鞍山市城区采暖期大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs的污染特征研究

通过对鞍山市(1个工业区、2个工业区周边、3个居住区、1个对照点)2015年1月采暖期大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的监测,采用BaP当量致毒系数TEF,分析了鞍山市大气PM_(2.5)中典型PAHs毒性当量分布特征。研究表明,鞍山市大气PM2.5中工业区及工业区周边Ba P毒性当量浓度要远高于居住区和对照点,污染物主要由4~6环的PAHs组成,很强致癌BaP当量浓度为9.351~38.59 ng/m3。     

焦炉工人PAHs空气日均暴露浓度分析

用个体采样器对100名受试者进行了可吸入颗粒物和气态样品的24h跟踪采集，并通过梯度洗脱一反相HPLC／可编程序荧光检测法定量分析了样品中14种多环芳烃。结果表明，不同受试人员多环芳烃空气日均暴露浓度存在很大差异，其中焦炉工人受多环芳烃中BaP空气日均暴露浓度为0．5μg／m^3～1．7μg／m^3，炼纲厂工作人员和清洁区办公人员的BaP空气日均暴露浓度分别为0．02μg／m^3和0．01μg／m^3。不同受试人员多环芳烃空气日均暴露在PM10及气相中的分配比例也略有不同，焦炉工人的BaP空气日均暴露浓度有近99％来自PM10，一般人群为93％左右。指出2环、3环多环芳烃主要以气态形式存在，4环至6环多环芳烃主要分布在PM10中。     

试论污染源监测中的质量保证

1 污染源监测的目的和目标环境监测,尤其是污染源监测唯一目的是为环境管理服务.具有我国特色的八项环境管理制度中,有七项直接与污染源监测有关,其重要性由此可见.在我国环境保护工作从定性管理向定量管理,由单项管理向综合整治,由浓度控制向总量控制的转变过程中,污染源监测正在起到重要的作用.我市在“三同时”监测验收以及排污申报工作中对重点污染源的有问题单位的排污申报材料进行有计划的复核监测,正是实现污染源监督监测的重要体现.     

多介质模型在海湾突发性有机污染中的应用及案例分析

为弥补海洋环境监测能力不足,利用受潮汐动力控制海湾中的多介质模型,预测突发性污染发生后海洋环境中污染物的浓度变化信息,并对突发性污染物的迁移转化进行了计算.模型中使用逸度方法和质量平衡算法,预测非挥发性有机物在水、沉积物和鱼中的浓度.在象山港的应用结果表明,该模型可较快速地给出污染物在不同介质中的浓度变化信息,为环境监...     

浅议《恶臭污染物排放标准》的修订

简述了国内外环境恶臭标准发展概况,针对目前国内恶臭标准在实际监测管理中存在的缺少污染种类及采样位置、测算方法等问题,提出增加《恶臭污染物排放标准》中的污染物种类,完善臭气浓度计算方法以及制定地方恶臭排放标准的建议.     

新疆城市放射性废物库环境放射性调查

本文分析了新疆城市放射性废物库2012—2016年的γ剂量率、中子剂量率、表面沾污、氡浓度、土壤中放射性核素比活度以及地表水核素含量变化情况。监测结果表明:新疆城市放射性废物库库区内新库、老暂存库以及库外周围γ辐射剂量率和中子剂量率均处于乌鲁木齐市正常本底水平,表面沾污和氡浓度均未见异常,库区周围环境地表水白鸟湖总α、总β放射性浓度均低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》,土壤中γ核素均在乌鲁木齐市环境土壤天然放射性水平范围中。通过废物库的监测,对掌握新疆城市放射性废物库周边放射性水平,开展环境辐射评价提供了科学依据。     

水样发光细菌急性毒性测试的方式与表征

选取不同类型的环境和污染源水样开展了发光细菌毒性测试,针对不同环境管理目标,探讨了急性毒性定量表征方式。发光细菌急性毒性测试在环境应急监测、水源早期生物预警中,采用绘制毒性预警基线图的方式比较可行。在污染源监督监测中,对于发光抑制率低于60%、无法求出EC50的样品,采用等效毒性参照物的质量浓度表征废水的毒性;对于发光抑制率高于60%,采用稀释因子表示样品的毒性更直观可靠。     

