GP/APP膨胀阻燃体系对硅橡胶复合材料阻燃及抑烟性能的影响

为了探究石墨粉 (GP) 与聚磷酸铵 (APP) 膨胀阻燃体系对硅橡胶复合材料的阻燃及抑烟特性的影响，采用锥形量热仪 (CCT)、热重分析仪 (TG) 及极限氧指数测试仪 (LOI) 对阻燃硅橡胶复合材料进行表征。研究结果表明:与单独添加膨胀阻燃剂APP的阻燃硅橡胶相比，添加GP/APP膨胀阻燃体系可有效提升燃烧过程中形成的膨胀碳层的致密度，降低阻燃硅橡胶复合材料的热释放速率及总烟释放量，提高阻燃硅橡胶复合材料高温阶段的热稳定性，提升阻燃硅橡胶复合材料的燃烧成炭率和质量保持率； 使阻燃硅橡胶复合材料的氧指数值增大。     

三聚氰胺磷酸盐及季戊四醇阻燃环氧树脂研究

采用氧指数法（LOI）、垂直燃烧法（UL-94）、锥形量热计试验（CCT）、热重分析（TGA）及激光拉曼光谱（LRS）对三聚氰胺磷酸盐（MP）及季戊四醇（PER）阻燃环氧树脂的阻燃性、热稳定性及燃烧后的炭层结构进行了研究。结果表明，MP阻燃环氧树脂体系中，LOI值随MP的含量的增加而增加；在MP添加量达到30％后，LOI值为34．5，此时阻燃环氧树脂达UL-94V-0级。当MP阻燃环氧树脂体系中引入PER时，对环氧树脂的阻燃性略有改善。在总添加量一定时，LOI值随PER的含量增加先增加后减小。TG结果表明，MP和PER降低了环氧树脂阻燃材料的初始分解温度，但在高温下（〉400℃）阻燃环氧树脂的热稳定性较好。     

氢氧化镁/红磷对硅橡胶/黏土纳米复合物阻燃性能的研究

选用甲基乙烯基硅橡胶(MVMQ)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(C16BrN)改性的蒙脱土(OMMT)纳米复合材料为原料,以氢氧化镁/微胶囊化红磷(MH/MRP)为阻燃剂,以气相法白炭黑为补强剂,用熔融共混法制备了无卤阻燃MVMQ纳米复合材料。笔者采用XRD表征制备的MVMQ/OMMT纳米复合物的结构,用机械性能测试研究气相法白炭黑和OMMT对MVMQ的协效补强作用,通过极限氧指数、UL94 V垂直燃烧法、环境扫描电镜(ESEM)和热重分析(TG)等分析测试手段研究其燃烧性能和热性能,结合材料宏观燃烧性能的改变,推断OMMT和MH/MRP对MVMQ的阻燃作用机理。     

含磷单体/碳纳米管阻燃改性不饱和聚酯复合材料的制备及其性能研究

以三氯氧磷、苯酚和丙烯酸羟乙酯为原料合成了含磷阻燃单体(DPHE),并作为反应型阻燃剂通过自由基共聚,将其引入不饱和聚酯树脂中,同时添加多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs),制备不同组分的不饱和聚酯复合材料。采用极限氧指数、UL-94垂直燃烧法表征材料的燃烧性能并评定燃烧等级;通过锥形量热测试数据对材料燃烧过程中的热释放进行研究,结果显示,阻燃不饱和聚酯具有更低的热释放速率峰值(PHRR)和总热释放量(THR)。此外,采用热重分析(TGA)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对材料的热降解性能和炭渣形貌进行研究,阐明了含磷阻燃单体和多壁碳纳米管的阻燃机理。     

用正交设计法研究阻燃LDPE薄膜配方

以低密度聚乙烯LDPE、氢氧化镁和微胶囊化红磷为原材料,利用正交设计法研究了新型阻燃薄膜配方,制备了阻燃型低密度聚乙烯薄膜,并对其氧指数进行测试.结果表明,新型配方中的氢氧化镁和微胶囊化红磷具有协同阻燃效果,并能在一定程度上解决燃烧时的熔滴现象;当氢氧化镁添加量小于29%时,两种阻燃剂对体系阻燃性的影响差别不明显;与纯LDPE薄膜相比,阻燃LDPE薄膜由于添加了上述两种阻燃成分,体系氧指数提高4%,改善了阻燃效果.     

