峰值分别出现在0:00和12:00前后,谷值则出现在5:00和17:00前后。散射系数远大于吸收系数,说明大气气溶胶的消光作用主要由散射作用完成。相对湿度与散射系数、吸收系数不具有显著相关性,而风速对散射系数、吸收系数影响较大,且对市北区的影响大于市中区。     

苏州市黑碳气溶胶的污染特征分析

2012年1—12月,对苏州市区黑碳气溶胶浓度进行监测和分析。结果表明,苏州市区黑碳平均质量浓度为3.3μg/m3,且季节变化明显,即夏季的平均浓度最低,秋末、冬初、春末时段黑碳浓度易出现高值,其分布规律与春季秸秆焚烧、秋冬季逆温雾霾时期相吻合;与周围生物质燃烧和工业排放有关。日变化有明显的峰值、谷值,一般在每日的6:00—9:00、18:00—20:00出现高值,低值则出现在午后12:00—15:00;与国外城市相比,苏州黑碳浓度偏高,但与国内城市(北京、天津、沈阳、本溪)相比,则浓度相对较低。     

成都市O3浓度的时间变化特征及相关因子分析

为深入认知成都市O_3浓度的时间变化规律及其影响因子,基于2013年1月1日—12月31日市区站点O_3、NO、NO_2、NO_x的逐时监测资料以及成都市气象站的气象数据逐时观测资料,据此对O3的季变化、日变化、"周末效应"、"节假日效应"进行了讨论,并对其浓度影响因子进行分析。结果表明:成都市O_3浓度季变化呈现明显夏高冬低的特征,浓度最大值出现在8月。O_3浓度日变化为单峰型,夏季峰值出现在15:00,冬季峰值出现在16:00。市区存在"周末效应",即周末O_3浓度总体比工作日高;"节假日效应"则表现出复杂多变性,受气象条件以及人为活动等多种随机因素的影响。O_3日平均浓度与NO、NO_2、NO_x、相对湿度呈明显负相关,与温度、风速呈明显正相关。     

北京市交通环境监测点大气污染特征分析

研究分析了2013—2017年北京市交通环境点位大气污染物浓度分布特征,结果发现:交通监测点NO、NO_2与PM_(2.5)浓度时间变化特征与城区总体状况基本一致,与交通环境密切相关的NO_2浓度采暖季高于非采暖季,重污染日期间交通监测点峰值浓度也明显偏高;周末交通监测点NO浓度在5:00—23:00低于工作日4.9%～32.1%,周末NO_2浓度在7:00—23:00低于工作日0.7%～7.4%,NO_x浓度周末偏低与车流量降低密切相关;重大活动期间空气质量减排措施实施后,北京市作为区域NO_2浓度高值区中心明显消失,PM_(2.5)浓度分布梯度减小,本地减排效果明显。     

上海海陆风特征及其对臭氧浓度的影响

利用2013—2016年常规气象观测数据和再分析资料,提出上海地区海陆风判断标准,统计了该地区的海陆风发生规律。同时,结合地面空气质量监测数据,分析了海陆风环流对臭氧(O3)浓度的影响。结果表明:上海地区的海陆风发生频率在3—8月份较高,与海陆温差年变化之间存在显著相关性;海风通常开始于当地时间9:00前后,结束于20:00前后,最大风速出现在15:00前后,平均风速为3. 9 m/s;海陆风发生时O3质量浓度峰值被抬高(16μg/m3),且峰值出现时间延后;海陆风的影响可深入上海内陆青浦淀山湖地区,对污染物浓度的影响程度沿海大于内陆。     

合肥市冬季细颗粒物中碳组分特征分析

利用2020年12月1日至2021年2月28日合肥市细颗粒物(PM_2.5)、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)等环境空气质量监测数据和气象观测数据，分析了合肥市大气PM_2.5中OC和EC的污染特征，并探讨了其来源以及气象因素影响。结果表明：合肥市冬季碳质气溶胶是PM_2.5中主要组分，随着污染程度的加重，碳质气溶胶的质量浓度逐步增加，但其在PM_2.5中的占比先减小后增加。在以PM_2.5为首要污染物的不同污染级别天气条件下，OC和EC的相关性说明不同程度下碳质气溶胶来源复杂。OC/EC表明机动车尾气和燃煤源排放是碳质气溶胶的主要来源。二次有机碳(SOC)会随着污染程度的加重而呈现升高趋势。OC和EC在冬季受温度影响较小；较大的相对湿度对OC和EC具有一定的清除作用，明显降水或连续降水的清除作用更加显著；而风速对含碳气溶胶的影响主要出现在污染天气背景下。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...