非离子氨对NO-2-N作用于草鱼种毒性的影响

在(25±1)℃水温条件下,通过急性毒性实验,探讨非离子氨对NO-2-N作用于草鱼种毒性的影响.结果表明,在不加非离子氨时,N0-2N对草鱼种48 hrLC50和96 hrLC50值分别为6.76、5.99mg/L,而当非离子氨达0.8 mg/L,其值分别为3.54、2.41 mg/L.这说明非离子氨增强了NO-2-N对草鱼种的致死效应.     

不同藻密度条件下铜绿微囊藻与大型溞的相互影响

通过设置模拟摄食试验,使用铜绿微囊藻藻液及滤液对大型溞同时进行急性毒理试验,探讨了不同藻密度条件下铜绿微囊藻与大型溞之间的相互影响。结果表明,大型溞的摄食行为对铜绿微囊藻的生长有抑制,抑制作用随藻密度升高而下降,中、低藻密度(1.01×108mL~(-1)、1.01×107mL~(-1))下的抑制率分别为54.6%、65.7%,高密度(1.01×109mL~(-1))下的抑制率为29.7%。同时,铜绿微囊藻对大型溞有毒性作用,在毒理试验中,藻液组24 h和48 h的LC50值分别为0.455×107mL~(-1)和0.036×107mL~(-1),滤液组24 h和48 h的LC50值分别为1.299×107mL~(-1)和0.179×107mL~(-1)。藻液组的LC50值明显低于滤液组,结合镜检表明,大型溞摄食铜绿微囊藻,铜绿微囊藻对大型溞的毒性影响以胞内毒素为主。在藻-溞微生态系统中,当藻密度低时,大型溞种群对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果显著,藻细胞被摄食殆尽后大型溞迅速死亡;当藻密度适中时,大型溞种群对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果良好,存活时间最长;当藻密度高时,大型溞种群受藻毒素强烈影响,短时间内死亡殆尽,对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果差。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定苯酚及其氯化中间产物

采用高效液相色谱法同时测定次氯酸钠氧化降解苯酚过程中苯酚及其5种氯化中间体，确定了检测波长，讨论了pH值对测定的影响。方法线性良好，苯酚、2-氯苯酚、4-氯苯酚、2，6-二氯苯酚、2，4-二氯苯酚、2，4，6-三氯苯酚的检出限分别为0．01mg／L、0．02mg／L、0．02mg／L、0．02mg／L、0．02mg／L、0．02mg／L，标准溶液测定的相对标准偏差≤0．8％，样品加标回收率为96．0％～102％。     

基于荧光素酶发光体系测试饮用水中农药的综合毒性

利用农药对荧光素酶催化的发光反应具有非常显著的抑制作用,对甲拌磷、乐果、毒死蜱、百草枯等4种农药分别进行单一毒性和等比混合法联合毒性测试,建立了一种快速检测饮用水中农药综合毒性的生物学方法。试验结果表明,单一农药乐果、甲拌磷、百草枯和毒死蜱的EC50值分别为7.56 mg/L、12.7 mg/L、19.0 mg/L和65.3 mg/L,毒性强弱顺序为乐果甲拌磷百草枯毒死蜱,相关系数≥0.995;将4种农药以等比方式配制成两两混合液后,当质量浓度为20.0 mg/L~100 mg/L时,除百草枯与毒死蜱表现为毒性协同外,其他两两混合农药的毒性以拮抗作用为主。     

离子色谱法测定地表水和饮用水中亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐和氯酸盐

采用KOH梯度淋洗离子色谱法测定地表水和饮用水中ClO2-、BrO3-和ClO3-，在试验确定的条件下，3种离子与F-、Cl-、NO2-、NO3-、SO2-4、Br-、I-等7种离子分离度良好。 ClO2-、BrO3-、ClO3-在50．0μg/L～1000μg/L范围内线性良好，检出限分别为5．2μg/L、8．9μg/L、7．6μg/L，环境水样加标平行测定的RSD分别为2．1％～5．4％、4．1％～5．4％、2．5％～4．8％，两个质量浓度水平加标的平均回收率分别为93．7％～96．5％、90．3％～94．8％、98．7％～111％。     