EG填充无卤阻燃型LDPE复合薄膜阻燃性能研究

为了改善聚合物低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)薄膜的阻燃性能,通过向其中添加膨胀型阻燃剂聚磷酸铵(APP)/季戊四醇(PER)和可膨胀石墨(EG),制备了无卤阻燃型低密度聚乙烯复合薄膜.实验研究了膨胀阻燃剂填充聚合物LDPE作为阻燃复合薄膜的性能,分析了膨胀阻燃剂的加入对复合膜阻燃性能、残重率和力学性能的影响机理.研究发现,该新型配方中的EG和APP/PER对复合薄膜的阻燃性能具有协同作用,当配方中APP/PER/EG的填充量达到30%质量分数(APP∶PER∶EG∶LDPE质量比16∶8∶6∶100)时,薄膜材料的氧指数可达到27.5%;与纯LDPE薄膜相比,阻燃薄膜的氧指数提高了10.3%,改善了阻燃效果.     

含钴基金属有机框架硅橡胶泡沫阻燃特性研究*

为提高硅橡胶泡沫（SiFs）的阻燃性能,采用溶剂法制备钴基金属有机框架材料（Co-MOFs）并用X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对其结构进行表征。将制备的材料添加到SiFs中,利用极限氧指数（LOI）、UL-94试验和锥形量热仪（CONE）对SiFs的阻燃性能和抑烟性能进行研究。结果表明:添加1%及以上Co-MOFs时,SiFs阻燃等级达到UL-94-V0级;添加3%Co-MOFs时,SiFs的LOI达30.2%,热释放速率峰值（PHRR）和总热释放量（THR）相比原样分别降低了56.92%和66.73%;添加1%Co-MOFs的SiFs的产烟率峰值（PSPR）和产烟量（TSR）比原样分别降低了82%和85%,Co-MOFs提高了SiFs的阻燃和抑烟性能。     

MPP协同MF@ADP阻燃低密度聚乙烯性能研究*

为提高低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）阻燃性能和阻燃LDPE复合材料的力学性能与抑烟性能,采用原位聚合法制备三聚氰胺-甲醛（MF）树脂包覆二乙基次磷酸铝（ADP）的MF@ADP微胶囊,再引入三聚氰胺聚磷酸（MPP）与MF@ADP进行协效复配,熔融共混制备阻燃LDPE复合材料。通过氧指数、热重分析、力学测试和烟密度测试等研究复合材料的阻燃、力学和抑烟性能。研究结果表明:MF@ADP微胶囊能改善阻燃剂与复合材料之间的相容性,与MPP复配构成的磷-氮膨胀阻燃体系能有效提高LDPE的抑烟性能;当MF@ADP∶MPP的质量比为2∶1时,材料的LOI达到了30.6%,垂直燃烧测试达到UL-94 V0级,拉伸强度为11.8 MPa,且形成的P/N/O高聚物炭层稳定性更高,可减少LDPE燃烧释放的烟雾量。     

金属氧化物对赤泥复配阻燃聚乙烯协效作用的研究

为了提高由拜耳法赤泥、红磷、硼酸锌、氢氧化铝组成的赤泥复配阻燃剂的阻燃效率,采用金属氧化物作为协效剂,研究了ZnO、Ni2O3、TiO2分别在赤泥复配阻燃聚乙烯中的协效作用.结果表明,ZnO的协效作用最好.在60%(质量分数)的赤泥复配阻燃剂中添加占阻燃剂2%(质量分数)的ZnO可使聚乙烯的氧指数由27.2%提高到28.9%,UL-94通过V-0级,峰值热释放速率及烟释放速率均下降了40%.ZnO能显著改善阻燃聚乙烯的热稳定性并增加残炭量,使残炭更加致密.     

新型膨胀型阻燃剂的合成及其在聚丙烯(PP)中的应用

以氨基三甲叉磷酸（ATMP）、尿素为原料采用热缩合法合成新型膨胀型阻燃剂一ATU。用傅里叶红外光谱及元素分析表征ATU的结构及组成。将ATU与常见碳源季戊四醇进行复配,应用于PP材料的阻燃。研究发现ATU集气源酸源于一身,对于PP阻燃效果明显,甚至好于同比例的APP。极限氧指数仪和垂直燃烧仪测试材料燃烧等级;微型燃烧量热仪（MCC）研究了材料燃烧过程中热释放情况;热重分析（TGA）和扫描电镜（SEM）分别从材料的热降解及成炭原理方面上对ATU的阻燃机理进行了研究。     

