吐鲁番盆地坎儿井的利用与保护探讨

对吐鲁番盆地坎儿井的特点、价值、现状、衰减的原因以及对当地农业生产、生态环境的影响等进行了较详尽的论述,并对坎儿井的保护提出了科学、合理的对策与建议。     

离子色谱法测定丙烯酸丁酯生产废水中丙烯酸和对甲基苯磺酸

建立了用离子色谱法测定丙烯酸丁酯生产废水中丙烯酸和对甲基苯磺酸的新方法。采用IonPac AS11-HC阴离子色谱柱,淋洗液为30mmol/L的NaOH淋洗液,流速1ml/min,抑制电流75mA。丙烯酸根的检测下限为0.44mg/L(峰面积)、0.46mg/L(峰高),保留时间、峰高、峰面积的变异系数分别为0.03%、0.50%、0.50%,峰高、峰面积的线性回归系数R分别为0.9929、0.9954。对甲基苯磺酸根的检测下限为0.49mg/L(峰面积)、0.48mg/L(峰高),保留时间、峰高、峰面积的变异系数分别为0.02%、0.48%、0.47%,峰高、峰面积的线性回归系数R分别为0.9990、0.9998。常规无机阴离子对丙烯酸、对甲基苯磺酸的测定没有干扰。对实际废水样品进行分析,丙烯酸、对甲基苯磺酸的回收率分别为101.6%～104.4%、95.4%～96.8%。方法简便、灵敏、可靠。     

杭州市大气污染物排放清单及特征

以杭州市区为研究区域,通过调查整合多套污染源数据库及其他统计资料,研究文献报道及模型计算的各种污染源排放因子,获得杭州市区各行业PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs、NH3等污染物的排放量,建立了杭州市区2010年1 km×1 km大气污染物排放清单。结果表明,2010年杭州市区PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs和NH3的排放总量分别为7.96×104、4.02×104、7.23×104、8.98×104、73.90×104、39.56×104、3.32×104t。从排放源的行业分布来看,机动车尾气排放是杭州市区大气污染物最重要排放源之一,对PM10、PM2.5、NOx、CO和VOCs的贡献分别达到14.4%、27.1%、40.3%、21.4%、31.1%。道路扬尘、电厂锅炉、工业炉窑、植被、畜禽养殖对不同污染物分别有着重要贡献,道路扬尘对PM10和PM2.5的贡献分别为44.6%和20.0%、电厂锅炉对SO2和NOx的贡献分别为37.0%和25.7%、工业炉窑对CO的贡献为41.5%、植被排放对VOCs的贡献为27.1%、畜禽养殖对NH3的贡献为76.5%。从空间分布来看,萧山区和余杭区对SO2、NH3和植被排放BVOC的贡献要显著高于主城区;而主城区机动车对PM2.5、NOx和VOCs的贡献分别达到36.3%、56.0%和47.4%,较市区范围内显著增加,表明机动车尾气排放已成为杭州主城区大气污染最重要的来源之一。     

城市大气可吸入颗粒物的研究进展

可吸入颗粒物逐渐成为我国许多大中城市的首要空气污染物,对其研究是当前国际大气化学界的研究热点。纵观国内外有关可吸入颗粒物的研究进展,主要是围绕可吸入颗粒物的来源及解析技术、基本特性、采样及分析方法、对人类危害和对环境的影响等方面进行了阐述,同时也对今后的研究发展趋势进行了展望。     

城市河流重金属元素对降雨径流的动态响应

以海口市美舍河市区河段为研究对象，于2020年雨季分别采集降雨径流以及降雨径流汇入后的河流瞬时水样，测定并分析主要重金属元素的浓度及其变化规律，探讨其对降雨径流的动态响应。研究结果表明：降雨径流对河流可溶态污染元素质量浓度的贡献不突出，对可溶态锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、硒（Se）具有一定稀释作用，排水口下游 3 m处是可溶态铬(Cr）、锰（Mn）、钴（Co）对降雨径流响应最显著区域；降雨径流对各悬浮态元素质量浓度贡献较大，排水口下游7 m处是绝大多数悬浮态元素对降〖JP〗雨径流响应最显著区域；Mn、Zn、Cr、镍（Ni）、As、Co、Cd 7种元素的总质量浓度对降雨径流的动态响应表现为先上升后下降。其中，排水口下游3 m处是Cr、As总质量浓度对降雨径流响应最显著区段，排水口下游7 m处是Mn、Co、Ni、Zn及Cd总质量浓度对降雨径流响应最显著区段。降雨径流对河流主要污染元素年输入总量估算结果表明，海口市建成区降雨径流向美舍河等受纳水体直接年输入量最大的是Mn和Zn，其次是Cr、As、Ni，Se与Cd的年输入量最小。     

