首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
基于成渝地区大气污染防控形势的严峻性,选取该区域西南部的乐山市作为研究对象,对2016—2020年人工降雨对该城市环境空气质量的影响进行研究。评估发现:冬季改善效果最好,平均每毫米降雨量可降低环境空气质量指数(AQI)约10,对应的SO2、NO2、CO、O3、PM10、PM2.5浓度分别降低1.8 μg/m3、3.8 μg/m3、0.1 mg/m3、8.1 μg/m3、6.9 μg/m3、8.9 μg/m3;其次是春季,每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约8,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低1.0 μg/m3、3.3 μg/m3、0.1 mg/m3、8.1 μg/m3、6.1 μg/m3、8.4 μg/m3;再次是夏季,每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约3,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低0.6 μg/m3、1.6 μg/m3、0.03 mg/m3、6.9 μg/m3、1.2 μg/m3、2.0 μg/m3;秋季每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约1,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低0.4 μg/m3、0.6 μg/m3、0.01 mg/m3、3.5 μg/m3、0.1 μg/m3、0.1 μg/m3。计算不同季节降雨总量与污染物削减量之间的Pearson相关系数,结果表明,春季人工降雨总量与O3浓度削减总量呈显著正相关,夏、秋两季人工降雨总量与PM2.5浓度削减总量呈显著正相关。  相似文献   

2.
利用2014年“国家公祭日”期间南京市草场门测点OC和EC在线监测仪器,分析了PM2.5中碳组分污染特征,结果表明:“国家公祭日”保障期间OC、EC的平均质量浓度为9.6 μg/m3和3.9 μg/m3,两者占PM2.5质量的19%,是PM2.5的重要组成部分;“国家公祭日”期间OC/EC(质量浓度比)的平均值为2.47,表明大气中存在二次反应生成的SOC,通过分析管控不同阶段EC与OC以及EC与SO2、NO2的相关性,表明两者受本地机动车影响较大;通过气流后向轨迹聚类分析表明,“国家公祭日”管控期间来自周边安徽、江苏、浙江交界处的气流对应的EC浓度最高,为7.14 μg/m3,进一步运用浓度权重轨迹(CWT)方法分析EC的潜在贡献源区,表明对南京EC输送强潜在源区主要在安徽省东南部,集中在芜湖、宣城、黄山一线,其贡献可超过8 μg/m3。  相似文献   

3.
利用2013-2017年京津冀区域13个城市PM2.5监测数据,综合探讨了该区域PM2.5浓度的时空变化特征。结果表明:京津冀区域PM2.5污染整体较重,但治理成效显著,2013-2017年区域PM2.5年均质量浓度分别为106、93、77、71、64 μg/m3,完成《大气污染防治行动计划》PM2.5浓度下降25%左右的目标;13个城市PM2.5浓度各百分位数总体呈现下降趋势,且随百分位数增大而下降速率加大,PM2.5年均质量浓度平均每年下降10.6 μg/m3,污染严重的太行山沿线城市邢台、石家庄、邯郸3个城市平均每年分别下降20.3、16.1、13.9 μg/m3;京津冀区域PM2.5重度污染天数比例分别为19.9%、16.6%、9.5%、9.0%、7.0%,呈下降趋势。2013-2017年京津冀区域PM2.5平均质量浓度与非重度污染天相比升高19 μg/m3,PM2.5重度污染天平均质量浓度较非重度污染天时高244.4%。  相似文献   

4.
基于湖南省2015—2020年夏秋季的污染物及气象观测数据,分析了臭氧(O3)污染的时空特征和生成敏感性。湖南省中部和北部的O3污染较为严重,且主要发生在9月,午后O3峰值常与早高峰的NO2浓度有较高的相关性。采用转置EKMA曲线方法探究了O3在NO2维度和VOCs反应活性维度下的生成敏感性。在 NO2维度下,NO2控制区和NO2-VOCs过渡区的NO2质量浓度为7 ~ 13 μg/m3,NO2-VOCs过渡区和VOCs控制区的NO2质量浓度为15~17 μg/m3。在VOCs反应活性维度下,当NO2质量浓度大于10 μg/m3时,VOCs反应活性越高,O3浓度越高。在高VOCs反应活性(30 ℃或以上)时,NO2浓度每降低1 μg/m3,各区域的O3质量浓度能降低约8 ~ 9 μg/m3。结合NO2 和VOCs反应活性2个维度,得出湖南省午后O3生成以 NO2控制区和NO2-VOCs 过渡区为主,在晴天干燥和高温条件下,减排NO2可有效降低O3浓度。转置EKMA曲线方法为缺少长期VOCs观测的区域提供了研究O3生成敏感性的新思路。  相似文献   

