临安大气本底站酸雨污染变化特征与影响因素分析

利用临安大气本底站酸雨观测数据,研究临安大气本底站降水pH,酸雨发生频率的时间分布特征、变化趋势及其影响因素;借助后向轨迹分析法分析输送形势对临安大气本底站酸雨的影响。研究表明:最近6年间临安大气本底站降水pH各月均值均小于4.5,均达到强酸雨的程度;临安大气本底站的酸雨发生频率表现为夏季低、秋季高;1985—2009年临安大气本底站降水的年均pH全部达到酸雨程度。根据Daniel趋势检验,临安大气本底站年均降水pH总体上呈逐年下降的趋势。风速越小,酸雨出现频率就越高;降水pH受降水量的影响较大。临安大气本底站的酸雨与降水前的大气中SO2浓度存在负相关的关系。根据气团的来向与酸雨污染程度的关系分析,临安大气本底站的酸雨污染受到其北部地区和浙西地区的酸雨气体物输送的影响较大。临安大气本底站的酸雨污染特征已由原来的硫酸型转为硫酸型与硝酸型并重。     

伊犁河谷大气酸沉降变化趋势

对2007—2014年伊犁河谷大气降水监测结果进行分析,结合伊犁河谷流域相对湿润、封闭的地形地貌和逆温气候资源特征与煤化工、煤电发展态势,类比预测了酸雨前体物的增加对伊犁河谷大气降水p H值变化趋势的影响。研究结果表明:目前伊犁河谷大气降水尚处于本底水平,城市人类活动对伊犁河谷大气降水酸雨前体物SO2、NOx的贡献高于郊区。伊犁河谷酸雨前体物SO2、NOx排放强度与大气降水硫酸盐和硝酸盐实际监测浓度相存在正相关性。类比同处于新疆干旱区乌鲁木齐市出现酸雨年度的情况,"十三五"期间,伊犁河谷大规模煤电、煤化工基地的建设,酸雨前体物排放量大幅增加,将会造成酸雨发生的风险。     

山东省城市大气降水pH值观测结果及其初步分析

通过对山东省十七个主要城市2003年大气降水观测数据的统计分析,对大气降水pH值的时空分布特征和酸雨频率进行了分析。结果表明,山东省酸雨主要出现在秋季和冬季;鲁北平原、鲁中南的莱芜地区,胶东半岛地区频率较高。从酸雨与气象条件的初步分析得出,风速越小时,地面风对酸雨的贡献就相对增大;冬季接地逆温的存在为酸雨形成提供了极其有利的条件。文章并从气象角度对酸雨成因机理作了初步的分析。     

奎屯市大气降水现状分析及评价

为了解奎屯市大气降水状况及主要污染物,奎屯市监测站于2002年对大气降水进行了为期一年的酸雨监测。本文根据监测结果,介绍了奎屯市酸雨现状,对其成因进行了分析,并提出防治酸雨污染的可行性建议。     

广安市城区2010年上半年酸雨频率较高的成因分析

通过对广安市城区近几年及2010年上半年大气降水监测结果的分析,结合当地地形地貌、污染源排放等影响因素,初步分析了火电厂排污对广安市酸雨的贡献以及可能造成该市城区酸雨发生频率较高的原因,并提出了改善大气环境质量、缓解酸雨污染的对策建议。     

泰州市降水主要特征及酸雨成因浅析

对泰州市1996年—2000年降水主要特征及酸雨成因进行了分析。结果表明,泰州市酸雨出现频率高,5年来降水pH均值均<5.6,降水酸度和酸雨出现频率无明显变化;降水中化学成分以SO42-为主,NO3-质量浓度值呈上升趋势;酸雨出现频率的季节变化规律为:冬、春季>秋季>夏季,与SO2在不同季节质量浓度变化规律较一致;酸雨的形成可能受本地大气污染物和异地大气污染物的共同影响;酸性降水的形成与气象条件有关。     

酸雨监测回顾与我国酸雨污染监测网的建立

酸雨做为一个环境问题在中国只有不到二十年的历史,从有组织的观测至今不超过十五年.与北欧最早的酸雨观测相比,我们晚了三十年;与北美的酸雨研究性观测晚了二十年.1972年联合国人类环境会议上,瑞典政府提出了“跨越国界的大气污染——大气和沉降物中硫对环境的影响”的报告,此后酸性大气沉降物——酸雨(包括干、湿沉降)才引起各国政府的普遍重视,成为当今世界范围内重要的环境问题之一.     

