环境污染事故中重金属优先快速监测方法研究

在国内外重金属监测技术的基础上对环境污染事故中重金属（铜、铅、锌、砷、汞、铬、镉）的两种主要快速监测方法进行了研究。研究结果表明：比色法可测试铜、铅、锌、镉、六价铬5种重金属，且精密度与准确度均较好；阳极溶出伏安法（ASV）可测试铜、铅、锌、镉、砷、汞6种重金属，但测定六价铬时偏差较大；除六价铬和铜外，阳极溶出伏安法的测试范围较比色法宽，且检出限较低；阳极溶出伏安法可同时测定镉、铅、铜3种金属，具有较好的适用性。     

三峡库区柑橘对土壤重金属吸收富集特征研究

研究区域柑橘果实重金属含量符合NY/T 426-2000<绿色食品柑橘>标准,果实品质达到一级产品.土壤中重金属的含量越高,柑橘叶片、果皮、果肉的重金属含量也越高.柑橘叶片对土壤重金属铜、锌、铅、镉、镍、汞、砷、铬的吸收富集能力显著大于果皮与果肉,果皮对土壤重金属铜、锌、铅、镉、汞的吸收富集能力显著大于果肉,果肉对土壤重金属铬的吸收富集能力显著大于果皮.柑橘同一部位对土壤中不同重金属元素的吸收富集能力也存在很大的差异,柑橘叶片对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Hg＞Pb＞Cd＞Cu＞Zn＞Cr＞As＞Ni,柑橘果皮对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞Zn＞Pb＞Cr＞Ni＞As,柑橘果肉对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Hg＞Cu＞Cr＞Zn＞Cd＞Ni＞Pb＞As.     

嫩江—齐齐哈尔江段几种蚌类重金属残毒水平

通过对嫩江几种蚌类不同部位重金属残毒分析，得了３种蚌类中背角无齿蚌的富集能力最强，不同部位中，足对总汞的富集能力强，外套膜对镉的富集能力最强，而鳃对铅，铜，锌富集能力最强。     

正交试验设计法在火焰原子吸收操作条件选择中的应用

采用日立Z-8000型原子吸收分光光度计对水质中重金属元素铜、锌、铅、镉进行连续测定，运用正交试验设计法，确定了最佳操作条件。     

TCLP法对天津市农田重金属生态风险评价

TCLP法是用缓冲剂提取重金属的一种方法,该法评价重金属生态风险在美国已开展多年。利用TCLP法对天津市某农田土壤重金属进行生态风险评价,结果表明,在采集的23个样品中有效态铜、铅、锌、镉的含量范围为1.13~5.26、2.11~5.22、2.60~30.6、1.09×10-3~77.9×10-3mg/kg,普遍低于铜、铅、锌、镉在土壤中的总量(22.1~66.8、21.2~50.6、56.8~445、0.04~0.20 mg/kg)。镉的TCLP有效态与总量的差别最大。锌、铅存在轻微污染,污染率分别为21.7%、4.3%。     

南通市某钢丝绳行业集中区降尘中重金属污染状况评价

针对南通市钢丝绳行业集中区重金属污染问题,分析降尘中的铅、镉、铬、铜、镍、铁、锌、锰等重金属含量,并采用污染指数法和地累积指数法对降尘中重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,该集中区降尘中重金属污染程度依次为Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu>Fe>Mn>Ni>Cr,铅、锌为主要污染因子,铅、锌污染级别均处于重污染级别。     

北江底泥中重金属污染特征及生态危害评价

测定了北江五个监测断面的底泥中重金属镉、铬、铜、铅、锌的含量,镉含量在11.7-76.0mg/ks之间,铬含量在46.5-112.3mg/kg之间,铜含量在62.0～173.7mg/kg之间,铅含量在148.7-491.0mg/kg之间,锌含量在303.3-1453.0mg/kg之间,这五种重金属含量均超出广东省土壤背景值和我国湖泊底泥中重金属的平均值.经计算,北江底泥中这五种重金属具有较强的相关性(相关系数在0.89～0.99之间),表明其具有同源性.采用瑞典学者Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法对北江五个底泥监测断面的镉、铬、铜、铅、锌进行了潜在生态危害评价,其潜在生态危害指数均大于600,表明北江五个底泥采样断面的重金属潜在生态危害均为很强.     

