大气颗粒物中元素碳的直接测定

对原来用元素分析仪测定大气颗粒物样品中有机碳、元素碳的方法[1 ] 进行改进 ,将差减法间接测定元素碳改为一步直接测定元素碳。有机碳、元素碳的测量标准偏差的平均值分别为 0 35 %、0 34% ,提高了元素碳的测量精度 ,同时避免了误差传递 ,解决了差减法测定元素碳时出现负值的情况。     

断续流动法测定水中TN

在人工消解使水中N元素转化为NO3-N的基础上,利用Bran Luebbe AutoAnalyzer 3流动分析仪NO3-N NO2-N分析模块测定水中TN,这样,既充分利用了仪器资源,又实现了大批量样品分析.实验结果显示,相对标准偏差均＜2%,回收率在92.4%～106.8%之间,检出限较低,且系统运行稳定.     

施工扬尘环境下短时强降雨屋面径流中砷、汞、铅、镉、锌的污染特征研究

以南京北郊为例,测量分析了屋面径流中砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)和锌(Zn)5种元素的浓度、形态特征。结果表明:短时强降雨过程中这5种元素浓度在较大范围内无规则波动,且不同元素间浓度分布存在较大差异;Zn与Pb的平均浓度分别高于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅴ类和Ⅳ类标准限值,污染程度从大到小依次为ZnPbAsHgCd。元素形态分析表明,径流中除Hg外其他4种元素主要以颗粒态形式存在,各元素颗粒态占总形态的平均分数分别为:As,64.5%;Hg,43.7%;Pb,76.5%;Cd,54.6%;Zn,54.3%。     

密闭微波消解电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法同时测定大气颗粒物PM10中的18种无机元素

建立了测定大气颗粒物PM10中18种无机元素的密闭微波消解电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法。考察了微波消解体系和消解条件,选取了适宜的仪器工作条件和最佳的分析谱线,合理地进行了背景扣除,并对共存元素的干扰情况进行了研究。样品采用硝酸-盐酸-过氧化氢-氢氟酸体系进行消解并经饱和硼酸溶液络合后上机测定,测定值与参考样品标准值相符,主量元素的方法精密度(RSD%)小于3%,次量、微量元素的方法精密度小于10%。各元素的检出限在0.0001~0.0141mg/L之间,回收率在90%~110%之间,应用建立的方法对北京市的颗粒物膜样品进行了分析。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定海河下游水中痕量镉

原子吸收光谱法直接测定高盐水中痕量镉时，有很大背景吸收和误差。本文采用络合—萃取技术使共存元素与待测元素分离，既消除了基体干扰，又达到了富集作用，使测定结果准确可靠。     

土壤重金属元素检测国际实验室比对研究

IERM和CNAS合作组织开展了亚太实验室合作组织(APLAC)能力验证计划"APLAC T066土壤重金属元素检测",其目的是评价参加实验室定量分析土壤重金属元素总量的能力。研究所用的能力验证样品为IERM研制的土壤标准样品。结果表明,参加实验室检测土壤砷、铜、汞、镍、铅和锌的结果满意率分别为85.7%、95.8%、77.1%、83.3%、93.5%和91.7%。样品消解过程加入氢氟酸时,铅和锌的检测结果与标准值更加接近,说明检测土壤重金属元素总量时氢氟酸的加入非常关键。文章还对比对实验室结果评价的统计方法进行了探讨。     

上海浦东新区环境空气重金属污染特征及来源解析

于2012年3月—2013年2月在浦东新区城区点和郊区点采集TSP样品,利用双酸消解原子荧光法、ICP法分析了样品中的13种元素。结果表明,除As略超标外其他元素均达标,城区点和郊区点环境空气重金属年均值排在前3位的元素是:Fe、Sn、Zn,占样品金属总量的83%~87%;排在末4位的元素是:Ni、Cr、As、Cd,占金属总量的1%~2%。通过EPA PMF 5.0模型运算结果,在城区中6个因子贡献比最高的31.5%为Sn+Fe+Mn,贡献比最低的2.1%为Hg;在郊区中6个因子贡献比最高的36.4%为Pb+Cu,贡献比最低的9.2%为Fe+Sn+Mn。浦东新区富集因子E≤10的元素有Cr、V、Ba、Mn、Ni、Fe、Hg城、Cu郊、As;富集因子E10的元素有Hg郊、Cu城、Zn、Pb、Cd、Sn。     

微波消解-ICP/MS法测定水系沉积物中多种元素

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水系沉积物中12种元素,通过优化试验相关条件消除质谱干扰和非质谱干扰对测定的影响,使方法在0μg/L~200μg/L范围内线性良好,当取样质量为0.25 g,定容体积为50 m L时,各元素的方法检出限为0.002 mg/kg~0.05 mg/kg。用该方法测定沉积物标准物质,6次测定结果均在标准值范围内,RSD为1.3%~6.1%,实际样品的加标回收率为83.0%~97.0%。     

大气颗粒物样品中有机碳和元素碳的测定

采用元素分析仪测定大气颗粒物样品中有机碳、元素碳。应用商业化仪器元素分析仪 ,在燃烧炉温度为 4 50°C时 ,一步测出样品中有机碳的含量 ;再运用加酸的方法除去样品中的碳酸盐 ,然后在燃烧炉温度为 950°C时测出样品中有机碳、元素碳含量之和。通过差减计算 ,得出元素碳的值。有机碳、元素碳测量的标准偏差平均值分别为 0 2 5%、0 50 %。     

钼酸铵分光光度法测定废水中的元素磷

利用钼酸铵分光光度法测定了水样中的元素磷,发现该方法的灵敏度、准确度和稳定性都可以满足分析的要求,并且用元素磷标准样品进行了对比实验,分析误差在10%以内.     