不同粒径大气气溶胶的酸度

(一)前言:近年来,酸雨问题引起人们广泛的注意。不同的学科领域,如:环境化学、生物学、土壤学等已有大量的研究。虽然对许多问题还有待更深入的研究,以求得到统一的认识,但越来越多的研究表明,酸雨的产生与大气颗粒物有着极为密切的关系,具有酸性的气溶胶粒子是酸雨产生的重要来源。     

论广州地区酸雨防治对策

自1983到1989年,广州地区降水中[H~+]年均值从4.37μg/l发展到45.71μg/l,六年增加了9.5倍.pH年均值从5.36降至4.34,酸雨频率增加了18%,酸雨污染的趋势一年比一年重,而且在珠江三角洲内,邻近广州的主要城市,酸雨污染发展也很迅速.因此,酸雨对环境生态的影响如何?造成多大的损失?是众所关心的问题.但是对酸雨造成的经济损失,在国外也是近年才开展研究.我国“七·五”期间,在华南地区就酸雨对农林生态及材料腐蚀的影响开始立题研究.这些研究工作尚未最后结束,因此,还无法对厂州地区酸雨     

大气颗粒物中水溶性离子化学组成和分布特征研究

采用离子色谱法对甘肃陇南地区大气颗粒物中的水溶性阴、阳离子进行了全面的分析测定,同时对水溶性离子的组成特征、分布状况以及与酸雨的关系进行了研究.     

乌鲁木齐市冬季大气污染特征及区域集中供热的环境效益浅析

乌鲁木齐市区冬季大气污染严重，属煤烟型污染，究其原因主要有三点：市区处在三面环山的谷地之中，冬季不利于污染物扩散的气象条件；采期煤耗的增加，在大气污染物总排放量明显高于其它季节，而改善市区大气环境质量的有效途径之一就是实现区域集中供热。本文针对乌鲁木齐市幸福路区域集中供热站拟扩建的３台２９ＭＷ热水锅炉，说明区域集中供热对减少污染物排放量，改善大气环境质量有明显的作用。     

榆林市大气中主要污染物浓度变化规律初探

本文初探了干旱的榆林地区大气污染物浓度变化规律。指出悬浮微粒污染最严重,SO_2次之,NO_x最轻,描述了各种污染物季节变化规律。     

齐齐哈尔市大气微生物污染水平

通过对不同月份大气微生物数据分析得出：一年中１、２月份污染轻；６～１０月份污染重，通过对不同功能区大气微生物数据分析得出：人群密集、绿化差的“一百”采样点污染重，人群稀疏、绿化较好的“二厂”采样点污染较轻．与此同时应用制定的污染分级标准划分了各功能区、各月污染状况．     

BP网络应用于大气颗粒物的源解析

应用BP网络对大气颗粒物进行源解析,将大气采集样本中的元素含量和大气颗粒物源成分谱构成训练样本集,用BP网络进行训练,由训练好的网络的权值可以计算出大气颗粒物的污染排放源的权重贡献率.将BP源解析法的计算结果与其它源解析法得到的结果比较,表明BP网络应用于大气颗粒物的源解析是可行的.     

Long-term use of galvanized steel in external applications. Aspects of patina formation, zinc runoff, barrier properties of surface treatments, and coatings and environmental fate

Galvanized steel structures are used in a large variety of external constructions in the modern urban society, and their beneficial properties from a corrosion and oxidation perspective are well known. Less investigated is the extent of their contribution to the diffuse dispersion of zinc in the society and also to the environmental fate of corrosion-induced released zinc. This paper presents long-term runoff rates of zinc from galvanized steel surfaces with main focus on hot-dipped galvanized steel exposed for up to 10 years at nonsheltered urban atmospheric conditions. The long-term capacities of a naturally formed patina and the presence of surface treatments and coatings to hinder and reduce corrosion-induced zinc runoff from galvanized steel are elucidated. The environmental interaction of zinc runoff and concrete surfaces in pavement and urban storm drain systems is highlighted and the high capacity of concrete to retain released zinc presented.     

