氟喹诺酮类抗生素在水环境中的去除研究综评

介绍了水环境中氟喹诺酮类抗生素的危害，分析了其在污泥吸附、微生物降解和光降解作用下的去除机理。综述了去除氟喹诺酮类抗生素的常规处理技术（活性污泥法和人工湿地）、深度处理技术（高级氧化和膜处理），以及新型处理技术（超声降解、土壤渗滤系统和生物电强化）的研究进展与优劣，指出不同反应体系的去除机理和途径不一致，需要针对多相、多污染介质的复杂实际环境开展进一步研究。     

SBR、PAC-SBR反应器处理制药废水污泥变化特征

本文探讨了SBR和PAC-SBR反应器处理盐酸林可霉素原料液生产废水过程中活性污泥特征的变化．随着废水投加量的增加，PAC-SBR反应器的污泥性能始终优于SBR反应器，但是由于盐酸林可霉素原料液生产废水对生物较强的抑制作用，PAC-SBR反应器和SER反应器中污泥的活性均发生恶化，COD去除率已明显下降，单独采用SBR或PAC-SBR法处理已难以达到排放标准，必须进行工艺的组合．PAC-SBR反应器较SBR反应器在污泥性质及处理效率上均有一定的改善，处理盐酸林可霉素原料药生产废水有一定的优势．     

微污染水源水中污染物质的控制和净化技术

微污染水源水中含有微量的有害污染物，对这些污染物的去除，除要保留或改进传统的处理工艺外，还要附加生化或特种物化处理工序，目前采用最多的净化处理工艺是预处理和深度处理，在此基础上还发展了纳滤膜、电生物反应器、膜生物反应器、生物活性滤池等技术，这些技术的发展为微污染水源水的处理提供了新的途径。     

膜集成污水再生技术

传统的水处理方法无法满足以再生回用为目的的污水深度处理的要求，必须依靠与膜技术的组合与集成来实现。应用于污水资源化的膜技术有微滤、超滤、反渗透、纳滤及膜生物反应器等。通过微滤或超滤处理二级废水，可以去除水中的悬浮物、细菌、胶体和病毒，出水可达到杂用水标准。通过纳滤、反渗透对三级废水进行进一步处理，可去除废水中的溶解性杂质（有机物及有害矿物质），处理后水质可以达到自来水标准。通过膜生物反应器（MBR）技术建设小区中水回用工程以及对工业和市政污水处理装置进行技术及规模升级。     

人工湿地污水处理工艺及除污机理

对人工湿地污水处理工艺及其对水中污染物的去除机理进行了综述，并对人工湿地处理污水的技术进行了展望。     

膜生物反应器在废水处理中的研究及应用

膜生物反应器是将膜分离技术与生物处理工艺相结合的一种新型废水处理技术．综合论述了膜生物反应器的发展概况、基本原理、技术特点及分类等．     

污水处理中的新型填料及对磷的去除作用研究现状

滤料是生物滤池、生物接触氧化池、人工湿地等污水处理单元中的核心组成部分,其对处理效果和运行控制极为重要。随着污水处理中这几项污水处理工艺的发展,滤料的研究也受到越来越多的重视。本文重点介绍了常规滤料以及几种新型填料:生物陶粒、生物填料、组合填料等,介绍了这几种新型滤料的工艺特性及制备方法,并通过应用实例研究其对磷的去除作用,并与传统填料做了对比。最后,在此基础上,对未来新型填料的研究提出了展望。     

应用β-内酰胺酶类去除抗生素污染的方法探索

内酰胺类抗生素的广泛使用在水体中造成了严重的残留问题。为了寻找到清除水体中β-内酰胺类抗生素残留的方法,文章实验比较了包埋法、交联法固定β-内酰胺酶对β-内酰胺类抗生素的清除效果,发现交联法固定的β-内酰胺酶类对抗生素去除效果优于包埋法。基于抗生素对大肠杆菌抑制效果的实验,发现不同的β-内酰胺酶类对抗生素的去除效果存在差异,其中NDM酶、KPC酶对氨苄和卡纳抗生素的去除效果最佳。经交联法固定的NDM酶能有效地去除氨苄,且可多次重复使用。β-内酰胺酶类作为一种新型抗生素分解剂,在降解环境中残留抗生素中有良好的应用前景。     