西南某省14种尾矿重金属浸出量及总量分析

研究中国西南某省不同类型尾矿的重金属浸出量及总量,为尾矿的污染防范、环境管理和综合利用提供参考和建议。采集了14种类型共164个有代表性尾矿进行浸出毒性试验,并分析其中79个典型尾矿样品的9种重金属含量,以评估其污染风险和综合利用价值。结果表明,有5种类型共7个样品出现浸出毒性超标,分别为铅锌矿、镍矿、银矿、铁矿、锰矿,总体超标率为4.3%。超标元素分别为砷、镉、锌、铅、铜、镍等6种元素,最大超标倍数分别为砷18.3倍、锌4.8倍、镉3.0倍、铅0.56倍、铜0.32倍、镍0.16倍;尾矿含有较多重金属,其中砷、锌、铅、铜含量较高,最高分别达到11.75%、2.60%、1.01%、0.29%,不同类型尾矿其重金属含量各有不同,铅锌矿尾矿的重金属总量最高。总体上,该省绝大多数尾矿为普通固废,少部分为危险废物,砷、镉、锌、铅、铜、镍等6种元素存在污染风险,其中砷元素是最主要污染物;尾矿由于重金属含量较高而有一定的综合利用价值。     

水稻重金属含量与土壤质量的关系

根据“淮安市绿色食品基地调查以及相关研究”课题资料 ,分析了水稻中重金属含量与其土壤质量的关系。结果表明 ,重金属含量在水稻中的分布是 :根 >茎叶 >籽粒 ;水稻籽粒对重金属的吸收特点因其元素不同而差异较大 ,重金属元素被水稻糙米吸收的程度为 :砷 <镉 <汞 <铅 <锰 <铬 <铜 <锌 ;在糙米中检出的重金属铜和铬的含量与土壤中铜和铬的含量呈显著性相关关系 ,铅、锌、锰的含量与土壤中铅、锌、锰的含量相关关系不显著     

奎屯市北郊蔬菜污灌区土壤重金属污染调查

通过对奎屯市北郊污灌区菜地土壤中重金属含量的分析表明，所调查的污灌菜地土壤中铅、锌、镉、砷和汞均未超标，部分地块铜超标，说明多年来因工业废水的浇灌，已造成铜对局部区域土壤的污染。     

Heavy metal accumulation and ecosystem engineering by two common mine site-nesting ant species: implications for pollution-level assessment and bioremediation of coal mine soil

The present study focuses on the abundance, heavy metal content, and the impact of ecosystem engineering activities of two coal mine site-inhabiting ant species, Cataglyphis longipedem and Camponotus compressus. The abundance of Ct. longipedem increased while that of C. compressus decreased, with increasing soil pollution. Correspondence analysis reveals a close association between soil heavy metal concentrations and Ct. longipedem abundance, but this association is lacking in the case of C. compressus. Cataglyphis ants which occupy stress-characterized niches appear to be pre-adapted to tolerate heavy metal pollution. Higher concentrations of Zn and Mn in Ct. longipedem may contribute to the strengthening of the cuticular structures, necessary for nest excavation in the hard, arid soil and for single load carrying. C. compressus ants appear to be pollution sensitive. Their higher Fe content may be related to metal uptake via plant-derived liquids and species-specific regulatory mechanisms. The metal pollution index and biota-to-soil accumulation factors, calculated by using the ant body metal content of the two species, indicate an overall decrease of soil heavy metal concentrations with increase of the site age, which reflects the degree of pollution related to the mine site age. The concentrations of total and available heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cu) were significantly lower in the ant nest debris soil as compared to the reference soil. The results of the present study highlight the role of ants as bioindicators and in bioremediation of contaminated soil.     