5.
利用多元线性回归方法(REG)将多模式空气质量预报系统中3个模式(CMAQ、CAMx和NAQPMS)对北京市2016年PM2.5的预报结果和观测数据进行集合,并对集合结果进行评估。结果表明:①不同模式的预报结果不尽相同,均能够反映2016年北京地区PM2.5随时间的变化趋势,CMAQ、CAMx和NAQPMS相关系数为0.6~0.9,标准化平均偏差为-0.6~0.6。3个模式对重污染峰值预报都存在偏差,NAQPMS预报偏差低于其他模式;②基于多元线性回归集成预报模型能显著提高日均PM2.5预报的准确率,能较好地改进不同季节模式整体高估或者低估的系统性偏差现象,春季国控平均偏差由-23 μg/m3改善至-2.3 μg/m3,冬季平均偏差降低近20 μg/m3;③利用多元线性回归方法对2016年红色预警期间小时PM2.5订正结果显示,相关系数提高了0.13,均方根误差降低了20~30 μg/m3,并且对峰值浓度有较好的调整,预报峰值更为接近实况峰值,特别是对北部地区的改进效果较为明显,反映了实际观测数据对空气质量数值模式预报修正的研究意义和可行性。  相似文献   

6.
2020年3月2日—2021年2月28日在安庆市政务服务中心楼顶设置监测点,手工采集PM2.5样品,运用多波段碳分析仪(DRI Model 2015)分析样品中碳质组分有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)质量浓度;利用OC/EC法、相关分析法和主成分因子分析法对PM2.5中碳质组分的污染特征和可能来源进行解析。结果显示:安庆市手工采样期间PM2.5平均质量浓度为(45.9±28.1)μg/m3,OC和EC的平均浓度分别为(8.0±3.4)、(1.4±0.6)μg/m3,在PM2.5中占比为17.4%、3.1%。四季OC平均浓度分布为冬季(9.7±4.2)μg/m3 >春季(9.0±2.5)μg/m3 >秋季(8.3±2.9)μg/m3 >夏季(5.1±1.6)μg/m3,EC平均浓度分布为冬季(1.7±0.5)μg/m3 >春季(1.7±0.6)μg/m3 >秋季(1.3±0.4)μg/m3 >夏季(0.8±0.3)μg/m3。OC/EC范围为3.11~12.14,平均值为5.83,表明安庆市存在二次有机碳(SOC),SOC均值为(2.89±1.94)μg/m3,分别占OC和PM2.5浓度的36.1%、6.3%;四季OC、EC相关性不显著,r均小于0.85,说明安庆市的碳质组分较复杂;在不同空气质量等级条件下,OC质量浓度随着污染等级的升高而逐渐升高,EC质量浓度随着污染等级升高而先升高后降低。利用主成分分析法进行来源解析发现,道路扬尘、燃煤、柴油车尾气是碳质组分的主要来源。  相似文献   

7.
2020年7月30日—10月10日对西安市某工业园区大气中的70种VOCs开展了为期73 d的VOCs手工采样监测,分析了上、下风向2个点位VOCs浓度组成特征、O3生成潜势和SOA生成潜势,并运用PMF进一步分析该区域VOCs的主要来源。结果显示:监测期间工业园区平均VOCs浓度为203.50 μg/m3,以甲醛和乙醛为主的醛酮类(148.37 μg/m3)是主要污染物,占TVOC浓度的57%~84%,其次是烷烃。通过上、下风向VOCs成分比较发现,醛酮类为高污染时段特征污染物,工业园区平均OFP为969.66 μg/m3,醛酮类对O3生成的贡献最大,占TOFP的80%~97%,其次是烯烃。工业园区平均SOAFP为0.50 μg/m3,芳香烃对SOA生成的贡献最大,占TSOAFP的48%~98%,其次是烷烃。PMF源解析得到5个因子,分别为工业源、溶剂涂料、燃烧源、移动源及其他源,贡献率分别占35.2%、20.4%、18.3%、12.8%、13.3%,解析显示该区域受到下风向电子产业影响较大。  相似文献   