上海市浦东新区大气细颗粒物中重金属污染特征及来源解析

于2017年对浦东城区和郊区大气PM2.5中的重金属特征和来源进行了分析。结果表明,K、Fe、Na、Ca、Mg、Al等矿物元素为浦东新区PM2.5中含量最高的金属元素,其中K的年均值为297.3 ng/m^3。浦东城区的不同元素在季节变化上呈现较为不同的变化规律,郊区的金属元素值大部分呈现春季先逐月下降,在夏、秋季有起伏波动,在10月之后逐渐上升;沙尘+道路源+建筑扬尘、煤燃烧、工业排放、金属冶炼、船舶排放、海盐+垃圾焚烧+生物质燃烧为浦东城区PM2.5中重金属元素的6大类主要来源。其中沙尘+道路源+建筑扬尘对Ca的贡献率为82.7%,煤燃烧对As的贡献率为86.6%,工业排放对SO4^2-的贡献率达到65.9%,金属冶炼对Cr的贡献率为75.7%,船舶排放对V的贡献率为97.5%、海盐+垃圾焚烧+生物质燃烧对Cl^-的贡献率为93.0%。煤燃烧和金属冶炼主要来自于西部方向。船舶排放分布在长江口及其延伸带。浦东新区PM2.5中重金属元素的质量浓度与本地源排放强度、外界传输和大气扩散条件均有密切关系。     

对4-氨基安替比林萃取光度法测定水中挥发性酚类方法的探讨

对标准方法进行了改进,并对方法的线性和精密度、准确度进行了讨论。试验结果表明,该法具有节约水电、节省时间、降低试剂消耗等优点。     

几种空气质量预报方法对冬季预报效果的评估与对比

基于2016年冬季泰州市环境空气质量自动监测数据,定量评估NAQPMS模式、CMAQ模式和人工订正对污染物质量浓度和空气质量等级的预报效果。结果表明,模式预报和人工订正对各污染物预报的相关系数由高到低排列为PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2、SO_2、O_3-8h,颗粒物预报效果最好。除O_3-8h外,NAQPMS对各项污染物预报的相关系数R为0.47～0.82,CMAQ为0.75～0.81,人工订正为0.43～0.78,3种预报方式均能准确反映污染物浓度的变化趋势;模式预报、人工订正对O_3-8h预报相关系数均0.4。在发生颗粒物污染过程时,人工订正结果相对更为准确。NAQPMS、CMAQ和人工订正对空气质量等级24 h预报准确率分别为38.9%、41.1%和35.6%,NAQPMS对优类别的预判准确率较高,CMAQ、人工订正对良类别的预判准确率较高。对比不同时效的预报效果,24 h预报时效的准确率高于48和72 h。提出,城市空气质量预报可采用集合预报方式,综合1～2种运行较稳定的主流预报模式预报结果,预报员对模式模拟结果进行人工修订,提高预报准确率。     

氢化物发生-ICP/AES测定石化废水中As、Pb、Hg

对氢化物发生-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定石化废水中的As、Pb、Hg进行了试验。在选定条件下,As、Pb、Hg的检测限分别为0．17μg／L、1．7μg／L和0．5μg／L。应用该方法对石化废水中As、Pb、Hg进行了实际检测,效果良好。对标准物质的分析,结果令人满意。     

浅谈秸秆焚烧对空气质量的影响

对2014年6月江苏省淮安市秸秆焚烧事件进行分析,研究表明:秸秆焚烧可以导致区域PM2.5、CO、NO2日均浓度分别上升4.2倍、2.9倍、4.4倍。通过对淮安市夏季秸秆焚烧对大气污染程度的分析,提出相应的解决对策,以供环境管理部门提供参考。     

环保-气象深度联合开展环境空气质量预报的探索

简述了湖南省环保-气象合作联合开展环境空气质量预报的方向和具体内容,提出了两部门合作的原则和路径。认识方面——统一认识,合作共享;业务方面——发挥优势,做好接力;保障方面——夯实基础,同步推进;服务方面——引导公众,服务决策。两部门合作,有利于提高预报结果的准确率。     

