京津冀地区一次浮尘过程的车载激光雷达走航观测

利用双波长三通道激光雷达与车载激光雷达,针对2018年3月28日京津冀区域的浮尘天气过程,分别进行了定点垂直观测与车载走航观测,对这次浮尘天气中沙尘的源地、沙尘气溶胶的时空分布、沙尘的传输路径与传输方式进行了综合分析。位于北京的激光雷达监测到28日凌晨开始,沙尘气溶胶与近地面污染物混合,受沙尘影响近地面污染物浓度迅速升高。北京到沧州的车载激光雷达走航观测结果显示,沙尘气溶胶先向南传输到京津冀南部区域,随后向西南方向传输,同时观测到京津冀区域上空1. 5 km左右存在沙尘传输带。结果表明,使用车载激光雷达走航观测,结合定点垂直激光雷达与其他地面监测数据,能可靠地观测到沙尘过程中颗粒物的时空变化特征。     

2010年春季沙尘天气对北京市空气质量的影响及其天气类型分析

利用2010年3-5月北京市市区以及北京西北部、西部和东部3个不同方位边界的空气质量自动监测站监测数据,结合气象资料和激光雷达观测数据,分析了春季外来沙尘对北京市空气质量的影响。研究结果表明:2010年春季北京市出现15次外来沙尘天气,外来沙尘输送对北京市空气质量的影响天数为21 d,直接造成15 d空气质量超标,最严重的一次API指数达到最大值500。沙尘的天气形势特征以及输送路径的不同,对北京市空气质量的影响有明显差异。当低压中心过境时,沙尘天气影响最重,颗粒物浓度显著上升,气态污染物迅速下降,沙尘呈现自西北向东南输送的特征;低压底部过境与低压中心过境类似,但是沙尘强度略弱;除此之外,沙尘回流也可以直接造成北京市空气质量超标,颗粒物浓度和气态污染物浓度均表现出上升的变化趋势。     

激光雷达在湖北大气环境监测中的应用

介绍了激光雷达通过垂直扫描、水平扫描和车载走航等方法在湖北大气环境监测中的应用实例。利用地基激光雷达并结合星载激光雷达监测一次沙尘传输过程，沙尘传输高度为500~4 000 m之间，且出现3次尘降，地面PM₁₀出现3次峰值。利用激光雷达探测大气边界层高度，颗粒物浓度受边界层高度影响，当边界层高度降到500 m以下时，PM_2.5浓度达到120 μg/m³，边界层高度上升到1 500 m以上时，PM_2.5浓度降到30 μg/m³以下。利用激光雷达水平扫描技术，对襄阳市高新区污染物的影响进行溯源，监测得出颗粒物浓度上升的主要原因为地面扬尘。利用激光雷达车载走航监测技术，监测黄冈市颗粒物空间分布特征，在不同区域监测到2处污染扩散带，分别位于工业区与生活区。     

利用大气超级站对乌鲁木齐市一次沙尘天气过程及组份的分析

本研究利用大气超级站对乌鲁木齐市4月9日至10日沙尘天气过程,粒径谱、离子和重金属组成及变化进行分析。研究结果表明激光雷达观测结果与环境空气质量监测基本一致;小粒径颗粒在沙尘和非沙尘时段含量最多,但在沙尘时段大粒径颗粒的增长幅度远大于小粒径;沙尘过程中的离子主要来源于土壤一次源;沙尘过程中地壳元素浓度及占比均显著升高,会稀释环境空气中人为污染元素。     

基于激光雷达和超级站监测的一次沙尘过程分析

利用南京市气溶胶激光雷达网和草场门超级站监测数据,对2022年3月2—3日南京地区一次沙尘污染过程的垂直特征和地面PM_2.5组分变化进行了分析。结果表明,草场门、八卦洲和土桥3处点位的气溶胶激光雷达均观测到消光系数和退偏振比在凌晨至清晨时段有垂直分层现象,说明高空输入的沙尘气团位于城市污染气团上空,而此时地面PM_2.5组分以二次无机盐(硝酸盐、硫酸盐和铵盐)为主。中午前后,各高度的退偏振比及消光系数发生突变,主要是由高空输入沙尘和城市污染气团的垂直混合引起的。随着日间大气垂直交换的加大,PM_2.5中地壳物质的浓度均值和占比显著上升,其中浓度从3 μg/m³升高至5 μg/m³,占比从3%上升至10%。     

