室内空气污染现状与特征研究

对几种典型室内空气质量进行监测，并就室内装修对空气质量的影响进行了研究，结果表明，室内空气质量状况不容乐观，PM10是不同类型室内空气的共同特征污染因子，PM10和细菌总数是公共场所的特征污染因子，室内装修是造成甲醛和苯系物等挥发性有机物污染的主要原因。     

预冷浓缩系统与气相色谱——质谱法测定室内空气中挥发性有机物

针对室内空气挥发性有机物测定方法的不足，本文采用预冷浓缩系统和气相色谱，质谱联用。建立了测定室内空气中39种挥发性有机物的分析方法，该方法采用苏码罐采样，经液氮预冷冻浓缩后，用心城由检测。该方法灵敏度高，操作简便、重现性好、准确度高，适用于室内空气中挥发性有机物的测定。     

南京市环境空气中挥发性有机物的组成与特点

参照美国EPATO17的方法研究南京市不同功能区(交通区、商业旅游区、居住区、工业区和清洁对照点)环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)在一年四季中的组成及浓度水平。共检出189种挥发性有机物,并随气温下降而减少;苯系物稳定存在于各功能区,浓度秋季最高。交通区污染最严重。     

郑州市环境空气中挥发性有机物的组成及分布特点

初步探查研究了郑州市不同功能区环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的种类组成及TVOC和苯系物浓度分布特点,共检测出221种VOCs.交通密集区VOCs污染较重,汽车尾气是目前VOCs主要来源.     

杭州市交通干线空气中挥发性有机物研究

研究了杭州市四季交通干线空气中挥发性有机物分布和浓度特征,得出汽车尾气是市区交通干线空气中挥发性有机物的主要污染来源,且有机物浓度与交通干线繁忙程度成正比,杭州市交通干线空气中挥发性有机物污染以春季最为严重,秋季最轻。     

兰州市城区夏季大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

2020年7月对兰州市城区大气挥发性有机物进行连续24 h测定,研究其污染特征和臭氧生成潜势等,并进行来源解析。结果表明:兰州超级站点 VOCs的平均质量浓度为99.59 μg/m³,各类挥发性有机物中烷烃占比最大,占总挥发性有机物浓度的33.81%;对挥发性有机物进行臭氧生成潜势分析,排名靠前的物种为甲苯、乙烯、乙酸乙烯酯;利用PMF模型对挥发性有机物进行源解析,结果显示VOCs来源贡献为机动车源(31.30%)、油气挥发或泄漏(24.10%)、溶剂使用源(18.60%)、燃烧和化工工艺源(17.20%)、天然源(8.80%)。建议将控制机动车排放、油气挥发和泄漏、溶剂使用等作为消减城市大气挥发性有机物和臭氧污染的重点。     

页岩气采出水水质特性分析

用离子色谱、GC-MS、ICP等分析手段分析西南某页岩气田采出水水质特性,了解页岩气采出水的基本物化性质。结果表明:对页岩气采出水构成污染的主要指标有COD、SS、氨氮、石油类及氯化物等,且随时间的波动范围大,污染物含量随区域变化呈现一定规律;页岩气采出水中的有机物多为烷烃类有机物,还有少量的环己醇、苯胺及萘,微量的挥发性及半挥发性有机物,如单环芳烃类、苯酚类、多环芳烃类及酞酸酯类有机物。     

典型化工园区大气中挥发性有机物污染调查

对常州市某典型化工园区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染状况进行了调查。结果表明,该化工园区大气中检出挥发性有机物共有58种,组分有芳香烃、饱和烷烃、卤代烃、烯烃、醛酯类化合物及其他类;苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯为主要挥发性有机污染物,质量浓度为1.0~194μg/m~3;均未超出参考标准的限值。背景点位和园区点位大气中主要ρ总(VOCs)在秋冬季最高,敏感点大气VOCs随季节变化也较为明显;园区T1和T2ρ总(VOCs)年均值高于敏感点位,背景点位年均值最低;园区点位除了汽车尾气排放之外,溶剂的挥发和生产工艺中污染物的排放也增加了大气中苯系物的浓度,同时也对敏感点位和对照点位的大气质量产生了一定的影响。     

中国沿海三省主要饮用水源有机物监测

采用固相萃取、吹扫捕集和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对江苏、浙江、山东省的21个主要地表饮用水源、126份水样中的25种VOCs、38种SVOCs进行定量检测。结果有19种VOCs、10种SVOCs至少在一个水源地多次被检出,其中挥发性氯代烃、苯系物、氯代苯类、酚类、硝基苯类、酞酸酯类、农药为中国或美国环境保护局提出的"水中优先控制污染物",最高检出量为27.79μg/L。三省主要地表水受到有机物轻度污染,水体中VOCs、SVOCs含量尚未超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)限值,工业废水排放及农田雨水径流是地表水有机物的重要来源。     