两种环境应急监测仪器在突发性环境污染事故中的作用

突发性环境污染事故虽然出现频率小,但危害极大,是威胁人类健康、破坏生态环境的重要因素。对于突发性污染事故的应急监测和处置,必须做到及时、快速、简便、准确。在某次苯泄漏事故的应急监测中,采用先进的傅里叶红外便携式气体分析仪监测环境空气质量,采用便携式气相色谱仪监测水质,结果表明,便捷、高效的监测仪器为此次污染事故的成功处置提供了技术支持,为以后类似突发污染事故的应急监测提供了参考。     

Testing Bioassessment Metrics: Macroinvertebrate, Sculpin, and Salmonid Responses to Stream Habitat, Sediment, and Metals

The purpose of this article is to report on the testing of responses of multimetric macroinvertebrate and habitat indices to common disturbances to streams: stream habitat alteration, excessive sediment, and elevated metals concentrations. Seven macroinvertebrate community metrics were combined into a macroinvertebrate biotic index (MBI), and 11 channel morphology, riparian, and substrate features were combined into a habitat index. Indices were evaluated by comparing the habitat results to fish population surveys and comparing the macroinvertebrate results to habitat ratings, percent fine sediments measured by Wolman pebble counts, and copper concentrations. Macroinvertebrate scores decreased with increasing percentages of fine sediments measured either across the bankfull or instream channel widths. Macroinvertebrate scores decreased with increasing copper. One metric, richness of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa, was more responsive to both copper and sediment than was the multimetric MBI. Habitat scores corresponded well with the age class structure of salmonids, but not with that of benthic sculpins. Both salmonid and sculpin age classes declined with increasing percentages of fine sediments. The decline was graded with the sculpin age classes, whether fine sediments were measured across the instream or bankfull channel, whereas salmonids consistently responded only to the instream fine sediments.     

Relationship Between Bird Abundances and Landscape Characteristics: The Influence of Scale

Scale is important to consider when investigating effects of the environment on a species. Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data and landscape metrics derived from aerial photographs were evaluated to determine how relationships of bird abundances with landscape variables changed over a continuous range of 16 spatial scales. We analyzed the average number of birds per stop (1985–1994) for five songbird species (family Cardinalidae) for each of 50 stops on 198 BBS transects throughout six states in the Central Plains, USA. Land along each transect was categorized into six cover types, and landscape metrics of fractal dimension (a measure of shape complexity of habitat patches), edge density, patch density, and percent area were calculated, with principal components used to construct composite environmental variables. Associations of bird abundances and landscape variables changed in accordance with small scale changes. Abundances of three species were correlated with edge density and one with component I, which subsumes initial variables of patch density for urban, closed forest, open forest, and open country. Fractal dimension and component II (summarizing amount of closed forest versus open country) were associated with the most species. Correlation patterns of fractal dimension with northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) and painted bunting (Passerina ciris) abundances were similar, with highest correlations at intermediate to small scales, suggesting indirectly that these species thrive in areas where local habitat conditions are most important. Multiscale analysis can provide insight into the spatial scale(s) at which species respond, a topic of intrinsic scientific interest with applied implications for researchers establishing protocols to assess and monitor avian populations.     

An inquiry into the potential of scenario analysis for dealing with uncertainty in strategic environmental assessment in China

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inherently needs to address greater levels of uncertainty in the formulation and implementation processes of strategic decisions, compared with project environmental impact assessment. The range of uncertainties includes internal and external factors of the complex system that is concerned in the strategy. Scenario analysis is increasingly being used to cope with uncertainty in SEA. Following a brief introduction of scenarios and scenario analysis, this paper examines the rationale for scenario analysis in SEA in the context of China. The state of the art associated with scenario analysis applied to SEA in China was reviewed through four SEA case analyses. Lessons learned from these cases indicated the word “scenario” appears to be abused and the scenario-based methods appear to be misused due to the lack of understanding of an uncertain future and scenario analysis. However, good experiences were also drawn on, regarding how to integrate scenario analysis into the SEA process in China, how to cope with driving forces including uncertainties, how to combine qualitative scenario storylines with quantitative impact predictions, and how to conduct assessments and propose recommendations based on scenarios. Additionally, the ways to improve the application of this tool in SEA were suggested. We concluded by calling for further methodological research on this issue and more practices.     