Trace metal levels and some chemical parameters in herby cheese collected from south eastern Anatolia-Turkey

Due to the consumption of the herby cheese in south eastern Anatolia-Turkey is at high ratio, chemical parameters such as dry matter, pH, acidity, aCl, protein, fat and trace metal contents in 50 different herby cheeses produced at this region have been determined in the presented study. The content of lead, copper, cobalt, nickel, chromium, cadmium, and iron have been analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometer in air/acetylene flame after combination ash digestion method and wet digestion method. The mean concentration of lead, copper, cobalt, nickel, chromium and cadmium in our samples are higher than literature values except iron.     

Seasonal and spatial distribution of trace elements in the water and sediments of the Tsurumi River in Japan

The Tsurumi, a class-one Japanese river, has a significant metal loading originating from urban environment. Water and sediment samples were collected from 20 sites in winter and summer, 2009 and were analyzed to determine and compare the extent of different trace element enrichment. A widely used five-step sequential extraction procedure was also employed for the fractionation of the trace elements. Concentrations of zinc, copper, lead, chromium, and cadmium were three to four times higher than that of reference values and downstream sediments are much more polluted than the upstream sites. Geochemical partitioning results suggest that the potential trace metal mobility in aquatic environment was in the order of: cadmium > zinc > lead > copper > cobalt > chromium > molybdenum > nickel. About 80.2% zinc, 77.9% molybdenum, 75.3% cobalt, 63.7% lead, 60.9% copper, 55.1% chromium, and 39.8% nickel in the sediment were contributed anthropogenically. According to intensity of pollution, Tsurumi river sediments are moderately to heavily contaminated by zinc, lead, and cobalt. Enrichment factor values demonstrated that zinc, lead, and molybdenum have minor enrichment in both the season. The pollution load index (PLI) has been used to access the pollution load of different sampling sites. The area load index and average PLI values of the river were 7.77 and 4.93 in winter and 7.72 and 4.89 in summer, respectively. If the magnitude of pollution with trace metal in the river system increases continuously, it may have a severe impact on the river’s aquatic ecology.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水中痕量元素

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对水样(地表水、饮用水等)中铜、锌、硒、砷、镉、铬、铅、铁、锰等痕量元素进行分析测定。结果表明,方法检出限为0.01~0.78μg/L,平行测定的相对标准偏差为0.6%~7.9%,实际水样加标回收率为90.5%~103%。该方法快速、简便、线性范围大,具有良好的检出限和准确度。     

固体进样无焰原子吸收法直接测定树叶中的铬

设计了一种简便,实用的固体进样装置,进行无焰原子吸收测定树叶中的痕量铬.建立了一种准确快速测定树叶中微量元素的方法,适合于常规环境试样分析.特证质量0.9Pg/0.0044A,回收率95-98％,变异系数5.1-5.7％.     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定总铬的研究

用火焰原子吸收分光光度法直接测定水和废水中的总铬.通过不同条件的实验,确定了最佳的分析条件;并通过标准样品和实际样品的分析,验证了方法的准确度和精密度.在大量实验基础上,建立空白实验、准确度质量控制图,以便定期对各种监测数据提供可行的质量保证措施.实验结果表明,该法快速方便,提高了分析效率,准确度高,精密度好,值得普及和推广.     

基于改进火焰原子吸收光谱的土壤六价铬分析

针对分离和萃取环节,对火焰原子吸收光谱测定土壤中六价铬的方法加以改进。采用聚合氯化铝为絮凝剂、异戊醇为萃取剂,使三价铬和六价铬有效分离,并减少了测试干扰。考察了聚铝试剂用量和萃取液振荡时间对测定的影响,并将该方法与EPA 3060A方法和未改进的火焰原子吸收光谱法比较,表明改进后的方法能用于土壤中六价铬的测定。     

氯化铵-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定地表水中的总铬

应用原子吸收法测定水样中的总铬，在不同条件下对空白样品、标准样品和实际样品进行试验分析，进一步验证了方法的准确度和精密度，加标回收率在96.8%-103%之间，相对标准偏差为2.1%。试验表明，该方法准确可靠，实际操作具有可行性，适用于工业废水和受污染地表水中总铬的测定。     

基于智能手机比色测定水环境中的六价铬

在酸性条件下,水样中的六价铬能够和显色剂二苯碳酰二肼反应生成紫红色络合物,该络合物溶液用自制的数字图像比色装置测定颜色值实现六价铬的现场快速检测。该方法在0.05 mg/L~1.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.02 mg/L,标准溶液10次测定结果的RSD为1.6%~7.9%,实际水样加标回收率为94.7%~102%。用该方法与国标法同时测定实际水样,结果无显著差异。     

Trace metals content in soils along the state road 51 (northeastern Poland)

The aim of the study was to determine concentrations of some trace elements (lead, cadmium, chromium, and nickel) in soils along State Road 51 leading from Olsztyn to Olsztynek, northeastern Poland. The traffic flow had a significant effect on the content of heavy metals in soils lying along the road. Further away from the road, and under a lower traffic flow intensity, the amounts of contaminants originating from the motor traffic decreased. There was a pine forest growing by the road near Olsztyn, which served as a buffer zone for all the analyzed heavy metals. At all the sampling locations, the content of chromium was approximately the same as its natural concentration. The statistical analysis demonstrated that there was a strong negative correlation between the concentrations of nickel, lead, chromium, and cadmium in soils and the distance from the road. The biggest differences in the content of an individual element were determined for lead and the smallest ones—for cadmium. Emissions of trace elements depended on the differences in the traffic flow intensity, number, type, and speed of vehicles and on the atmospheric conditions as well as the distribution of buildings.