乙酰丙酮荧光分光光度法测定环境空气中的微量甲醛

建立了乙酰丙酮荧光分光光度法测定空气中微量甲醛的方法,选择了最佳实验条件,考察了多种共存物的影响及最大允许量.该方法最低检出限为0.0034μg/ml,相对标准偏差为5.6%,测定空气中甲醛的最低浓度为0.0057mg/m3,可满足室内外环境空气中甲醛本底及受甲醛污染环境的监测.     

浅论《环境应急监测方案》

阐述了《环境应急监测方案》的重要性和作用,探讨了《环境应急监测方案》构成要点和主要内容,指出了编制《环境应急监测方案》过程中应注意的事项.     

饮食业排放废水中COD的监测分析

采用分层随机抽样方法对盐城市城区饮食业排放废水中COD浓度进行了监测，并对监测数据进行了统计分析结果表明，本方法的抽样误差较小，监测结果可以用于对城区饮食业的环境管理。     

煤化工厂烟气中苯并(a)芘现状监测分析

通过试验建立了煤化工厂烟气中苯并(a)芘的液相色谱监测分析方法.通过条件优化,用配有荧光检测器的高效液相色谱仪分析烟气样品中苯并(a)芘的含量,该方法以乙腈、水梯度比例混合作为流动相;流速为1.0 ml/min;激发波长为255nm、发射波长为420nm;保留时间为27.38 min,测定检出限为2×10-3μg/m3...     

马鞍山市大气环境中苯并(a)芘分布与变化规律研究

研究了马鞍山市大气环境中苯并（a）芘的分布与变化规律，监测了马鞍山市各功能区，新老市区的居民区及交通要道大气环境中苯并（a）芘的含量，该市功能区内的工业区大气中苯并（a）芘污染严重，最高质量浓度达50．31ng/m^3，居民区内老市大气中的苯并（a）芘污染明显高于新市区，究其原因，老市区是马鞍山，市工业发源地，属居民，商业及工业混合区，研究中发现，大气中苯并（a）芘含量高低有季节性的昼夜变化现象，时空分布和迁移变化规律明显，并且大气中总悬浮颗粒物与苯并（a)芘的相关性显著。     

PAH and PCB in soils of Switzerland--status and critical review

The surface soil concentrations (0-20 cm) of the Swiss soil monitoring network (NABO) with 105 observation sites representing all major land use types ranged for the sum of 16 EPA PAH (PAH(16)) from 32 to 8465 microg kg(-1) (median 163 microg kg(-1)), for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) from 0.5 to 1129 microg kg(-1) (median 13 microg kg(-1)) and for the sum of seven IRMM PCB (PCB(7)) from 0.5 to 12 microg kg(-1) (median 1.6 microg kg(-1)). The legal guide values of Switzerland were exceeded for PAH(16) at only three and for BaP at two sites. The PCB(7) concentrations were clearly below any assessment value. The concentration ranges were overlapping between all land use types. Tendencies for higher concentrations were observed at urban and viticulture sites. The overall measurement precision at repeatability conditions ranged from 1 to 37% RSD for PAH(16), BaP and PCB(7). The median bias for the chemical analysis was around zero for PAH(16), +5% for BaP and -5% for PCB(7) with spreads ranging from less than -20% up to more than +30%. The PAH profiles were clearly dominated by phenanthrene. Stratification by land use revealed a prevalence of benzo[a]pyrene at urban and naphthalene at conservation sites. For PCB, the general congener rank order was PCB no. 153 > 138 > 101 > 180. From a broad correlation screening only PAH(16)/BaP (r = 0.88**) were relevant for practical soil protection. The extensive comparison with other studies was severely biased by the lack of harmonisation, especially concerning sampling depth, sampling support, analytical method and the sum calculation procedure.     