Monitoring cyclical air/water elemental mercury exchange

Previous experimental work has demonstrated that elemental mercury evasion from natural water displays a diel cycle; evasion rates during the day can be two to three times evasion rates observed at night. A study with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) found that diurnal PCB air/water exchange rates exceeded nocturnal exchange rates by 32%. Given that the exchange rates of both PCBs and elemental mercury are dominated by the resistance in the aqueous thin film at the air/water interface and that water column elemental mercury concentrations in natural water bodies also display a diel cycle (and water column PCB concentrations do not) the findings here suggest that PCBs can serve as a tracer to assess the relative contribution of diel atmospheric temperature variations on elemental mercury air/water exchange rates. Using previously published data describing water column elemental mercury concentrations and the previously published diel mercury evasion model, four evasion scenarios are examined within the context of monitoring air/water toxicant exchange: constant atmospheric temperatures and constant water column elemental mercury concentrations; variable atmospheric temperatures and constant water column elemental mercury concentrations; constant atmospheric temperatures and variable water column elemental mercury concentrations; and variable atmospheric temperatures and variable water column elemental mercury concentrations. A scenario of monthly elemental mercury air/water exchange also is examined (at constant atmospheric and water column elemental mercury concentrations). Some of the findings include: (1) atmospheric temperature variations do have a significant effect on air/water toxicant exchange; (2) diel atmospheric temperature variations become more significant to overall diel toxicant exchange rates the closer the air/water system is to equilibrium conditions; (3) for refractory toxicants, average diel exchange rates are best estimated by averaging datasets obtained over a 24 h period or, at minimum, by measuring exchange rates at average atmospheric temperature values; (4) for elemental mercury, variable diel water column concentrations are likely to be the dominant contributor to variations in diel evasion rates; (5) diel atmospheric temperature variations amplify the magnitudes of both diel mercury evasion and absorption events and can shift maximum evasion rates to later in the day; (6) variations in monthly elemental mercury air/water exchange rates may exceed diel variations: and (7) 24 h and monthly monitoring efforts will likely be required to accurately describe diel and annual elemental mercury air/water exchange in a given system.     

The role of atmospheric circulation system playing in coupling relationship between spring NPP and precipitation in East Asia area

In many East Asia regions, spring (from March to May) precipitation is an important restricting factor to vegetation growth, and atmospheric circulation system may influence spring precipitation patter. It is helpful to under the response of ecosystem to climate change by studying the influence of atmospheric circulation system on the coupling relationship between spring net primary productivity and precipitation. Driving CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach) NPP (Net Primary Productivity) model, we estimated spring NPP for East Asia area (70 degrees E-1 70 degrees E, 10 degrees N-70 degrees N) from 1982 to 1999, and by the method of singular value decomposition we further analyzed the coupling features of spring NPP with precipitation. The result showed that the response features of NPP to precipitation were mainly embodied within the leading six NPP-precipitation paired-modes. The interpretation rates of the leading six paired-modes to the covariance of NPP-precipitation were 42.91, 23.29, 9.96, 5.60, 5.04 and 3.95%, respectively, and total to 90.75%. The temporal correlation coefficients of the leading six paired-modes were 0.830, 0.889, 0.841, 0.747, 0.912 and 0.923, respectively, and all the correlations were significant at significant level of 0.001. In some high latitude regions, there was no obviously corresponding relationship between NPP and precipitation in the leading two paired-modes, and the reason of it may be that spring temperature was the main restricting factor to NPP. In middle and low latitude regions, the effect of precipitation on NPP was relatively more notable. Nine atmospheric circulation factors in spring affected the patterns of NPP and precipitation greatly, and the regions with interpretation rate over 50% shared 60.41 and 65.58% of the whole study area, respectively.     

基于B—P网络的大气环境质量评价

选取大气环境质量标准作为运算样本，以大气污染物各级标准值作为样本输入信息，建立了大气环境质量的Ｂ－Ｐ网络评价模型，该模型用于武汉市大气环境质量评价，并与用模糊数学评价结果比较，表明Ｂ－Ｐ人工神经网络用于大气环境质量评价具有通用性、合理性和实用性。     

典型金属冶炼城市降尘中重金属污染特征及风险评价

2021年1-3月,采集湖南省某典型金属冶炼城市不同功能区的降尘样品,分析测定了17种重金属元素含量,其中15种重金属元素含量超出了湖南背景值,分别为Ag、Fe、Cd、Ti、Sb、Tl、Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Mo、Ni、Cr、Ba、Mn。采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评价模型对大气降尘中重金属可能造成的生态风险和健康风险进行评价。结果表明:受长期的有色金属冶炼影响,Ag、Cd、Fe、Sb、Ti、Tl 6种重金属达到了极重度污染,Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Mo在中度污染程度以上。工业区的综合生态危害指数远高于工业居民混合区、工业农业混合区、居民区和交通区,达到了极强生态危害级别。健康风险评价结果显示:大气降尘中As和Pb存在非致癌风险,As、Cd和Ni存在致癌风险,且经口摄入是最主要的暴露途径。与青少年和儿童相比,大气降尘中重金属对成人造成的风险较高,且成年女性面临的风险高于成年男性。     

大气连续采样在乌鲁木齐应用分析

对乌鲁木齐市大气连续采样方法试运行实验进行总结，比较了以往的定时采样方法后认为，连续采样方法更准确反映本地大气污染物的状况。