Oxidative stress,glutathione level and antioxidant response to heavy metals in multi-resistant pathogen,Candida tropicalis

In this study, we explored the multiple heavy metal-resistant yeast isolated from heavy metal-polluted environment. The isolated yeast showed maximum growth at 30 °C, pH 7.0, and the strain was identified as Candida tropicalis through 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence analysis. Yeast cells grew well in medium containing different concentrations of heavy metal ions [CdCl₂, Pb(NO₃)₂, NaAsO₂, CuSO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇]. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against different metal ions was ranged from 5 to 19 mM, and the metal resistance value against each metal observed by yeast cells was 5 mM (Cr), 10 mM (Cd), 15 mM (As), 14 mM (Cu) and 19 mM (Pb) and increased in the following order: Pb > Cu > As ≥ Cd > Cr. The total cellular glutathione, GSH/GSSG redox couple and metallothioneins like protein (MT) were assayed by growing cultures for 24 h and exposed to 100 mg/L of each heavy metal ion. Remarkable increase in γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine (GSH) level was determined in arsenic and cadmium treatment followed by chromium, lead and copper. Stressed cells had much more oxidized GSH than unstressed cells. GSH/GSSG ratio was significantly increased in cadmium and copper treatment in contrast to chromium, arsenic and lead. Statistical analysis revealed significantly higher cysteine level in all metal-treated samples as compared to control. Antioxidant glutathione transferase activity was not detected in metal-treated and untreated yeast samples. One-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins revealed marked differences in banding pattern of heavy metal-exposed yeast samples. A prominent 20 kDa band was observed in all treated samples suggesting that some differential proteins could be over-expressed during heavy metal treatment and might be involved in cell resistance mechanisms.     

SO2气体对树木叶片叶绿素含量的影响

应用分光光度法研究乌鲁木齐市常见行道树种新疆扬、大叶白腊和新疆大叶榆受ＳＯ２气体危害后，树木叶片叶绿素（ＣＡ、ＣＢ、Ｃｒ）含量的动态变化，以了解其抗性特点。表明，名树种在受危害全进程中其表现不同，树木一身亦具有一定的自调节能力。同时叶绿素在各阶段相对含量的动态变化特点是衡量树种抗性大小的可供参考的有价值指标之一。     

徐州市生活垃圾填埋场地下水典型金属污染物研究

在对徐州地区生活垃圾填埋场调查分析的基础上,根据填埋特征和地质状况选取4座典型填埋场为调查对象,采用ICP-MS对垃圾渗滤液及地下水中26种重金属进行监测分析。结果表明,在4个垃圾填埋场地下水及渗滤液中ρ(Sr)均相对较高(700μg/L);地下水中金属元素均正在以Ca,Mg为主向Na,Mg为主转化;地下水中Al,B质量浓度大小顺序为Y场(雁群)S场(睢宁)C场(翠屏山)P场(邳州);4个垃圾填埋场共同典型重金属污染物为Mn,Fe,Zn,Ba;除上述污染物外,Y场地下水潜在典型重金属污染物为Pb和Mo;S场为Mo和As;C场为Tl和Co;P场为As。     

EFFECTS OF AN OIL SPILL ON SOIL PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A SPILL SITE IN A TYPIC PALEUDULT OF MIDWESTERN NIGERIA

Physico-chemical analysis of soil samples at an oil spill sitein a Typic Paleudult of midwestern Nigeria showed that thetotal hydrocarbon content of top soil layers ranged from 0.6to 12.6 ppm in the heavy impact zone and the oil hadpenetrated to a depth of 9.2 m. Hydrocarbon concentration inthe medium impact zone ranged from 0.36 ppm while hydrocarbonswere not detected in 80% of samples from the unimpactedreference zone. Measurement of heavy metal concentrations inthe soil revealed a significant build-up (p< 0.05) of lead,iron and zinc in the heavy impact zone. Other parametersincluding electrical conductivity, exchangeable cations,available phosphorus and total nitrogen in impacted soils werecomparatively low while the total organic carbon was high,compared with the reference site. Textural class of soil fromthe different depths showed a predominantly brown sand at thetopsoil, loamy sand and grey fine sand at medium depths andred sandy clay at greater depths.     