Air quality assessment of benzo(a)pyrene from asphalt plant operation

A study has been carried out to assess the contribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from asphalt plant operation, utilising Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) as a marker for PAHs, to the background air concentration around asphalt plants in the UK. The purpose behind this assessment was to determine whether the use of published BaP emission factors based on the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methodology is appropriate in the context of the UK, especially as the EPA methodology does not give BaP emission factors for all activities. The study also aimed to improve the overall understanding of BaP emissions from asphalt plants in the UK, and determine whether site location and operation is likely to influence the contribution of PAHs to ambient air quality. In order to establish whether the use of US EPA emissions factors is appropriate, the study has compared the BaP emissions measured and calculated emissions rates from two UK sites with those estimated using US EPA emission factors. A dispersion modelling exercise was carried out to show the BaP contribution to ambient air around each site. This study showed that, as the US EPA methodology does not provide factors for all emission sources on asphalt plants, their use may give rise to over- or under-estimations, particularly where sources of BaP are temperature dependent. However, the contribution of both the estimated and measured BaP concentrations to environmental concentration were low, averaging about 0.05 ng m(-3) at the boundary of the sites, which is well below the UK BaP assessment threshold of 0.25 ng m(-3). Therefore, BaP concentrations, and hence PAH concentrations, from similar asphalt plant operations are unlikely to contribute negatively to ambient air quality.     

环境监测项目监测边界和参数设计方法

针对环境监测项目的一般性要求，系统地提出环境监测边界和监测参数的设计方法。将环境监测边界划分为空间地理边界、空间生态边界、动力空间边界、项目空间边界和时间期限，并阐述了这5种划分的具体内容。同时，介绍了监测参数设计的一般流程、环境质量监测参数选择原则及选择方法。     

Measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at an industrial site in India

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were measured in Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM) from December 2005 to August 2006 at Nunhai, an industrial site in Agra (India). Particulate matter samples were collected on glass fibre filters using High Volume Sampler (HVS-430) and were extracted using dichloromethane with ultrasonication and analyzed by GC. Total PAH concentration varies between 0.04 to 2.5 microg m(-3) accounting only 1.6 x 10(-3)% of TSPM. The mass distribution in air was dominated by high molecular weight DbA, BghiP, BaP, BkF and IP. Combustion PAH (CPAH) except BeP represents 58% of the total PAH mass and IARC classified total carcinogenic PAH accounting 63% of TPAH concentration. Correlation studies between PAH revealed the contribution of low molecular weight PAH was mainly due to primary emission from diesel exhaust while high molecular weight PAH were formed during combustion. The presence of specific tracers and calculation of characteristic molecular diagnostic ratios Fla/(Fla + Pyr), BaP/(BaP + Chy), BaA/(BaA + Chy), IP/(IP + BghiP), BaP/BghiP and IP/BghiP) were used to identify the sources of the emissions of PAHs in the atmospheric samples. Seasonal variation in atmospheric PAH showed four fold increase in winter concentration than summer. The BaP and relative BaP amount calculated from the measurements suggested that photo-oxidation may also be responsible for the variation in PAH concentrations during winter and summer. Seasonal trends in atmospheric PAH concentration in the study area were influenced by fossil fuel usage for domestic heating, boundary height and temperature.     

欧盟臭氧污染监测现状及我国开展臭氧污染监测的建议

综述了欧盟臭氧前体物排放及地面臭氧污染监测的现状,分析了欧盟重视地面臭氧污染监测的原因及存在的主要问题.根据欧盟在地面臭氧污染监测方面的经验和做法,提出了加强我国地面臭氧污染监测的必要性和具体建议.     

累积影响监测系统初步设计

累积影响监测和适应性管理是减少和改善累积影响评价不确定性的重要途径之一。文章初步探讨了累积影响监测的概念，提出了累积影响监测系统的设计原则，从内容、时空范围、监测指标、监测结果的表达、实施机构、实施程序等多方面对累积影响监测系统进行了初步探讨。     

噪声监测应注意的问题

阐述了噪声监测中监测点位的科学设置、测量时间和监测仪器的合理安排 ,以及怎样正确地把握评估标准。