膜生物反应器在污水处理中的应用研究

综述了膜生物反应器的发展历程和膜生物反应器在污水处理中的应用研究现状，并就膜污染问题的机理及其研究情况进行了介绍．     

硝化污泥低温冲击强化试验

采用完全好氧式膜生物反应器富集耐低温硝化污泥，通过低温冲击强化试验研究硝化污泥的耐低温特性。结果表明，低温对硝化污泥中微生物的群落多样性影响较大，温度越低，微生物多样性越低。低温强化组投加了耐低温高硝化菌含量硝化污泥，使得硝化菌在反应器内生长趋势良好，对低温冲击的恢复更有效果，且低温硝化污泥比中温硝化污泥具有更好的氨氮及亚硝氮去除效果。     

COD adsorption capacity of the activated sludge — Its determination and application in the activated sludge process

Proper control of the activated sludge process is essential in ensuring production of good effluent. COD adsorption capacity (CAC) of the activated sludge could be used as a control parameter. CAC is determined by mixing the activated sludge with the settled sewage and measuring the instantaneous COD reduction per unit mass of activated sludge. CAC measures substrate removal by physical adsorption and reflects the quality of the activated sludge. CAC of a healthy activated sludge increases with the flow along the aeration units. CAC could be used for process decision on variation in air supply and feed pattern to the aeration units. In a modified process to cope with sludge bulking problem, CAC could be used to estimate the air supply to the aeration unit which is merely used for reaerating the returned sludge.     

Effectiveness of three configurations of membrane bioreactors on the removal of priority and emergent organic compounds from wastewater: comparison with conventional wastewater treatments

In this work the effectiveness of membrane bioreactors as advanced treatment on the removal of emergent and priority organic compounds in wastewater treatment plants has been evaluated during a one-year monitoring study. The studied wastewater treatment plant operates with flat sheet and hollow fibre membranes in two parallel lines. Moreover, a reverse osmosis module connected in series after the hollow fibre membrane was evaluated for one month. Comparison of membrane bioreactor and conventional activated sludge treatment was also investigated, as well as the influence of the physicochemical properties of the compounds on the removal rates achieved. Sixteen pharmaceutical compounds belonging to seven therapeutic groups and eight priority organic pollutants, including linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, nonylphenol and its ethoxylates and phthalate, were monitored. The highest mean concentrations corresponded to priority organic pollutants (309 μg L(-1) of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate C(12)) followed by pharmaceutical compounds (24.5 μg L(-1) of ibuprofen). No significant difference of effectiveness was found among flat sheet and hollow fibre membranes. However, an improvement was obtained with the addition of a reverse osmosis module for most of the compounds. Biodegradation has been shown as the main route involved in the removal of organic compounds during both technologies.     

使用撬装式生物反应器处理含油污泥的现场试验

以长庆油田华池作业区93#井场的修井油泥为对象,添加石油降解菌剂、营养盐、膨松剂,使用撬装式生物反应器控制反应温度及提供全面的机械搅拌增进溶氧量与营养物质的传递速率,对初始含油量为7.24%的含油污泥进行24d的生物强化降解后,含油量下降为0.23%。结果表明,使用撬装式生物反应器可以使微生物快速高效的降解石油污染物,...     

一种新型微生物絮凝剂的制备及对Cu2+去除性能的探究

以城市污水处理厂的脱水污泥为原料,通过超声波细胞破碎制备微生物絮凝剂。采用控制变量法考察污泥浓度、超声波破碎时间对絮凝剂絮凝效果的影响,并探究絮凝液的投加量、pH值、温度、振荡时间、振荡频率、共存金属等因素对5 mg/L Cu^2+模拟废水的去除效果,分析了微生物絮凝剂去除Cu^2+的作用机理。结果表明:当污泥质量浓度为100 g/L,超声波破碎时间15 min时,絮凝剂的絮凝效果最好;当pH值为6.5,温度50℃,絮凝液投加量40 mL,振荡时间1 min,振荡频率200 r/min时去除效果最佳。     

Repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (REP-PCR) as a method used for bulking process detection in activated sludge