水质等比例采样器在总量监测中的应用

介绍了水质等比例采样器在总量监测中的应用、配置及其在苏州市的使用试点情况，指出了水质等比例采校器在使用过程中存在着配置不足、对不同类型废水适应性不够、缺乏水样保存措施等问题，提出了环保部门可将水质等比例采样器的使用纳入污染控制管理的范畴，生产厂家应不断完善仪器性能，使用者必须接受专业培训，以及在仪器中设置低温冷藏室、加药系统和多个盛样器等对策。     

Framework for integration of urban planning, strategic environmental assessment and ecological planning for urban sustainability within the context of China

Sustainable development or sustainability has been highlighted as an essential principle in urban master planning, with increasing recognition that uncontrollable urbanization may well give rise to various issues such as overexploitation of natural resources, ecosystem destruction, environmental pollution and large-scale climate change. Thus, it is deemed necessary to modify the existing urban and regional administrative system so as to cope with the challenges urban planning is being confronted with and realize the purpose of urban sustainability. This paper contributed to proposing a mechanism which helps to make urban planning with full consideration of issues with respect to sustainable development. We suggested that the integration of urban planning, SEA and ecological planning be a multi-win strategy to offset deficiency of each mentioned political tool being individually applied. We also proposed a framework where SEA and ecological planning are fully incorporated into urban planning, which forms a two-way constraint mechanism to ascertain environmental quality of urban planning, although in practice, planning and SEA processes may conditionally be unified. Moreover, as shown in the case study, the integration of the three political tools may be constrained due to slow changes in the contextual factors, in particular the political and cultural dimensions. Currently within the context of China, there may be three major elements which facilitate integration of the three political tools, which are (1) regulatory requirement of PEIA on urban planning, (2) the promotion or strong administrative support from government on eco-district building, and (3) the willingness of urban planners to collaborate with SEA experts or ecologists.     

太湖流域近地表主要温室气体本底浓度特征

根据2003年1月-2005年6月太湖流域近地表大气中主要温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O本底浓度的监测资料,研究了该流域近地表大气主要温室气体浓度的变化特征.结果表明,在观测时段内,该流域近地表大气CO2浓度呈上升趋势;CH4浓度呈逐年递减趋势;N2O浓度呈先减后增趋势.3种气体主要与人类活动、工农业生产和交通运输业发展有关,CO2浓度的季节变化明显,冬春季高,夏秋季低,最高值在12月,最低值在8月;CH4浓度由春至夏升高,由夏至秋至冬递减,最高值在7月,最低值在2月;N2O浓度没有明显的季节变化,它们主要受源汇强度变化影响.CO2浓度的日变化基本呈双峰态,是源汇强度变化和边界层稳定程度相互作用的原因,CH4浓度无明显日变化规律,N2O浓度日变化中的最高值总体呈现是夏、秋、春至冬逐渐延迟的状态.     

Determination of response of real-time SidePak AM510 monitor to secondhand smoke, other common indoor aerosols, and outdoor aerosol

The amount of light scattered by airborne particles inside an aerosol photometer will vary not only with the mass concentration, but also with particle properties such as size, shape, and composition. This study conducted controlled experiments to compare the measurements of a real-time photometer, the SidePak AM510 monitor (SidePak), with gravimetric mass. PM sources tested were outdoor aerosols, and four indoor combustion sources: cigarettes, incense, wood chips, and toasting bread. The calibration factor for rescaling the SidePak measurements to agree with gravimetric mass was similar for the cigarette and incense sources, but different for burning wood chips and toasting bread. The calibration factors for ambient urban aerosols differed substantially from day to day, due to variations in the sources and composition of outdoor PM. A field evaluation inside a casino with active smokers yielded calibration factors consistent with those obtained in the controlled experiments with cigarette smoke.     

Optimum Methods of Inactivation of Strongyloides stercoralis Larvae from Reclaimed Wastewater

Strongyloidiasis presents a major health hazard when reusing wastewater. Albendazol with a concentration of 4 mg/l, a contact time of 45 min, pH 1.2 and pH 10.2, killed the larva. The larva was also killed with a 0.03% concentration of iodine and a detention time of 30 min or a 0.04% concentration of iodine and a contact time of 10 min. The required detention time to inactivate larva in water was found to be 17 days. The minimum revealed residual chlorine to kill the larvae was 4 mg/l with 120 min of detention time, and a minimum contact time was found to be 80 min with a residual of 23 mg/l. Many methods are available to inactivate the Strongyloides stercoralis, which could be acids, alkaline chemicals, larvicidal chemicals, super chlorination, or just detention time. The best method must be determined according to the prevailing specific environmental site and the feasibility of the selected method(s).