近岸海域水质目标考核评价方法研究

为满足《水污染防治行动计划》近岸海域水质考核要求,根据目前近岸海域环境监测工作的实际情况,在考核范围、评价方法、目标分解、计分方法等方面进行了比较,在保证公平、公正的前提下,以一致性、可比性和适应性为原则,提出的考核评价方法以单因子评价法和点位评价法为基础,在未达标情况下,按照水质目标完成比例计分;达标情况下,在达标分值基础上按水质的保持和改善给予不同程度的加分,通过实例研究分析能够适应近岸海域水质状况变化的考核工作要求。     

模糊数学方法在城市环境综合整治定量考核综合评判中的应用

本文把模糊数学方法用于城市环境质量综合评判中,较好地处理了考核指标等级间的模糊性;由于最大隶属度原则损失信息太多,这种原则不能用于城市环境质量综合评判,而必须利用各等级隶属度提供的全部信息,把隶属度作为“权”参予计分,模糊数学法较直接计分法明显地提高了判别灵敏度,对城市环境质量作出了客观的评价.     

四级站环境监测质量保证之浅见

四级站环境监测质量保证之浅见徐衍忠（山东五莲县环境监测站，２６２３００）我站从八九年开始，试行在水质监测中开展了质量保证工作，取得了一定的成效。在搞这项工作的过程中，我们也遇到了一些困难和问题，这些问题不很好地解决，质量保证工作就不会得到完善和发展。...     

模糊贴近度,聚类分析模式评价水质状况的研究

采用两种模糊贴近度，聚类分析模式评价了南通市１１条河流的年监测均值，通过评价，分析了聚类分析模式传统建立矩阵的方法和贴近度模式评价水质的缺陷，对非归一化法、归－化法处理贴近度（标准化数值）建立矩阵聚类分析结果进行了比照，提出了用环境单元与水质标准单元相应参数的贴近度建立矩阵聚类分析的方法。     

试论四级监测站的建设与管理

本文在对全国一百多个县级环境监测站进行调查研究和综合分析的基础上,就四级监测站的现状和存在问题进行了剖析,提出了四级监测站自身建设和自我管理的基本途径;对如何促进四级监测站的发展进行了阐述:力图为加快四级监测站的建设步伐提供有价值的观点     

我国环境监测工作目前需要着重解决的问题

我国环境监测工作目前需要着重解决的问题①王扬祖（国家环境保护局，北京１０００３５）二十年以来，我国的环境监测和环境管理一样，所取得的进步和成绩是应该首先肯定的。主要有四个方面：１全国建立了四级环境监测站体系，有总站、省站、地（市）级站，还有县级监测...     

液相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中四溴双酚A和六溴环十二烷

文章建立了液相色谱-串联四级杆质谱仪同时测定土壤中四溴双酚A及3种六溴环十二烷同分异构体的分析方法。土壤样品经快速溶剂仪萃取，全自动凝胶净化系统净化后，使用液相色谱-串联四级杆质谱仪，负离子电喷雾多反应监测模式监测，内标法定量分析。结果表明，土壤中四溴双酚A、α-六溴环十二烷、β-六溴环十二烷和γ-六溴环十二烷的检出限为0.1~1.2 pg/g，加标回收率为81.8%~113%，相对标准偏差小于10%。该方法分析时间短，灵敏度高，操作简单，对电子固废拆解场地中的179个土壤样品进行分析，取得满意结果。     

累积影响监测系统初步设计

累积影响监测和适应性管理是减少和改善累积影响评价不确定性的重要途径之一。文章初步探讨了累积影响监测的概念，提出了累积影响监测系统的设计原则，从内容、时空范围、监测指标、监测结果的表达、实施机构、实施程序等多方面对累积影响监测系统进行了初步探讨。     

抓好质量保证工作 提高监测数据质量

四级环境监测站担负着环境质量监测和污染源监督监测。今就如何开展这一工作谈点浅见。１抓住机遇、建立机构、完善体系１９８９年正值我国开展质量检验机构计量认证工作,我站抓住这一时机,进一步的完善了质量保证体系,建立了质控室,设专人负责质量保证工作,同时在各...     

珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中的重金属污染调查与评价

应用地累积指数法对珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中重金属污染程度进行了调查与评价.结果表明,其表层沉积物中重金属的地累积指数大小顺序为:Cu＞Cd＞Zn＞Pb＞As＞Cr＞Hg,其中Cu是主要污染物,Cd、Zn和Pb的地累积指数较高.在所有监测断面中,地累积级别达到4级(强污染)的有5个断面,即4#(雅瑶大桥)、5#(黄歧)、6#(黄沙)、7#(横滘)和16#(花地涌北出口).     

大气环境质量综合评价的一种新方法—模糊综合指数法

本文讨论了目前流行的大气环境质量模糊综合评判方法的缺陷,并将模糊综合评判与经典大气质量综合指数法的优点相结合,介绍一种新的综合指数法-大气环境质量的模糊综合指数法,大量计算表明新方法具有许多优越性。     

微波消解技术在沉积物样品重金属元素分析中的应用

通过利用微波消解—原子吸收法测定标准河流沉积物样品中重金属元素Cu、Ni、Zn、Mn的含量，优化了微波消解的工作条件，并与电热板消解法进行了比对试验。结果表明，微波消解法与传统方法相比无显著性差异，且高效快速、试剂消耗量少、节约能源。     