8.
西沙永兴岛黑碳浓度特征初探   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
2012年5月6—9日利用黑碳仪获得了西沙永兴岛小时黑碳浓度数据。结果显示,西沙永兴岛黑碳小时浓度值变化范围为0.1~2.9 μg/m3,平均浓度为0.6 μg/m3,80.5%的小时浓度数据集中在0.2~0.7 μg/m3;黑碳浓度与风速、降水密切相关,风速大于2.5 m/s有利于黑碳扩散,降水对黑碳冲刷作用明显;黑碳浓度与背景区域的瓦里关黑碳浓度相近,高于背景区域的南极中山站,明显低于国内的多个城市及郊区的黑碳浓度。  相似文献   

9.
为了研究北京大气颗粒物和二NFDA1英(PCDD/Fs)的污染状况以及评估交通限行对大气颗粒物和PCDD/Fs的影响。利用同位素稀释高分辨率气相色谱/高分辨率质谱(HRGC/HRMS)联用法和USEPA 1613B 标准方法,以中国地质大学(北京)东门为采样点,采集大气PM2.5、PM10、TSP样品,对北京市交通限行期间以及交通限行前后等不同交通状况下颗粒物浓度及大气PM2.5中17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs污染特征进行了监测。结果表明,PM2.5、PM10、TSP的日均质量浓度在交通限行前分别为126、202、304 μg/m3,限行期间分别为39、78、93 μg/m3,限行结束后分别为79、126 μg/m3。PM2.5中17种PCDD/Fs的质量浓度(毒性浓度)3个时段分别为1 804 fg/m3(70 fg I-TEQ/m3)、252 fg/m3 (9 fg I-TEQ/m3)和1 196 fg/m3 (48 fg I-TEQ/m3)。北京市交通限行期间颗粒物浓度和二 NFDA1 英浓度显著低于交通限行前后,交通源减排措施的实施是大气颗粒物和二 NFDA1英污染水平降低的主要原因,从减排效果看,交通源减排措施对大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)的控制效果明显好于大气粗颗粒物。  相似文献   

10.
2011年夏冬两季福州城区黑炭气溶胶污染特征研究   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
为探讨福州市城区夏冬两季黑炭气溶胶污染特征,2011年7月和12月在福州市紫阳监测站楼顶使用AE-31型黑炭仪监测黑炭气溶胶污染。结果表明:①夏季黑炭浓度为2.3±0.9 μg/m3,冬季黑炭浓度为3.2±1.3μg/m3,冬季黑炭浓度高于夏季。从频数分布图来看夏季黑炭浓度更为集中。②夏季黑炭浓度日变化具有明显的峰值和谷值,冬季黑炭日变化趋势图并没有统一出现峰值和谷值。夏季和冬季日变化趋势的差异是由大气扩散条件、气象因素及污染物来源等的不同导致的。③通过对黑炭浓度与PM2.5浓度之间相关性分析表明,黑炭与PM2.5显著正相关,表明黑炭与PM2.5有着相似的来源。  相似文献   

11.
Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor 3H, 90Sr, total U, 238Pu, 239, 240Pu,241Am, and 137Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10-3 mSv y-1and 1.6 × 10-3 mSv y-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10-4 mGyd-1 and 4.7 × 10-4 mGy d-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.  相似文献   

12.
An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO2 emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.   相似文献   

13.
微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬   总被引:24,自引:5,他引:24       下载免费PDF全文
用微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜,锌,铅,镉,镍和铬。通过硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解,选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸-盐酸-过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验,发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解,后者能将样品消解完全,但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽,否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比,操作简便快速,可提高工作效率。  相似文献   

14.
The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> -1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.  相似文献   

15.
The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.  相似文献   

16.
A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.  相似文献   

17.
The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.  相似文献   

18.
The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.  相似文献   

19.
The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ 15N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ 15N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ 15N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ 15N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ 15N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R 2 = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ 15N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ 15N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.  相似文献   

20.
Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号