对苯二酚对海洋底栖双壳类毛蚶和紫贻贝毒性效应研究

通过对中国近岸常见底栖双壳类毛蚶（Scapharca subcrenata）、紫贻贝（Mytilus edulis）急性和慢性毒性试验，运用Log-logistic模型及Weibull毒性效应阈值模型计算对苯二酚对2种受试生物的半致死效应浓度（LC₅₀）、非检测效应浓度（NDEC)及无观测效应浓度（NOEC）；分析慢性毒性试验对受试生物体质量、体长及消化腺超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响。结果显示，对苯二酚对毛蚶、紫贻贝的LC₅₀分别为34.10和66.50 mg/L，NDEC分别为0.36和0.50 mg/L，NOEC分别为0.40和0.60 mg/L。慢性试验周期内受试生物体质量、体长的组内与组间差异不显著（P>0.1）；SOD酶活性仅在个别时间段对照组和处理组间存在显著差异（P<0.05）。     

生物综合毒性分析仪的毒性测试方法及适用范围研究

比较研究了三种常用便携式生物综合毒性分析仪测定重金属及有机污染的灵敏度,初步提出了仪器使用注意事项及建议使用范围。结果表明,基于生物发光原理的Toxscreen-II和Deltatox仪器对重金属污染敏感,Toxscreen-II测得Hg、Cr(VI)、As的EC50值分别为0.0082、0.07、4.41mg/L;基于化学发光原理的Eclox对有机污染敏感,Eclox的EC50(苯酚)为1.21mg/L。鉴于综合毒性分析仪中等毒性检测限高于我国地表水标准限值,建议该类仪器更适用于环境污染事故中污染水体的毒性初筛判定。     

烷基酚类化合物对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性效应

采用斑马鱼胚胎发育技术,观察邻甲酚、对甲酚、间甲酚和2,4-二叔丁基酚联合作用对斑马鱼胚胎的影响,以研究烷基酚类化合物的毒性.结果表明,4种受试物的联合对斑马鱼胚胎发育均有明显的抑制作用及不同程度的致死等效应.Ohpf染毒主要表现为:24 h后卵凝结和尾部无延展,眼点发育受抑制及无主动活动;48 h卵凝结和心率异常,无黑色素和心包囊水肿;72 h卵凝结和未孵化等效应.     

高效液相色谱法测定稻田中丙草胺残留

用二氯甲烷提取稻田水和水稻植株样品中的丙草胺，稻田土壤样品用二氯甲烷-甲醇混合溶剂（体积比为9∶1）提取，再用高效液相色谱仪测定。方法在0．02 mg/L～2．00 mg/L的范围内线性良好，相关系数为0．9998；稻田水、土壤，水稻植株中丙草胺的检出限分别为0．001 mg/L、0．005 mg/kg、0．01 mg/kg；对稻田水、土壤和水稻植株分别做3个浓度水平的加标回收试验，重复5次，平均回收率在75．5％～84．7％之间，测定结果的相对标准偏差为2．0％～10．5％。     

地面水中氨,硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐,氯化物,正磷酸盐,总硬度和硅酸盐的同时测定

用AQUA800辨别分析仪同时测定地面水中的氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氯化物、正磷酸盐、总硬度和硅酸盐,是一种简便、迅速、准确、可靠的测定方法,样品无需预处理,精密度试验其变异系数分别为1．24％、2．18％、2．02％、2．67％、2．35％、3．57％、4．78％,加标回收率分别为103．5％、101．0％、95．0％、99．2％、97．6％、101．5％、98．0％,方法检测限分别为氨0．022mg／L,硝酸盐0．015mp／L,亚硝酸盐0．002tug／L,氯化物0．47mg／L,正磷酸盐0．015mg／L,总硬度17．6mg／L,硅酸盐0．55mg/L,能满足地面水中辨别分析仪同时测定氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐点化物、正磷酸盐、总硬度和硅酸盐分析测定的要求。     

Chironomid mouthpart deformities as indicator of environmental quality: a case study in Lake Trasimeno (Italy)