影响泰州市空气质量的几种沙尘类型分析

利用2020年11月—2021年5月泰州市大气颗粒物自动监测数据,结合激光雷达观测资料、气象资料及后向轨迹模式,研究分析不同类型沙尘天气过程对泰州市空气质量的影响。结果表明,研究时段泰州市受到沙尘天气影响共计12次,影响天数21 d,污染天数占比达42.9%;按照影响时长和影响程度将沙尘天气过程分为直接影响型、移速缓慢型、边缘影响型、入海回流型等4种类型;由于天气形势背景和传输路径差异,不同类型沙尘对泰州市空气质量影响程度差异较大,整体而言,移速缓慢型沙尘、入海回流型沙尘对泰州市空气质量影响更为显著。     

基于大气超级站观测的2017年5月北京市沙尘天气过程分析

结合常规污染物监测、PM_2.5化学组分监测、激光雷达监测和颗粒物数浓度及粒径监测等手段，对2017年5月影响北京市的一次沙尘天气过程进行分析。结果表明：5月4日凌晨起沙尘天气开始影响北京市，延庆、官园和通州3个站点PM₁₀峰值浓度分别为2 091、2 245、2 590 μg/m³，体现了该次沙尘天气影响程度之重。PM_2.5浓度与PM₁₀变化一致，也达到重度污染的水平。沙尘天气移动路径是沿着区域西北至东南方向。沙尘天气主体从3 km左右的高空进入北京市，随后逐渐渗透至1 km高度以及地面，且沙尘层厚度较高，覆盖了地面至3 km的高度。沙尘天气过程中OM和Ca²⁺组分增幅最大。在沙尘天气影响严重时间段，沙尘天气源与生物质燃烧源比例之和大于50%，最高值为67.6%。沙尘天气过程中颗粒物峰值粒径为0.965~1.037 μm。     

广州市春季一次沙尘天气过程综合观测

2017年4月21—23日广州市经历了一次远距离传输的沙尘天气过程,为了解沙尘过程对广州市空气质量的影响,基于广州市大气超级站,利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱(SPAMS)、气溶胶激光雷达观测数据并结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型分析了沙尘过程细颗粒物组分及污染来源贡献变化和沙尘气溶胶的来源及路径。结果表明:受沙尘过境影响,PM_(10)浓度大幅升高,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)最小值仅为12.1%;沙尘过境期间影响近地面颗粒物的沙尘高度主要分布在1 km以下区域,近地面颗粒物消光系数均值为100.11 Mm~(-1),探测到最大退偏振比为0.28。SPAMS研究发现沙尘过境期间含硅酸盐颗粒物(SI)的细颗粒物数浓度比例达25.9%,是沙尘过境前的1.4倍;PM_(2.5)中扬尘贡献率明显增大,达到了17.3%,是沙尘过境前的1.9倍。后向轨迹模型HYSPLIT显示此次沙尘为典型的北方沙尘传输,沙尘源自中国西北地区,传输方向为自西北输送至华东地区后,转为东南方向影响广州市。     

济南地区一次沙尘过程的激光雷达观测分析

利用微脉冲激光雷达探测技术,结合常规污染物监测以及PM_(2.5)化学组分监测数据,对2017年5月影响济南地区的一次沙尘天气过程进行分析。结果表明:5月4日12:00沙尘天气开始影响济南市,PM_(10)小时浓度大幅升高,至5月5日13:00,PM_(10)小时浓度达到峰值(质量浓度953μg/m~3)。沙尘过境期间近地面1 500 m以下形成消光系数和退偏比极大区,其中5月5日11:00—13:00,300 m处退偏比平均高达0. 19,非球形特性显著。沙尘天气过程中Mg~(2+)组分、Ca~(2+)组分增幅最为明显。后向轨迹模型HYSPLIT显示,此次沙尘起源于内蒙古中西部地区,沿高空西北方向传输至济南地区。     

大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中矿物组分的X射线衍射研究

利用X射线衍射技术对北京2002春季和夏季的可吸入颗粒物进行了研究.结果表明,北京春季和夏季可吸入颗粒物的矿物组成明显不同,春季可吸入颗粒物中的矿物以硅铝酸盐为主,同时存在碳酸盐、硫酸盐、硫化物、铁的氧化物、粘土矿物以及难以鉴定的矿物;在夏季的样品中,矿物的种类有所减少,却有新的物种出现,如氯化氨、硫酸氨等.XRD定量分析显示,在沙尘天气时,可吸入颗粒物中石英和粘土矿物以及非晶质分别占到24.1%、28.5%和2 0%,斜长石和方解石分别占到10.4%和8.1%,其他矿物总共不到10%.矿物组分的确定对可吸入颗粒物来源的识别有一定的指导作用.     