南通市夏季VOCs污染特征与来源研究

运用大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)快速在线连续自动监测系统,于2018年7月对南通市区环境空气中VOCs进行观测,分析VOCs的浓度状况、组成特征、对臭氧生成潜势的贡献及主要来源。结果表明:观测期间共检出100种VOCs,总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)的平均体积分数为(38. 18±23. 63)×10^-9,各物种体积分数从大到小顺序依次为烷烃>含氧有机物>芳香烃>卤代烃>烯、炔烃;芳烃和烯烃是最主要的活性物种,间/对二甲苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯等是VOCs的关键活性组分;利用PMF模型解析得到VOCs的主要污染来源是工业排放与溶剂使用、机动车尾气排放、燃料挥发排放和生物源排放。     

云南省宣威市和富源县空气和土壤中多环芳烃污染水平研究

宣威市和富源县位于我国云南省东北部,是全世界肺癌发病率最高的地区之一。当地居民在不通风的房间内燃烧烟煤做饭或取暖造成了严重的室内空气污染。研究表明,长期暴露在燃煤造成的污染物中是导致两地居民肺癌持续高发的主要原因,多环芳烃是最可疑的致病因子之一。2008年1月,分别用聚胺脂泡沫和玻璃纤维滤膜采集了当地9个点位室内、室外空气中气相和颗粒物相中的多环芳烃,同时采集了对应点位的土壤样品。通过对样品的分析,考察了当地空气和土壤中多环芳烃的污染水平、特征以及来源。结果证明,当地空气和土壤中存在严重的多环芳烃污染,室内污染显著高于室外,然而随着当地工业的发展室外污染同样不可忽视,主成分分析结合比值法证明,当地室内外多环芳烃的主要污染源来自于煤炭的燃烧。对空气颗粒物和土壤中多环芳烃浓度进行了比较,对土壤中多环芳烃的来源进行了验证。     

Background concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds in residential indoor air of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany

During a monitoring campaign concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in indoor air of 79 dwellings where occupants had not complained about health problems or unpleasant odour. Parameters monitored were the individual concentration of 68 VOCs and the total concentration of all VOCs inside the room. VOCs adsorbed by Tenax TA were then analysed by means of thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The analytical procedure and quantification was done according to the recommendation of the ECA-IAQ Working Group 13 which gave a definition of the total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentration. Using this recommendation TVOC-concentrations ranged between 33 and 1600 microg m(-3) with a median of 289 microg m(-3). Compounds found in every sample and with the highest concentrations were 2-propanol, alpha-pinene and toluene. Save for a few samples, all concentrations measured have been a factor 2 to 10 lower, compared to data from similar studies. Only a few terpenes and aldehydes were found exceeding published reference data or odour threshold concentrations. However, it has been found that sampling and analysing methods do have a considerable impact on the results, making direct comparisons of studies somewhat questionable. 47% of all samples revealed concentrations exceeding the threshold value of 300 microg TVOC m(-3) set by the German Federal Environmental Agency as a target for indoor air quality. Using the TVOC concentration as defined in the ECA-IAQ methodology is instrumental in assessing exposure to VOCs and identifying sources of VOCs. The background concentrations determined in this study can be used to discuss and interpret target values for individual and total volatile organic compounds in indoor air.     

Porous silica spheres as indoor air pollutant scavengers

Porous silica spheres were investigated for their effectiveness in removing typical indoor air pollutants, such as aromatic and carbonyl-containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and compared to the commercially available polymer styrene-divinylbenzene (XAD-4). The silica spheres and the XAD-4 resin were coated on denuder sampling devices and their adsorption efficiencies for VOCs evaluated using an indoor air simulation chamber. Real indoor sampling was also undertaken to evaluate the affinity of the silica adsorbents for a variety of indoor VOCs. The silica sphere adsorbents were found to have a high affinity for polar carbonyls and found to be more efficient than the XAD-4 resin at adsorbing carbonyls in an indoor environment.     

运用热脱附/GC/MS分析研究室内空气中TVOC浓度及种类分布

利用热脱附/GC/MS联用技术定性、定量(半定量)分析了多组有代表性的室内空气样品。结果表明,室内空气挥发性有机气体的主要成分是苯系物、烃类、醛酮类、酯类等;装修后3个月内的家居室内空气中的苯25%超标,甲苯58%超标,二甲苯79%超标,TVOC 100%超标;一年后,仅TVOC还有11%的超标。办公室情况类似。     

Influence of processing parameters on VOC emission from particleboards

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from furnishings have created a major indoor air pollution problem in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the VOC emission of larch particleboard under different processing conditions. VOCs collection chamber, parts per billion VOC monitor, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometer were used to analyze the VOC components and quantities. The results were shown as follows: (1) concentration and emission rate of VOCs were significantly affected by hot-pressing temperature and time. With the increase of hot-pressing temperature and time, both the earlier emission concentration and the amount of total volatile organic compounds increased. (2) The composition of VOCs was also influenced by temperature and time, especially the variety of terpene, benzene, and derivative. The existence and quantities of esters were still the main components of VOCs emissions.     