Occurrence of heavy metals in fish: a study for impact assessment in industry prone aquatic environment around Kolkata in India

A study was conducted during November 2005-October 2006 for determining the heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments and giving prime thrust to determine the heavy metal concentrations fish samples collected from various points of the river Ganga at different time interval. Fish samples (viz., Channa marulius and Aorichthys seengala) were analyzed for heavy metals using standard laboratory procedures by AAS method. In impact points the annual average values for Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb and Zn were 0.15, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02 and 0.29 ppm, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in the riverine water collected from middle point had the order Zn > Cu > Cr > Cd > Pb. The data indicated that copper was maximally accumulated in the riverine sediments whereas least annual average concentration was obtained for lead. The trend of accumulation suggested deposition was maximum for zinc and minimum for cadmium in the muscles of both fish species. Only zinc has shown some significant seasonal variation in relation to metal deposition in fish muscles (minimum in monsoon and maximum in summer). The heavy metal contamination to fish may be due to indiscriminate discharge of polluted and untreated sewage sludge to the river. The heavy metal contents in fish at some places are alarming.     

The use of marine sponge, Haliclona tenuiramosa as bioindicator to monitor heavy metal pollution in the coasts of Gulf of Mannar, India

The results of the present research study indicate that the heavy metal accumulation in the marine sponges provide evidence as an excellent bioindicators for monitoring heavy metal pollution between near and offshore environments of Mandapam coast of "Gulf of Mannar (GoM), India". The heavy metal concentrations in sea water and accumulation in the tissues of Haliclona tenuiramosa were analyzed by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry). The concentrations of metals in the coastal waters of nearshore (< 0.5 km from shore) were always higher than those in the offshore waters (2-5 km away from shore). Likewise, sponges living in the nearshore accumulated greater concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) ranging from 2 to 17 times higher concentration than the sponges located away from the shore. A positive correlation between concentration levels in water and bioaccumulation in tissues was observed. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals in sponge tissue were in order of Fe > Mn > Ni > Cu > As > Co > Cd in both the near and offshore stations. The present results justified that a more comprehensive monitoring of presence of heavy metals in H. tenuiramosa of surrounding GoM, is necessary to help a better mitigation of the problem.     

Contamination of Polish national parks with heavy metals

The paper presents results of screening analysis of all Polish national parks (23) contamination with Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn on the basis of a three-level characteristic of heavy metal presence in Norway spruce stands: accumulation on the needle surface, concentration of heavy metals in spruce needles and concentration of bioavailable heavy metals in the soil. Based on the obtained results, the classification of forest ecosystem hazard in national parks with heavy metals was made using synthetic indicators. It was found out that Babiogórski, Magurski, Ojcowski and Gorczański National Parks, located in the southern part of the country, were the most polluted with heavy metals. It is probably due to a higher industrial activity in this part of Poland and the transboundary transport of air pollutants. A little lower level of pollution was observed in Kampinoski National Park located in the middle of the country. The concentration of heavy metals found in needles from national parks does not seem to be harmful for the health status of the trees. Statistically significant correlation between all parameters, which was found for cadmium--the most mobile of the analysed elements--shows that this metal can be proposed as a marker to reflect present effect of industrial emission on forests.     

环鄱阳湖区地表尘土重金属污染及健康风险评价

通过2010年4月采集环鄱阳湖区地表尘土样品,对其重金属污染物进行分析研究,并运用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对所引起的健康风险做了初步评价。结果表明,地表尘土中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为0.909、74.64、78.37、78.33、213.62 mg/kg,5种重金属平均含量均高于江西土壤背景值。重金属非致癌风险Pb>Cr>Cu>Cd>Zn,均小于非致癌风险阈值1,对人体不会造成健康危害;致癌重金属致癌风险Cr>Cd,均低于癌症风险阈值,表明不具有致癌风险。暴露模型计算表明,重金属慢性每日平均暴露量为手-口接触摄入量>皮肤吸收量>吸入空气量,经手-口直接摄入是地表尘土暴露风险的主要途径。