Aerosol Optical and Radiative Properties Observed at Anmyeon and Jeju, Korea in the Spring of 2000 and 2001

The radiative properties of atmospheric aerosols are determined by their masses, chemical characteristics, and optical properties, such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), Åstrom;ngström parameter (α) and single scattering albedo (SSA). In particular, the aerosol optical properties determine the surface temperature perturbation that may give some information in understanding regional atmospheric radiative forcing. To understand the radiative forcing and regional source of an aerosol, the present study focused on the analysis of the aerosol optical properties based on two different observations in the spring season, during the special Asian dust storm period. The Korean Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory (KGAWO), at Anmyeon Island, and the ACE-Asia super-site, at Gosan, Jeju Island, have measured radiations and aerosols since 2000. The sites are located in the mid-west and south of the Korean peninsula, which are strongly affected by the Asian dust coming from China every spring. The aerosol optical properties, measured by ground-based sun and sky radiometers, over both sites were analyzed to gain an understanding of the radiation and climate properties.The probability distributions of the aerosol optical depths were rather narrow, with a modal value of approximately 0.38 at both sites during 2001 and 2002. The Ångström parameter frequency distributions showed two peaks at Anmyeon GAW, but only one peak at the Jeju ACE-Asia super site. One peak, around 0.63, characterizes the situation of a day having Asian dust, the second peak, around 1.13, corresponded to the relatively dust-free cases. The correlation between the aerosol optical depth and the Ångström exponents resulted in a wide range of the Ångström parameter, α, over a wide range of optical depths at Anmyeon, whereas a narrow range of α, with moderate to low values for the AOD at Jeju. Under dust free conditions the single scattering albedo (SSA) decreased with wavelength, while in the presence of Asian dust,the SSA either stayed neutral, or increased slightly with wavelength at Anmyeon, and showed higher value than Jeju. The change in the surface temperature was highly correlated with increases in the aerosol optical depth at Anmyeon to a greater extent than at Jeju.     

Characteristics of aerosol types during large-scale transport of air pollution over the Yellow Sea region and at Cheongwon,Korea, in 2008

Episodes of large-scale transport of airborne dust and anthropogenic pollutant particles from different sources in the East Asian continent in 2008 were identified by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite RGB (red, green, and blue)-composite images and the mass concentrations of ground level particulate matter. These particles were divided into dust, sea salt, smoke plume, and sulfate by an aerosol classification algorithm. To analyze the aerosol size distribution during large-scale transport of atmospheric aerosols, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and fine aerosol weighting (FW) of moderate imaging spectroradiometer aerosol products were used over the East Asian region. Six episodes of massive airborne dust particles, originating from sandstorms in northern China, Mongolia, and the Loess Plateau of China, were observed at Cheongwon. Classified dust aerosol types were distributed on a large-scale over the Yellow Sea region. The average PM10 and PM2.5 ratio to the total mass concentration TSP were 70% and 15%, respectively. However, the mass concentration of PM2.5 among TSP increased to as high as 23% in an episode where dust traveled in by way of an industrial area in eastern China. In the other five episodes of anthropogenic pollutant particles that flowed into the Korean Peninsula from eastern China, the anthropogenic pollutant particles were largely detected in the form of smoke over the Yellow Sea region. The average PM10 and PM2.5 ratios to TSP were 82% and 65%, respectively. The ratio of PM2.5 mass concentrations among TSP varied significantly depending on the origin and pathway of the airborne dust particles. The average AOD for the large-scale transport of anthropogenic pollutant particles in the East Asian region was measured to be 0.42 ± 0.17, which is higher in terms of the rate against atmospheric aerosols as compared with the AOD (0.36 ± 0.13) for airborne dust particles with sandstorms. In particular, the region ranging from eastern China, the Yellow Sea, and the Korean Peninsula to the Korea East Sea was characterized by high AOD distributions. In the episode of anthropogenic polluted aerosols, FW averaged 0.63 ± 0.16, a value higher than that in the episode of airborne dust particles (0.52 ± 0.13) with sandstorms, showing that fine anthropogenic pollutant particles contribute greatly to atmospheric aerosols in East Asia.     