比色法快速测定室内空气甲醛含量

室内空气甲醛的现场快速监测技术已成为环境监测的热点研究领域,旨在为普通家庭提供室内空气甲醛现场监测方法。优化了甲醛吸收液用量、自然吸收时间及吸收液与空气接触面积对监测方法的影响,制作了用于目测室内空气中甲醛含量的标准比色卡,方法简便、快速、经济、实用,可望在普通家庭中得到广泛应用。     

A new method for water quality assessment: by harmony degree equation

Water quality assessment is an important basic work in the development, utilization, management, and protection of water resources, and also a prerequisite for water safety. In this paper, the harmony degree equation (HDE) was introduced into the research of water quality assessment, and a new method for water quality assessment was proposed according to the HDE: by harmony degree equation (WQA-HDE). First of all, the calculation steps and ideas of this method were described in detail, and then, this method with some other important methods of water quality assessment (single factor assessment method, mean-type comprehensive index assessment method, and multi-level gray correlation assessment method) were used to assess the water quality of the Shaying River (the largest tributary of the Huaihe in China). For this purpose, 2 years (2013–2014) dataset of nine water quality variables covering seven monitoring sites, and approximately 189 observations were used to compare and analyze the characteristics and advantages of the new method. The results showed that the calculation steps of WQA-HDE are similar to the comprehensive assessment method, and WQA-HDE is more operational comparing with the results of other water quality assessment methods. In addition, this new method shows good flexibility by setting the judgment criteria value HD₀ of water quality; when HD₀?=?0.8, the results are closer to reality, and more realistic and reliable. Particularly, when HD₀?=?1, the results of WQA-HDE are consistent with the single factor assessment method, both methods are subject to the most stringent “one vote veto” judgment condition. So, WQA-HDE is a composite method that combines the single factor assessment and comprehensive assessment. This research not only broadens the research field of theoretical method system of harmony theory but also promotes the unity of water quality assessment method and can be used for reference in other comprehensive assessment.     

An integrated environmental and health performance quantification model for pre-occupancy phase of buildings in China

To comprehensively pre-evaluate the damages to both the environment and human health due to construction activities in China, this paper presents an integrated building environmental and health performance (EHP) assessment model based on the Building Environmental Performance Analysis System (BEPAS) and the Building Health Impact Analysis System (BHIAS) models and offers a new inventory data estimation method. The new model follows the life cycle assessment (LCA) framework and the inventory analysis step involves bill of quantity (BOQ) data collection, consumption data formation, and environmental profile transformation. The consumption data are derived from engineering drawings and quotas to conduct the assessment before construction for pre-evaluation. The new model classifies building impacts into three safeguard areas: ecosystems, natural resources and human health. Thus, this model considers environmental impacts as well as damage to human wellbeing. The monetization approach, distance-to-target method and panel method are considered as optional weighting approaches. Finally, nine residential buildings of different structural types are taken as case studies to test the operability of the integrated model through application. The results indicate that the new model can effectively pre-evaluate building EHP and the structure type significantly affects the performance of residential buildings.     

一种新的絮凝沉淀实验的数据处理法

通过分析现有絮凝沉淀实验的数据处理方法，指出了其存在的不足。并提出了其改进后的新方法     

紫外分光光度法在水中阴离子表面活性剂标准样品研制中的应用

研究了阴离子表面活性剂水溶液的紫外吸收特性，并将研究结果用于阴离子表面活性剂水质标样的稳定性，均匀性和定值工作，简化了操作手续，获得了准确的分析结果。     

Air Quality Assessment And Control Of Emission Rates

Mathematical methods based on the adjoint model approach are given for the air-pollution estimation and control in an urban region. A simple advection–diffusion-reaction model and its adjoint are used to illustrate the application of the methods. Dual pollution concentration estimates in ecologically important zones are derived and used to develop two non-optimal strategies and one optimal strategy for controlling the emission rates of enterprises. A linear convex combination of these strategies represents a new sufficient strategy. A method for detecting the enterprises, which violate the emission rates prescribed by a control, is given. A method for determining an optimal position for a new enterprise in the region is also described.     

土壤样品中总铬测定方法的改进

对土壤样品中总铬的测定方法进行了改进,首次使用HNO_3-HCl-HF-HClO_4-H_3PO_4混酸体系对样品进行消解,定容后的试液经离心后用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定。结果表明,与传统的HCl-HNO_3-HF-HClO_4消解法相比,该方法具有更高的准确度、加标回收率和精密度,可广泛应用于环境土壤中总铬的检测。     

Measuring differences between overlapping but unpaired spatial surveys using a geographic information system

To compare the results from two overlapping but unpaired synoptic surveys, a method using a geographic information system is proposed. The new method uses a GIS to create (i) minimum convex polygons (MCP) enclosing each set of survey data and (ii) Voronoi tesselations assigning area weights to each datum. The pairs of MCP and Voronoi maps are overlaid to produce a mosaic of polygons each with one datum assigned from each survey. The differences between the pairs weighted by the polygon areas provides the basis for statistical testing. Area-weighted means and variances of paired differences are computed and a z-statistic measures the significance of differences for the whole intersection area. A cross-product autocorrelation statistic provides an assessment of the spatial distribution of differences. Alternate, conventional methods are compared with the new method: analysis of variance (ANOVA), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and contour overlays. The four methods were applied to the comparison of two macrobenthic surveys conducted in Lake Erie. Measures for five different taxa were examined. The ANOVA and ANCOVA methods found many significant differences between surveys. Both methods were judged inappropriate as sampling data are not expected to be drawn from normally-distributed populations in spatial surveys. Differences between surveys were detected but were difficult to assess using contour overlays. The new method only found a significant difference in one taxon, an expected difference as members of that taxon were absent from most sites in one survey.