The aim of the present study was to monitor mouthpart deformities of Chironomus plumosus (Insecta-Diptera) in Lake Trasimeno (2000-2010) in relation with sediment contamination by heavy metals, which is one of the main causes of deformity induction. In Lake Trasimeno, concentrations of heavy metals in the investigated littoral zone were low, in comparison with those of the central area. By contrast, the incidence of deformities was much higher in the littoral station (2006-2009) than in the central area. In the littoral zone, the deformities progressively decreased and by 2010 reached values similar to those observed in the central area (2000-2002, 2010). This decrease was mainly due to the reduction of severe deformities, thus indicating an environmental quality recovery of this littoral sector. Chemical analysis revealed that the higher incidence of deformities in the littoral zone was not caused by heavy metal contamination, unless they may have contributed to a joint action with other toxicants. The present study on Lake Trasimeno provided additional evidence that chironomid mouthpart deformities can be used in biomonitoring programs to evaluate sediment contamination by toxicants. Since mouthpart deformities may also be induced by compounds not included in routine chemical analyses, they may better reflect sediment quality than chemical analysis alone.     

Dissolved insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the Pearl River Estuary and South China Sea

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as organochlorine (OCl) insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), together with the new generation of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, are of global concern, due to their widespread occurrence, persistence, bioaccumulation and hormone disruption potential. This paper represents an attempt to study the source and transportation of such pollutants in estuarine and coastal environments as an integrated ecosystem, by determining the levels of 18 OCl insecticides, 21 PCB congeners, and 17 OP insecticides in the Pearl River Estuary and South China Sea. The total concentrations varied from 126-1198 ng l(-1) for OCl insecticides, 33.38-1064 ng l(-1) for PCB congeners, and 4.44-6356 ng l(-1) for OP insecticides in the Pearl River Estuary. In comparison, their levels in the South China Sea were significantly lower, varying from 57.09-202 ng l(-1) for OCl insecticides, 21.72-144 ng l(-1) for PCBs, and 1.27-122 ng l(-1) for OP insecticides, respectively. The predominance of beta-HCH in HCHs, and DDE in DDTs in all water samples was clearly observed, suggesting beta-HCH and DDE's resistance to further degradation. The PCBs were dominated by those with 3-6 chlorines. The distribution characteristic of OP insecticides shows that five compounds (methamidophos, dimethoate, malathion, dichlorvos and omethoate) accounted for 56% and 72% of the total OP insecticide concentration. The relationship between pollutant concentrations and salinity in the estuary showed that they were all removed during the mixing process, therefore behaving non-conservatively.     

Effect of Potassium Dichromate and Fenitrothion on Hemoglobins of Chironomus Riparius Mg. (Diptera, Chironomidae) Larvae: Potential Biomarker of Environmental Monitoring

In an attempt to identify Chironomus hemoglobins as biomarkers for environmental monitoring, alterations in the hemoglobins in Chironomus riparius Mg. (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae, exposed to potassium dichromate and fenitrothion, were investigated under laboratory conditions. The hemoglobins were evaluated in terms of their total contents by a cyanomethemoglobin procedure, individual components by electrophoresis of isoelectric focusing, and their oxidation by multi wavelength rapid-scanning spectrophotometry. The total hemoglobin contents increased at the high level of fenitrothion exposure. No variations in the individual hemoglobin component levels were found, by exposure to either fenitrothion or potassium dichromate. Whereas, the absorption spectra of the hemoglobins showed decreases in the peaks corresponding to the oxyhemoglobins by exposure to both compounds, but more sensitively by the chromium, which probably reflects the increase of the autoxidation of the oxyhemoglobins to methemoglobins by these compounds. These results suggest that autoxidation of the hemoglobins in Chironomus riparius seems to be a sensitive parameter in response to redox-active chemical exposure, and this biochemical parameter could be developed as a biomarker in environmental monitoring.     