Project safety as a sustainable competitive advantage

Introduction: To be consistently profitable, a construction company must complete projects in scope, on schedule, and on budget. At the same time, the nature of the often high-risk work performed by construction companies can result in high accident rates. Clients and other stakeholders are placing increasing pressure on companies to decrease those accident rates. Clients routinely demand copies of safety plans and evidence of past results at the “pre-qualification” or “request for proposal” stages of the procurement process. Are high accident rates and the associated costs just a part of business? Findings: Companies that deliver on scope, schedule, and budget have a competitive advantage. Is it possible for projects with low accident rates to use it as a competitive advantage? Is the value added by safety just a temporary or parity issue, or does a successful safety program offer significant advantage to the company and the client? Impact on Industry: This article concludes that in the case of a high-risk industry, such as the construction industry, an organization with a successful safety program can promote safety performance as a sustainable competitive advantage. It is a choice the company can make.     

Authentic leadership as a pathway to positive health

We propose to bridge the domains of positive health and leadership. We suggest that a “positive” health model helps explain highly effective leadership. The leader must strive for health and facilitate health in his/her followers. We look at leadership through this new and positive lens, that of “positive” health promotion. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

以人为本是做好安全工作的立足点

党和政府高度重视安全生产工作,积极提高全民安全意识和素质,保护人民群众的健康和生命安全.近几年,<安全生产法>等法律法规的相继施行,标志着我国在依法开展安全生产方面又迈出实质性的一步,在安全生产诸要素中,人起着决定性作用,安全管理的主体是人,安全管理的客体也是人,因此,人是管理的重点.     

Minor illness as a legitimate reason for absence

This study proposes that the perceived legitimacy of minor illness as a reason for absence varies according to the nature of the illness, sex, job grade/socio‐economic status and age. A measure of perceived legitimacy was constructed which incorporated illnesses commonly given as reasons for short‐term absence. Thirteen hundred civil servants provided data on an employee survey. Absence frequency data were collected for 115 of these respondents over a 55‐month period. General support was found for four of the five study hypotheses. Contrary to one hypothesis, it was found that men legitimize minor illnesses as reasons for absence more than women. Clusters of minor illnesses were identified using a factor analysis. The implications for management responses to absence and for further research into the perception of minor illness are considered. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Unfairness at work as a predictor of absenteeism

This study among 514 security guards examines the relationship between perceptions of unfairness at work and absenteeism during a one‐year follow‐up. On the basis of previous theoretical work and fragmented empirical evidence, it was hypothesized that distributive unfairness causes absence behavior in a direct or indirect way (through health complaints). Procedural unfairness was hypothesized to cause absence behavior through affective commitment or through health complaints. Results of a series of structural equation modelling analyses offer support for the mediating role of health complaints in the relationship between (distributive and procedural) unfairness at work and absenteeism. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that perceived unfairness contributes to explaining T2‐absenteeism over and above the impact of T1‐absenteeism and traditional work‐related stressors (i.e., work load and low job control). The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ethnicity as a factor in pizza delivery crashes

A subjective assessment of patients admitted acutely to the orthopedic directorate revealed that there had been--over a short period of time--a small series of patients who had sustained fractures during the course of their employment as pizza delivery moped drivers. Consequently an observational study was performed in our district general hospital in order to investigate this further, and establish the demographic domain of the patients involved and the cost of their injuries. Our hospital has a patient catchment area of 350,000 and an emergency department that treats 95,000 patients annually. The patients in this series were described in terms of their injuries, ethnicity, and cost of injury treatment. The main findings were that pizza delivery personnel admitted acutely were male Afghans, with poor English language skills, who sustained significant fractures in moped accidents that were expensive to treat.     

Design as a contributor to chemical process accidents

The paper discusses the design errors in chemical process industry (CPI) by analyzing major equipment related accident cases from Failure Knowledge Database (FKD). The aim is to recognize the contribution of design to chemical process accidents and to evaluate the time of occurrence of the errors in a plant design project. The analysis of accident cases found out that the contribution of design to accidents is very significant: 79% of accident cases analyzed were contributed by design errors. The most critical design errors were poor layout (17%), insufficient consideration of chemical reactivity and incompatibility (16%) and incorrectly chosen process conditions (16%). The design errors were initiated at basic (32%), detailed (32%) and preliminary (22%) design phases of the project. Errors in fundamental aspects of chemical processes e.g. route selections are more severe (as compared to others errors class) and might creates many similar errors in later phases of design project. Based on the accident information gathered, a straightforward point-to-look list for error detection and elimination was suggested for process lifecycle stages.