基于激光雷达走航车的大气污染物探测技术及其应用

大气气溶胶对人体健康环境和全球气候都有一定的影响,是大气污染的主要来源。为了提升空气质量,大气污染防治刻不容缓。把气溶胶探测激光雷达和测风激光雷达集成在车辆上,进行走航和扫描探测可获得立体的大气气溶胶时空变化状态图。以合肥和芜湖等地大气气溶胶探测为例,基于激光雷达走航车的探测数据,获得大气气溶胶消光系数时空分布图,搜寻污染物排放源和估算颗粒物的PM_2.5输送通量。由此可知,激光雷达走航式探测技术是获得大气污染立体图像便捷的、有效的方法,可为大气污染防治提供精准的科学依据,具有重要的应用价值。     

中国北方干旱地区沙尘矿物特征研究

为了开展对我国沙暴传输规律的研究,了解我国北方干旱地区沙尘矿物特征有重要意义。本文对我国新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠区,内蒙腾格里沙漠区,贺兰山及银川等处的沙尘样品用X射线粉末衍射法进行矿物分析鉴定,并用原子吸收法作了特征元素的分析对比,根据矿物的X射线粉末衍射结果,结合元素分析,对沙漠源区及其以东地区沙尘矿物特征作了比较,判析了两个源区的矿物组成,讨论了它们的传输过程。     

联网激光雷达的观测性能综合平行比对

激光雷达以其高精度的探测能力在大气污染研究中得到了广泛应用。由于生产厂家和反演算法等的差异,激光雷达观测数据的质量参差不齐。笔者利用2013年11月和2014年3月2种不同型号激光雷达(高频激光雷达和微脉冲激光雷达) 532 nm波段的气溶胶消光系数和气溶胶自动观测网(AERONET)光学厚度数据,对2部雷达在不同空气质量下的观测性能进行综合对比。结果表明:2部雷达在不同空气质量条件下探测效果不同,空气质量为优和良时,2部雷达的消光系数比较一致,偏差主要在1 km以下;随着污染加剧,2部雷达在1 km以下的偏差先减小后增大,1 km以上的偏差随高度增大。与AERONET的光学厚度相比,高频激光雷达在轻度污染和严重污染时相对误差较小(3. 23%和26. 75%);微脉冲激光雷达在良和轻度污染时相对误差较小(40. 00%和25. 81%)。2部雷达设备的差异和重污染时不利的气象条件是影响雷达表现的重要原因。该研究作为全国激光雷达联网的前期工作,为全国激光雷达数据的综合应用提供了参考。     

Comparison of EC and BC and evaluation of dust aerosol contribution to light absorption in Xi'an, China

The concentrations of EC, BC and dust aerosols were determined for atmospheric samples collected from an observation station in Xi'an, China. The results show that the averaged correlation coefficient between EC and BC was founded to be 0.72 with 0.81 (n = 49) in autumn, 0.70 (n = 112) in winter and 0.69 (n = 57) in spring, respectively. Absorption coefficients of dust aerosol were estimated to be 2.7 m² g⁻¹ in autumn and 4.4 m² g⁻¹ in winter. The comparison of absorption coefficients of dust aerosol with those of BC implies that BC is the principal light-absorbing aerosol over Xi'an atmosphere. By combining thermal analysis of elemental carbon and dust contents in the aerosol samples, however, the fraction of dust absorption to total light absorption is estimated to be 19% in autumn and 31% in winter, respectively.     

碳酸盐碳测定在沙尘暴来源地识别中的应用

根据中国大气颗粒物特点 ,在国内沙尘暴研究中首次尝试利用碳酸盐碳进行沙尘暴来源地识别。测定了一系列黄沙、大气颗粒物和沙尘暴源区土壤样品。初步了解了上述样品中碳酸盐碳含量情况 ,结合国外研究结果对影响北京的沙尘暴源区进行推测并与其他方法作了比较     

北京市大气PM10源解析研究

于2004年在北京市定陵、车公庄、古城、亦庄、房山和奥体中心6个采样点采集大气PM10环境样品,针对北京市颗粒物主要排放源采集土壤尘、建筑水泥尘、燃煤等污染源PM10样品,分别对其中的无机元素、离子、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)进行测定。采用代表北京市颗粒物主要排放源PM10组分特征的成分谱,利用CMB受体模型对PM10来源进行解析。结果表明,PM10的最大来源为土壤尘,其它贡献源类依次为燃煤排放、机动车/燃油排放、二次粒子(SO42-、NO3-和NH4 )、建筑水泥尘。污染源贡献具有明显的季节变化,并存在一定的地域变化。