Occurrence and behaviour of organophosphorus insecticides in the River Wuchuan,southeast China

Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides are used worldwide, yet their persistence in the environment is not well understood. This paper summarises recent research on 17 OP insecticides in the River Wuchuan, an important catchment in China, by determining their concentrations in water, soil, sediment and plants by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection (GC-FPD). The concentrations of the total OP insecticides ranged from 92.77 to 229 ng l-1 in river water, 1.61 to 9.93 ng g-1 dry weight in soil, 1.24 to 7.56 ng g-1 dry weight in sediment and 75.28 to 326 ng g-1 dry weight in plants. There was a relatively high abundance of methamidophos, dichlorvos, malathion, omethoate and dimethoate in all water, soil, sediment and plant samples. On average, these five compounds collectively accounted for 64%, 71%, 71% and 54% of the total OP insecticide concentration in water, soil, sediment and plants, respectively, which was similar to the composition of OP insecticides in application formulations used in our study area and in China as a whole. The results therefore reflect the application pattern to some extent, and suggest that the sources of the OP insecticides are mainly from current usage. When compared with other areas, the levels of OP insecticides in the River Wuchuan were moderate. The animal and human risks from exposure to OP insecticides in water and plants were evaluated against relevant threshold values. The results therefore provide important information on the current contamination status of a key agricultural watershed in China, and point to the need for urgent action to control the use of some excessively applied and potentially persistent agrochemicals, such as methamidophos, omethoate and dimethoate.     

Trends in Pesticide Use and Efficacy During 26 Years of Changing Agriculture in Southern England

We report on trends in agricultural pesticide use from1970 to 1995 inclusive in arable crops on the SouthDowns, West Sussex, U.K. Information is given on theproportion of cropped area treated with pesticides,the percentage spray area, the number of pesticideapplications per field, and the number of compoundsapplied per field for herbicides, foliar fungicidesand insecticides. Compared to national publishedfigures, our data are broadly representative of thenational picture; they provide a complete and detailedtime series whereas national figures are available foronly 7 out of the 26 yr. In general, the areatreated (fungicides, insecticides) and the intensityof use (all three types of pesticide) increased overthe 26 yr. The spectrum of activity of theherbicides applied to arable crops increased from anaverage of 22 weed taxa susceptible in 1970 to 38 weedtaxa susceptible in 1995. The odds on herbicide andfungicide use in break crops were, respectively, 93%and 99% lower than average; odds on insecticide usein spring cereals were 98% lower than average. Comparing winter wheat on the most traditional farm(grass/cereal rotation) with the most modern one(monoculture winter wheat), the proportion of fieldstreated with herbicides was similar, but the odds onbeing treated with fungicides were 129% higher on themodern farm. Insecticides were used in only 2% ofthe fields on the traditional farm, while on themodern farm over the same time period, 79% of thefields were treated. This fits previously observeddifferences in wildlife abundance on the two farms.     

Effect of repeated applications of buprofezin and acephate on soil cellulases,amylase, and invertase

The impact of repeated applications of buprofezin and acephate, at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 kg ha^?1, on activities of cellulases, amylase, and invertase in unamended and nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer-amended soil planted with cotton was studied. The nontarget effect of selected insecticides, when applied once, twice, or thrice on soil enzyme activities, was dose-dependent; the activities decreased with increasing concentrations of insecticides. However, there was a rapid decline in activities of enzymes after three repeated applications of insecticides in unamended or NPK-amended soil. Our data clearly suggest that insecticides must be applied judiciously in pest management in order to protect the enzymes largely implicated in soil fertility.     

Determination of bismuth in environmental samples by slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using combined chemical modifiers

Persistence behavior of insecticides chlorpyriphos, profenofos, triazophos, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin following the use of three combination formulations Action 505 (chlorpyriphos?+?cypermethrin), Roket 44EC (profenofos?+?cypermethrin), and Anaconda Plus (triazophos?+?deltamethrin) was studied in cabbage following the spray application at the recommended and double doses. Bio-efficacy of these formulations was also evaluated against mustard aphids (Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.). The residues of different insecticides persisted for 5–8 days at low dose and 8–12 days at high dose. The residues dissipated with time and 87–100 % dissipation was recorded on the 8th day. The half-life values varied from 0.4 to 1.6 days. Based on the acceptable daily intake (ADI) values, a safe waiting period of 1 day has been suggested for the formulations Action 505 and Roket 44EC and 3 days for Anaconda Plus at the recommended dose of application. Action (1.6 L/ha) treatment was found to be the best as it significantly reduced the diamondback moth (DBM) (~60 %) and aphid population (~70 %) besides giving the highest yield (170 % increase over control).     