某石化化工行业聚集区室内外PM2.5中多环芳烃分布特征及来源

于非采暖季和采暖季分别采集某石化化工行业聚集城市中心城区室内外PM_(2.5)样品,采用高效液相色谱法分析PM_(2.5)上载带的16种PAHs,对其分布特征、来源以及室外PAHs污染对室内污染的贡献进行了初步探讨。结果表明,研究区域非采暖季和采暖季室外PM_(2.5)中ΣPAHs浓度日均值分别为36.3、294 ng/m~3,室内PM_(2.5)中ΣPAHs浓度分别为14.8、84.6 ng/m~3,均以4、5环PAHs为主;室内PAHs主要来自室外渗透污染,但同时明显存在室内排放源贡献;PAHs来源分析进一步证实研究区域PAHs主要来自煤炭、石油等不完全燃烧,采暖季煤炭燃烧源贡献更突出。     

预冷冻浓缩系统与气相色谱-质谱联用测定空气中挥发性有机物

采用预冷冻浓缩系统和气相色谱-质谱联用,建立了测定空气中39种挥发性有机物的分析方法,该法用苏玛罐或Tedlar气袋采集空气样品经-160℃液氮预冷冻浓缩后,用GC-MS检测.该方法采样简便,灵敏度、准确度高,已应用于室内空气和环境空气的测定,取得满意的结果.     

Seasonal evaluation of outdoor/indoor air quality in primary schools in Lisbon

The aim of this study was to evaluate the indoor (I) and outdoor (O) levels of NO?, speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyls at fourteen primary schools in Lisbon (Portugal) during spring, autumn and winter. Three of these schools were also selected to be monitored for comfort parameters, such as temperature and relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO?), carbon monoxide (CO), total VOCs, and both bacterial and fungal colony-forming units per cubic metre. The concentration of CO? and bioaerosols greatly exceeded the acceptable maximum values of 1800 mg m?3 and 500 CFU m?3, respectively, in all seasons. Most of the assessed VOCs and carbonyls occurred at I/O ratios above unity in all seasons, thus showing the importance of indoor sources and building conditions in indoor air quality. However, it has been observed that higher indoor VOC concentrations occurred more often in the colder months, while carbonyl concentrations were higher in the warm months. In general, the I/O NO? ratios ranged between 0.35 and 1, never exceeding the unity. Some actions are suggested to improve the indoor air quality in Lisbon primary schools.     

Health risk assessment of occupational exposure to particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with Chinese, Malay and Indian cooking

Food cooking using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has received considerable attention in recent years since it is an important source of particulate air pollution in indoor environments for non-smokers. Exposure to organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in particles is of particular health concern since some of these compounds are suspected carcinogens. It is therefore necessary to chemically characterize the airborne particles emitted from gas cooking to assess their possible health impacts. In this work, the levels of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and 16 priority PAHs were determined in three different ethnic commercial kitchens, specifically Chinese, Malay and Indian food stalls, where distinctive cooking methods were employed. The mass concentrations of PM(2.5) and PAHs, and the fraction of PAHs in PM(2.5) were the highest at the Malay stall (245.3 microg m(-3), 609.0 ng m(-3), and 0.25%, respectively), followed by the Chinese stall (201.6 microg m(-3), 141.0 ng m(-3), and 0.07%), and the Indian stall (186.9 microg m(-3), 37.9 ng m(-3), and 0.02%). This difference in the levels of particulate pollution among the three stalls may be attributed to the different cooking methods employed at the food stalls, the amount of food cooked, and the cooking time, although the most sensitive parameter appears to be the predominant cooking method used. Frying processes, especially deep-frying, produce more air pollutants, possibly due to the high oil temperatures used in such operations. Furthermore, it is found that frying, be it deep-frying at the Malay stall or stir-frying at the Chinese stall, gave rise to an abundance of higher molecular weight PAHs such as benzo[b]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene whereas low-temperature cooking, such as simmering at the Indian stall, has a higher concentration of lower molecular weight PAHs. In addition, the correlation matrices and diagnostic ratios of PAHs were calculated to determine the markers of gas cooking. To evaluate the potential health threat due to inhalation exposure from the indoor particulate pollution, excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was also calculated for an exposed individual. The findings suggest that cooking fumes in the three commercial kitchens pose adverse health effects.