Bulking of activated sludge is a world-widely prevalent problem and can lead to loss of bio-oxidation, further deterioration of effluent quality, and even to a complete breakdown of the entire treatment process. Most common reasons of bulking are bacterial community changes, especially excessive growth of filamentous bacteria or excess of biopolymers on surface of non-filamentous microbes. Because of complex nature of the bulking phenomenon, the successful bulking control strategy finding is still a very important need awaiting new options and advices. The repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (REP-PCR) fingerprinting method has been applied to distinguish bacterial community in non-bulking and bulking activated sludge. The characteristic REP-PCR fingerprinting patterns, using the Ward??s clustering method, have been analyzed to determine homology/similarity relation between particular non-bulking and bulking sludge sampling. The received clustering results were in high concordance with activated sludge typing done based on physicochemical sludge analysis. The choice and application of molecular typing method in sludge analysis will depend upon the needs, skill level, and resources of the laboratory. The proposed REP-PCR method and statistical analysis of fingerprinting patterns seems to be simple, rapid, and effective methods to show differences between population in non-bulking and bulking activated sludge. It is easy to implement, and it may be useful for routinely activated sludge monitoring as well as may be helpful in early detection of bulking process.     

One independent variable rate equation describing utilization of biodegradable organic matter in activated sludge processes

This investigation aims to represent aerobic utilization of biodegradable organic matter present in wastewater by a rate equation. This rate equation can then be used to develop a substrate utilization (removal) kinetic model for unsteady state activated sludge process. To achieve this objective, theoretical utilization of biodegradable organic matter in batch process and growth pattern theory were studied. Also, experimental data representing removal of organic matter in different types of wastewaters were collected and analyzed for batch and continuous activated sludge assays. A rate equation was proposed to describe the utilization of biodegradable organic matter based on theoretical analysis of batch process. This rate equation was then verified through differential and integral analysis of the experimental data. Furthermore, a substrate kinetic model for batch and continuous processes was developed. The developed rate equation will facilitate the analysis and design of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology for biological treatment of wastewater.     

Phthalates removal efficiency in different wastewater treatment technology in the Eastern Cape,South Africa

The removal capacity of different wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) technologies adopted in rural areas for phthalate was investigated in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Wastewater samples collected from three selected WWTPs which use activated sludge (AS), trickling filter (TF), and oxidation pond (OP) technology were extracted using the solid-phase extraction method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The six selected phthalate esters (PAEs) dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) were detected in all the samples collected from the WWTPs. DBP was the most abundant compound in the influent, effluent, and sludge samples with a maximum detection of 2497 μgL^?1, 24.2 μgL^?1, and 1249 μg/g dW, respectively, followed by DEHP and BBP. There was a relatively high removal capacity achieved by AS in Alice, TF in Berlin, and OP in Bedford with a removal efficiency that varied between 77 and 99%, 76 and 98%, and 61 and 98%, respectively. A high significant correlation of PAE removal with total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity suggests that the removal performance proceeded more through adsorption on settling particles and sludge than on biodegradation. However, the concentrations of PAEs detected in the final effluent and sludge samples exceeded acceptable levels allowed internationally for a safe aquatic environment. AS may have exhibited a more stable and better performance across the different seasons; however, pollution source control still deserves a special attention to prevent the risk posed by these micropollutants.     

Investigation of organic nitrogen and carbon removal in the aerobic digestion of various sludges

Nitrification and carbon removal are investigated in aerobicbatch digestion of various sludges. The experiments arecarried out with activated sludge (Test 1) and with amixture of activated and primary settling sludge (Test2). The nitrification rate was monitored, measuring theNO₂ ^- concentration. At the 3rd day of thedigestion 40.7 mg_NO2-N/l and 3.89 mg_NO2-N/l werefound in Tests 1 and 2 respectively. In a digestion process,the degradation of biomass indicates the beginning of theendogenous phase. Our measure for biomass content of thesludge was protein analysis. In Test 1, the first day valuesof 50.93 mg_TOC/ g_{dry matter}/day and 138.53mg_protein-C/g_{dry matter}/day for specific TOC andprotein-C removal rates showed, that the digestion processbegan in the endogenous phase. For Test 2, since theendogenous phase began after removal of raw organic matter inprimary settling sludge, specific TOC and protein-C removalrates were observed to be 60.12 mg_TOC/g_{dry matter}/dayand 26.72 mg_protein-C/g_{dry matter}/day,respectively.