Monitoring of Butter and Ghee (Clarified Butter Fat) for Pesticidal Contamination from Cotton Belt of Haryana, India

Butter (45) and ghee (55) samples were collected from rural and urban areas of cotton growing belt of Haryana and analysed for detecting the residues of organochlorine, synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. The estimation was carried out by using multi residue analytical technique employing GC-ECD and GC-NPD systems equipped with capillary columns. Butter samples were comparatively more contaminated (97%) than ghee (94%), showing more contamination with organochlorine insecticides from urban samples. About 11% samples of butter showed endosulfan residues above MRL value and 2% samples had residues of synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates each above their respective MRL values. In ghee, residues of HCH & DDT both and of endosulfan exceeded the MRL values in 5 and 20% samples, respectively. Among organophosphates, only chlorpyriphos was detected with 9% samples showing its residue above MRL value. Irrespective of contamination levels, residues above the MRL values were more in ghee. More extensive study covering other agricultural regions/zones of Haryana has been suggested to know the overall scenario of contamination of milk products.     

Characterization of Benthic Communities and Physical Habitat in the Stanislaus, Tuolumne, and Merced Rivers, California

The primary goal of this study was to characterize physical habitat and benthic communities (macroinvertebrates) in the Stanislaus, Tuolumne and Merced Rivers in California’s San Joaquin Valley in 2003. These rivers have been listed as impaired water bodies (303 (d) list) by the State of California due to the presence of organophosphate (OP) insecticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon, Group A pesticides (i.e., organochlorine pesticides), mercury, or unknown toxicity. Based on 10 instream and riparian physical habitat metrics, total physical habitat scores in the Stanislaus River ranged from 124 to 188 (maximum possible total score is 200). The highest total habitat score was reported at the upstream site. Tuolumne River physical habitat scores ranged from 86 to 167. Various Tuolumne River physical habitat metrics, including total habitat score, increased from downstream to upstream in this river. Merced River physical habitat scores ranged from 121 to 170 with a significant increase in various physical habitat metrics, including total habitat score, reported from downstream to upstream. Channel flow (an instream metric) and bank stability (a riparian metric) were the most important physical habitat metrics influencing the various benthic metrics for all three rivers. Abundance measures of benthic macroinvertebrates (5,100 to 5,400 individuals) were similar among the three rivers in the San Joaquin watershed. Benthic communities in all three rivers were generally dominated by: (1) Baetidae species (mayflies) which are a component of EPT taxa generally considered sensitive to environmental degradation; (2) Chironomidae (midges) which can be either tolerant or sensitive to environmental stressors depending on the species; (3) Ephemerellidae (mayflies) which are considered sensitive to pollution stress; and (4) Naididae (aquatic worms) which are generally considered tolerant to environmental stressors. The presence of 117 taxa in the Stanislaus River, 114 taxa in the Tuolumne River and 96 taxa in the Merced River implies that the benthic communities in these streams are fairly diverse but without a clear definition of benthic community expectations it is unknown if these water bodies are actually impaired.     

Diagenesis of settling seston: identity and transformations of organic phosphorus

Solution (31)phosphorus NMR spectroscopy and sequential fractionation were used to follow diagenetic changes in phosphorus forms during decomposition of settling seston in Lake Nordborg, a shallow eutrophic lake in Denmark. In a decomposition experiment, seston released >60% of their total phosphorus during ~50 days incubation, although seston collected during summer contained more phosphorus and released it over a longer period compared to seston collected during spring. Seston decomposition increased concentrations of potentially bioavailable polyphosphate and phosphodiesters, but also promoted the formation of refractory phosphorus forms that might be buried permanently in the sediment. Combining these results with in situ measurements of phosphorus concentrations in lake water and sediment traps revealed that the release from settling seston plays only a minor role in the accumulation of phosphorus in the hypolimnion of Lake Nordborg.